International Safety Management Code Research Articles

Evaluation Of International Safety Management (ISM) Code Implementation Using Quantitative Descriptive Methods And Quality Function Deployment On Crossing Ship

Purpose: The International Safety Management Code (ISM Code) has been coming into force for passenger ferries in Indonesia since 1998—ships that are mandatory to apply the ISM Code are subject to audit periodically by the competent authorities. Even so, there are still many non-conformities found in the implementation of the ISM Code, also the number of ship accidents is not significantly reduced to close to zero accidents. It is necessary to carry out an analysis related to the implementation of the ISM Code from another point of view, hence from the point of view of the implementing party of the ISM Code. In this research, the level of implementation analysis is measured by the requirement elements in the ISM Code and the existing obstacles.
 Design/methodology/approach: The method used is a mixed method, which is quantitative methods and Quality Function Deployment (QFD). Quantitative methods are carried out by means of literature studies, interviews, and surveys by distributing questionnaires.
 Findings: The results of the quantitative method are analyzed and followed by the QFD method with the main instrument the House of Quality (HOQ), to obtain input (technical response) from ISM Code experts. The technical response is then selected based on priority level and will become a proposal for improving the level of implementation of the ISM Code. The ship data taken in this study are passenger ferries which are serving route of Lembar - Padangbai and Lembar - Kayangan. From the results of the descriptive quantitative analysis, ten indicators of implementation and five indicators of obstacles were obtained and became priorities for improvements. Based on these results, twenty-two priority technical responses were obtained to improve the implementation of the ISM Code on passenger ferries serving routes of Lembar – Padangbai and Lembar – Ketapang.
 Paper type: Research paper

Penerapan International Safety Management (ISM CODE) Pada PT AKR Sea Transport

The ISM Code or International Safety Management Code is an international regulation developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to improve safety and reduce the risk of accidents on ships traveling around the world. This regulation regulates operational and administrative standards to prevent accidents at sea and protect the health and safety of crew, passengers, and the marine environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the application of the International Safety Management Code (ISM) on PT AKR's sea transportation. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method by conducting direct interviews with PT AKR Sea Transport personnel regarding the application of the ISM Code on the company's vessels. The results of the study indicate that PT AKR Sea Transport implements the ISM Code effectively and efficiently and has successfully met the requirements set out in the ISM Code. However, there are still some things that need to be addressed, especially related to the lack of awareness of company employees of the importance of implementing the ISM Code. This study concludes that the implementation of the ISM Code is important for the safety of PT AKR Sea Transport vessels and the welfare of employees and must be consistent and sustainable to maintain an optimal level of safety on company vessels

Pemahaman Awak Kapal dan Manajemen dalam Penerapan ISM Code pada Perusahaan Agensi Awak Kapal

The purpose of the research is to find out and analyze the suitability of the crew and management perception related to work safety, protection of the marine environment and implementation of the ships’ operation using the International Safety Management Code in PT. Lautan Jaya Hasana. The main problem of the research is the lack of understanding and awareness of the crew and management of the importance to implement the ISM Code for work safety and to protect the marine environment. The ISM Code has not been implemented properly. This study used a Descriptive Qualitative method. There were 20 statements on understanding variables and actual implementation variables that were tested for validity and reliability. The samples were taken from 35 crew members from two types of bulk carriers by conducting in-depth interview with the crew members and the management employees. The result shows that most of the crew members, including the captain and the management of the company perform the same perception regarding the work safety, the protection of marine environment and the implementation of the International Safety Management Code for ships operation with a significant average difference and a perceived value of 9.20 between perceived understanding and actual implementation.

Implementation of ISM Code (International Safety Management) Code for the Safety of Crew and Passenger on Km Sinabung

ISM (International Safety Management) Code is a rule that regulates safety on board ships. The ISM Code is useful for improving safety on board ships, especially for passenger ships which have the main priority of maintaining the safety of the lives of passengers in particular and the ship's crew in general. But in its application, there are several factors that hinder the implementation of the ISM Code. This study aims to determine how the implementation, inhibiting factors and steps that can be taken to improve the implementation of the ISM Code on KM Sinabung. 
 The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Data sources were taken from primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation studies during researchers carrying out sea practice at KM. Sinabung. Data analysis techniques used are data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. Testing the validity of data using the source triangulation method.
 The results showed that the implementation of the ISM Code on board KM. Sinabung has been implemented but not yet optimal. Lack of knowledge, awareness and supervision of the crew related to safety is a factor inhibiting implementation on board KM. Sinabung is not optimal. So that efforts that can be made to improve the implementation of the ISM Code are to carry out safety induction, maximize training and competence, install safety posters to provide strict sanctions against violators so that the implementation of the ISM Code can be carried out optimally.

A validation study of ISM Code's continual effectiveness through a multilateral comparative analysis of maritime accidents in Korean waters

AbstractThis study investigates whether the International Safety Management (ISM) Code remains an effective regulatory tool for the shipping industry by analysing maritime accident statistics published for the last 32 years by the Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal, 24 years by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and seven years by the European Maritime Safety Agency. For this purpose, the data were divided into four groups: pre-ISM Code, in-transit, post-1 and post-2 periods, and tested by multilateral comparative analysis. The results show that the Korean merchant fleet has no improvement over the periods, whereas the world merchant fleet has a continual decrease in serious casualties. This study confirmed a trend of maritime accidents in recent years: fewer in number but heavier in damage. Conclusively, the results suggest that IMO and decision-makers in the maritime industry must review the ISM Code again and seek solutions to achieve the goal of continual improvement, as specified in the code.

Empirical analysis of the effectiveness of the legislative framework in the maritime industry

We analyze the effectiveness of the legislative framework of the maritime industry developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Labor Organization (ILO) and regional regulators and industry. With a unique combination of 310 time series using data of 44 years (1977–2020), we use 41 econometric models to highlight the effect of 116 main legislative milestones and their variants. We consider multiple endpoints of interest such as safety, piracy and crime, oil and chemical pollution, biosecurity, