International Scientific Cooperation Research Articles

Development of Science Diplomacy in the MENA Region: Priorities and Prospects for Cooperation with Russia on the Example of Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates

Introduction. The development of science diplomacy is aimed at promotion of a state’s interests in the international arena. Russia is striving to strengthen cooperation in the field of scientific and technological development, humanitarian exchange with such MENA countries as Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. These countries are of significant interest to Russia due to the long-standing forms of cooperation with them. The main purpose of this study is to identify science diplomacy actors, visually present them taking into consideration the process of science development in these countries and determine prospects of cooperation with Russia. Materials and Methods. In their study, the authors used data from open sources, Russian Federal State Statistics Service reports, UNESCO Science reports, World Bank database. The analysis of development of international science and technology cooperation in the three MENA countries was carried out. The authors used the descriptive method to present the main actors of science diplomacy and visually provide the science diplomacy systems. The developed models of science diplomacy of Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates enable Russia to identify the priorities in the field of science diplomacy in the context of geopolitical challenges. Results. The study identified the potential partners of Russia in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt to strengthen international science and technology cooperation. The prospects for cooperation with these countries are fixed in the mutual agreements with Russia. The authors studied the policy of these countries in the field of international scientific and technical cooperation, considered strategic directions for the development of science diplomacy. The created models of science diplomacy reflect the main actors of science diplomacy, as well as the current interrelationship between the three MENA countries and Russia in the field of science and technology. The value of this research lies in the preparation of an extensive analytical base that helps to identify potential partners for Russia among the MENA countries, as well as identify key strategies and directions to stimulate the growth of cooperation and knowledge exchange. Discussion and Conclusion. The research has shown that in the studied Arab countries, there is an active development of scientific diplomacy. The governments of these countries are increasingly turning to science to solve political problems. The MENA region has extensive resources and scientific potential, which makes it attractive for scientific cooperation. The analysis of cooperation with these countries made it possible to identify key strategies and priorities to stimulate the growth of cooperation and knowledge exchange between the MENA countries and Russia.

Create and strengthening innovation ecosystem: roles of policy-affiliated transition intermediaries in latecomers

Purpose This study aims to explore the functions of policy-affiliated intermediaries and their roles in driving innovation in latecomers. Design/methodology/approach Latecomers have recently recognized the significance of an innovation ecosystem in transitioning to an innovation-driven economy. However, these countries encounter various market and system failures, making policy-affiliated transition intermediaries crucial in orchestrating innovation ecosystems. To achieve this, this study used a case study of a policy-affiliated intermediary and conducted interviews with 19 managers. The results from the content analysis revealed that innovation intermediaries in latecomers perform more comprehensive duties than those mentioned in the literature in the transition to innovation-based development. Findings Results show that the most important of policy-affiliated innovation intermediaries’ roles is orientation to the government and private sector market, attracting the participation of the private sector through the implementation of tax credits and the development of the corporate innovation ecosystem, developing science and technology parks, developing laboratory research infrastructure, supporting prominent and capable professors to create innovation networks, developing innovation zones around research institutions and leading universities and developing international scientific cooperation. These are new and important functions that innovation intermediaries should play in the transition process. Originality/value The research found that the innovation intermediary acts as a change agent in the mental model of other executive and decision-making bodies. Also result shows that this intermediaries can play more roles than what is mentioned in the literature for the development of innovation.

Conceptualising International Cooperation in Science and Technology: A Heuristic Model for Russian-South Korean Space Cooperation

Conceptualising International Cooperation in Science and Technology: A Heuristic Model for Russian-South Korean Space Cooperation

International Legal Regulation of Biodiversity Conservation in Northern Latitudes (Part 2)

International scientific and technical cooperation is critically important for making effective decisions and measures to manage Arctic biodiversity. The 2017 Agreement on Strengthening International Arctic Scientific Cooperation creates a solid legal basis for intensifying current and designing new scientific research in order to obtain the best scientific data as a basis for conservation and resource management. The basis of the international legal regime for the conservation and management of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction in the Arctic is the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. International legal acts on fisheries regulation have been adopted for all four areas of the high seas in the Arctic. The study of the Agreement on the Prevention of Unregulated Fishing on the High Seas in the central part of the 2018 SLA revealed significant shortcomings: when determining the spatial scope of application, an ecosystem approach is not used; a precautionary approach to fishing is not taken into account; the basis for the creation of a regional fisheries management organization is not created; the issue of fishing by third States remains open. The Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction 2023 develops a number of institutions, including IOE and EIA. An analysis of its provisions indicates the inexpediency of Russia’s participation in it, taking into account the existence of the 2017 Agreement and a significant system of organizations involved in the implementation of joint marine research projects. The 2023 Agreement is not capable of having a significant positive effect on international cooperation in the conservation of Arctic biodiversity, but on the contrary will create additional obstacles to scientific research and impose financial burdens.See the beginning: Lex russica. 2024;77(8):112-129. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17803/1729-5920.2024.213.8.112-129.

Analysis of scientific cooperation at the international and intercontinental level

The studies of international scientific cooperation have been present in the literature since the early 1990s. However, much less is known about this cooperation at the intercontinental level. Very recently Krawczyk and Malarz (Chaos 33(11):111102, 2023), showed that the rank-based probability distribution of the sequences of ‘continents (number of countries)’ in the authors’ affiliations shows a clear power law with an exponent close to 1.9. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of almost 14 million papers. Based on the affiliations of their authors, we created lists of sequences ‘continent (number of countries)’—at the intercontinental level—and ‘country (number of authors)’ sequences—at the international level—and analysed them in terms of their frequency. In contrast to the intercontinental level, the rank-based probability distribution of the ‘country (number of authors)’ sequences in the authors’ affiliations reveals a broken power law distribution.

Promoting International Scientific Cooperation: the Role of Scientific Societies

Abstract Scientific collaboration yields many advantages, especially in fields that require interdisciplinary approaches, as it fosters the sharing of knowledge and resources and is essential for the implementation of complex projects. The concept of scientific internationalism emerged around the 1900s, emphasizing that science surpasses national boundaries and promotes global peace and collaboration. International scientific cooperation is halted by geopolitical tensions and conflicts, such as World War II and the Cold War. Nevertheless, many examples show that scientific collaboration can surpass conflicts and bring scientific and society development, such as in the cases of the Tick-borne Encephalitis vaccine, the Apollo-Soyuz test project and more recently the international endeavour for COVID-19 vaccine development. In this contest, UN and WHO have an imporant role to promote peace and scientific cooperation, examplified by the 16th Sustainable Development Goal, to “Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies”. This review aims to assess the available literature regarding international scientific collaboration and the role of scientific societies in promoting scientific cooperation. Scientific societies have proved to be pivotal in bridging cultures and promoting international cooperation. Apart from the historical example of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, which showed an important cooperation between Western and Eastern countries during the Cold War, the scientific society European Biotechnology thematic network Association (EBTNA) has international scientific cooperation as one of its critical goals. Scientific societies such as EBTNA will be pivotal in promoting international scientific cooperation and fostering international activities and scientific research.

Analysis of the “Non-equivalency” in International Scientific Cooperation: A Case-study of the Cooperation between Chinese Academy of Sciences and its British Partners

Analysis of the “Non-equivalency” in International Scientific Cooperation: A Case-study of the Cooperation between Chinese Academy of Sciences and its British Partners

Шестая международная научно-практическая конференция «Большая Евразия: национальные и цивилизационные аспекты развития и сотрудничества»

557 people participated in the conference, 445 reports, including correspondence, were presented in the conference program. Among the speakers are leading experts from 38 regions of the Russian Federation, as well as from Austria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Iraq, Italy, Yemen, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Mongolia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Germany, Switzerland, South Africa. The main content of the conference is a constructive discussion of the key problems of the socio-economic, innovative-technological and spiritual-humanitarian development of the countries of Greater Eurasia, strategies and mechanisms of international interaction and cooperation, integration and disintegration processes taking place in the modern world, presentation of results and prospects in the field of international economic, innovative-technological, scientific and cultural cooperation of the countries of Greater Eurasia.

Challenges and paradoxes in the regulation of scientific research in the EU: a comprehensive analysis

This article analyzes the legal regulation of scientific research in European Union law, examining the challenges and paradoxes the EU faces in this area. Through a systematic analysis of normative and programmatic documents, the crucial influence of EU law on shaping international scientific research standards is revealed. The study highlights the evolution of the European Research Area and the fundamental role of the Horizon Europe program in promoting scientific excellence and innovation. The findings have significant implications for EU research policy and its international cooperation in science and technology." The author applies a complex methodology including analysis and synthesis, structural, formal-legal methods, as well as approaches of scientific deduction and induction. The author argues that EU law has a significant impact on the development of international standards for scientific activity. Despite the absence of imperative supranational competence in the field of science, the EU has facilitated the formation of subsidiary mechanisms for funding and supporting scientific activity, leading to the establishment of sustainable institutions and mechanisms within the European Research Area and EU program systems such as “Horizon Europe”, which has resulted in a substantial evolution of standards for scientific activity. The author states that this primarily concerns scientific ethics, multiculturalism and non-discrimination, the evolution of views on transnational research, and the formation of a sustainable regime for funding and evaluating scientific projects.

Remote Working and Sustainability: A Bibliometric Mapping Analysis

This bibliometric analysis explores 214 peer-reviewed studies on Remote working and Sustainability that are accessible in the Web of Science database between 1997 and 2023. The study methodically investigates important aspects, such as primary publications, scientific information sources, authors, citations, co-occurrences, geographical origin, nation distribution, and authors' research output, using the R programming language for mapping. Apart from showcasing the existing status of research, the analysis seeks to identify gaps in the literature, forecast future directions, and identify recent hotspots and trends in the subject. The analysis highlights a notable absence of publications from Arab and less developed nations. Consequently, the study promotes greater understanding among academics in these areas, stressing the need to carry out excellent theoretical and empirical research on sustainability and remote working. Additionally, the study suggests promoting international scientific cooperation to incorporate these nations into the academic debate and increase the overall depth and breadth of findings on the subject.

Digital Transformation in Jordan and Poland - Implications on the Legal Protection of Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development

This paper aims to clarify the principles of Jordanian and Polish copyright laws applicable to the preservation of cultural heritage, and to recommend the adoption of certain policies to facilitate this task. It is meant to serve as a guide for stakeholders who deal with digital cultural heritage, directed particularly at museums, but also institutions such as libraries, archives, and art galleries. The research aims to discuss the role of copyright law in protecting cultural heritage in the face of the rapid development of ICT technologies. This includes identifying the risks and challenges associated with digital heritage, framing the relationship between authors of digital cultural content, rights holders, and institutions responsible for documenting and preserving it, and the need to establish a fair mechanism that guarantees their rights. The study aims to provide a presentation of the importance of compliance with copyright principles related to the digitization of cultural heritage and other relevant regulations in the Jordan region and the Polish legislation. The article was created as a result of international scientific cooperation in combination with an innovative view at the law-making and application processes in the era of dynamic development of science and technology. The analysis will include identification of legal acts, which aim to ensure the effective, future-oriented, and long-term protection of cultural heritage in Jordan and Poland.

Международной академии сравнительного права — 100 лет!

The article describes the formation of Comparative Law in the 19th century. and its main coordinating research body, the International Academy of Comparative Law (IACL), founded in 1924 in Geneva. The international congresses preceding this event in Paris (1900) and St. Louis (1904) marked the beginning of international scientific cooperation, which later, within the framework of the IASP, took the form of regular scientific congresses held every 4 years. The topics of these meetings are regularly updated, although some topics (primarily related to specific areas of law) may be repeated. Comparativists from Russia, headed by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences T. Ya. Khabrieva, are also represented in the IASP. The Academy’s goals for the future are to better take into account the realities of the non-Western world in its research activities, abandoning Eurocentrism, and expand comparative legal issues through the methods of Comparative Government and Comparative Political Science.

International scientific cooperation in public health: A performance measurement framework based on the “Syphilis No!” Project in Brazil

In this article, we aim to propose indicators to evaluate the performance of international scientific cooperation in public health, based on the operation experience in Brazil’s “Syphilis No!” Project. This is an action research project, based upon Kaplan and Norton’s Balanced Scorecard Method, developed in five stages: (i) Reorganization of the indicators, (ii) validation of the new indicators, (iii) construction of the dimensions of the indicators, (iv) data collection for the indicators, (v) development of the framework for the “Syphilis No!” Project. The metrics and 34 indicators are presented and grouped into four dimensions: technical-scientific, investment, products, and impact. The cooperation that emerged from the project has built an international research network that has the potential to transcend syphilis research. The framework demonstrated that international scientific cooperations, focused on research and product development, have contributed to the promotion of public health policies and have enabled the exchange of knowledge, techniques, experiences, and technologies, fundamental to the international scientific cooperation of Brazilian universities. This contribution will have implications for studies in the field of international relations in health and education.

Cryogenic infrastructure upgrade for crab cavities validation at TRIUMF

The High Luminosity (HL-LHC) upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN is an example of large-scale international scientific cooperation which spans multiple international partners. Canada through TRIUMF is making an in-kind contribution to the project with the delivery of five crab cavity cryomodules. The cryomodules will be delivered to CERN by 2026 for installation in the LHC. TRIUMF will receive the RF dipole (RFD) crab cavities from a consortium of US labs. In preparation for the assembly of the cryomodules, TRIUMF has undergone a number of upgrades. Chief among these is the preparation and commissioning of a new cryogenic insert for the TRIUMF multi-purpose cryostat to allow testing of the jacketed cavities at 2 K. The insert consists of a heat exchanger and a JT expansion valve. The 2 K pumping power has been augmented from 20 W to > 40 W with the addition of a booster sub-atmospheric pump.

Potential for Scientific Collaboration between Russian Think Tanks and the Global South

Introduction. This article analyses expert survey data conducted among Russian think tank employees and is aimed to assess the current level of scientific cooperation between Russia and new partners amidst Russia's geopolitical shift, analyses the potential for such cooperation, and answers what problematic agenda can unify and provide a cumulative effect to international scientific cooperation. The article also gives the main challenges that think tanks face when establishing scientific cooperation with colleagues from the Global South. The article addresses whether think tanks cooperate with EAEU countries and the Global South, in which areas the cooperation takes place and with which countries, whether the intensity of international communications has changed in the last 2 years, and what social and political agenda is prioritised in the scientific community's work. Methods. Both general theoretical and empirical methods were used to solve the research tasks: systematisation and generalisation; an expert survey, which results allowed for the assessment of the current level of scientific cooperation and the identification of priority areas for scientific diplomacy. Results and Discussion. Based on an expert survey among leading Russian think tanks, the current level of scientific communication was determined, countries were ranked by the intensity of scientific contacts, main forms of scientific cooperation were identified, and the problematic agenda of the Russian scientific community was analysed. Conclusion. Russia has significant potential for scientific cooperation with Global South countries, based on existing experience and similar problem agendas faced by the scientific communities of Russia and the Global South.

АРХИТЕКТУРА МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА В АСПЕКТЕ ГАРМОНИЗАЦИИ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ИНТЕРЕСОВ ГОСУДАРСТВ

The article argues that national interests are an expression of national identity in the process of identifying a nation-state in the system of international relations. Hence, national interests determine a wide range of international interaction both on the basis of coherence and consolidation, and confrontation due to contradictions in the regional and world system of interethnic interests. The aim of the work is to determine the architecture of international scientific and technical cooperation in the aspect of harmonization of the national interests of states at the present stage of development of the world economy. The methods used in the research process made it possible to systematize the forms of international scientific and technical cooperation in order to form comprehensive programs of innovative development in the coordinates of national interests. It is proved that the current stage of development of international relations is characterized by an acute phase of strategic geopolitical rivalry for the formation of the future world order. This causes an aggravation of contradictions between the national interests of the largest countries, which determines the global agenda. It is substantiated that one of the most rational and effective directions for harmonizing the national interests of individual countries is the organization of a system of international scientific and technical cooperation. The author systematizes the various forms in which the ISTC takes place within the framework of two formats: the formation of scientific and technical networks and the formation of integrated programs of the ISTC. In the structure of the latter, we have identified four blocks: the institutionalization of the ISTC, the development of scientific diplomacy, the development of research infrastructure and the formation of design scientific and technical work through the projection of business interests on partners. It is also noted that the key organizational element that unites both formats are scientific and technological platforms that mobilize and focus various “networks” of research communities to solve specific problems, as a result of which the resulting developments are commercialized within the business interests of the participants in the innovation process.

Национальные научные исследования в контексте общеевропейских приоритетов научного развития: опыт Норвегии

The author examines to what extent national scientific research in Norway meets the pan-European principles and priorities of scientific development. The success of the interaction between European and national research efforts is a key condition for improving the competitiveness and efficiency of research in Europe. As an associated country, Norway does not have much influence on the allocation of funds from the European budget for research, nevertheless, the country is involved in all projects implemented within the framework of the European Research Area, financing and receiving funding from the EU Framework Programs. The article examines the structure of the scientific research complex, paying special attention to the main documents and institutions that determine science policy. In addition, the author studies budget formation in the scientific field in Norway, as well as the country’s participation in the international scientific cooperation. Norway’s experience is useful for understanding how nation states organize and coordinate their participation in European programs, especially in terms of addressing current and future “great challenges”. As a result of the analysis of the scientific policy carried out in Norway, the author comes to the conclusion that R&D institutions are directly adapted to the priorities of the European level, while national authorities have limited influence on the country’s European research portfolio. The purpose of the study is to analyze the interaction of the European research policy with the national research system of Norway. Research objectives: to analyze the formation of the structure and goals of European programs; to identify changes in the instruments and goals of national scientific policy; to determine the consequences of changes in scientific policy for the Norwegian research complex; to assess the level of coincidence of the interests and practices of the national scientific community with the interests and practices of the European scientific community, which is being formed at the supranational level.

Science Diplomacy from Pierre-Bruno Ruffini’s Point of View: the Concept and its Essence

The paper deals with the way that Pierre-Bruno Ruffini uses to conceptualize the science diplomacy in his books and articles since 2015. Pierre-Bruno Ruffini is a practitioner who has been directly involved in the implementing his country's foreign policy for a long time; at the same time, he is a prominent researcher that contributes to theoretical framing and mainstreamification of science diplomacy, its basic notions and key questions. P.-B. Ruffini’s articles of the last ten years make evident the evolution in this area even if the relate vocabulary emerged only recently. The paper shows the way P.-B. Ruffini completes the mainstream approach to science diplomacy (including the well-known typology “diplomacy for science”, “science for diplomacy”, and “science in diplomacy”) and considers such factors as national interests and the rationale of competition. The paper emphasizes the distinction that P.-B. Ruffini makes between science diplomacy and international scientific cooperation. At the same time the paper discusses the possibilities and eventual limits to the use of all these instruments in such traditional areas as the history of international relations, history of diplomacy, history of science. The specificity of every historical period makes relevant the danger of introducing modern meanings into the practices of the past. However, the due respect and the right estimation of these risks can turn the idea of science diplomacy such as P.-B. Ruffini conceptualizes it into the starting point for an interdisciplinary dialog and the integration point for various studies in history (from the traditional reconstitution of the bilateral relations and the case studies of some emblematic projects to the research based on documents of a personal nature and the witness’ memoirs).

ДИСПОЗИЦІЯ УКРАЇНИ НА РИНКУ НАНОТЕХНОЛОГІЙ

The article examines the current issues of leadership of countries in the field of nanotechnology, and it is argued that the pace of development of the national system of nanotechnology standardization and certification in Ukraine is far from encouraging, especially taking into account global progress in this area. The positions of Ukraine in the global rankings of the effectiveness of innovative activity were evaluated and the possession of our state with a fairly developed scientific, technical and educational potential as a basis for conducting fundamental nanotechnological research was confirmed, but they also demonstrate the presence of a number of deep structural problems in the domestic economy. Significant inhibiting factors in the development of the nanotechnology segment of the national innovation system are also the preservation of significant bureaucratic and financial restrictions in the internationalization of Ukrainian R&D, which not only repel international partners from this process, but also largely demotivate domestic scientific research institutions to develop international innovation cooperation and involvement in of foreign infrastructural capacities. An immanent feature of the national field of research and development is also the significant problems of international scientific and technical cooperation of domestic institutions and the insufficient level of their integration into the global and European research space. It has been proven that despite the transformation of nanotechnology into a leading scientific and technological priority of global innovative progress in recent decades, nanoproduction still has not gained significant distribution in Ukraine. In the context of successfully overcoming the scientific and technical backwardness of our country in the field of development of the nanotechnological segment of the domestic innovation market and increasing the scale of production of new nanomaterials, the issue of ensuring a deep convergence of fundamental and applied research and development of the nanotechnological profile, as well as organizational, economic and institutional training of domestic sub enterprises to the introduction of nanotechnology in their production activities.

Research on Sino-Ukrainian Scientific and Technological Cooperation

As national strategies continue to advance international scientific cooperation, the collaboration between China and Ukraine has been steadily maturing. To clarify the present status of Sino-Ukrainian collaboration and offer insights for its future development, this paper focuses on co-authored publications between China and Ukraine documented on Web of Science from 1993 to 2022. Employing methodologies such as bibliometrics, social network analysis, and visualization techniques, this study comprehensively explores various perspectives including publication trends, collaborative interdisciplinary fields, participating institutions. Through this multi-faceted approach, the current state of scientific cooperation between the two countries is summarized, culminating in proposed strategies and recommendations for the future development of Sino-Ukrainian scientific and technological collaboration.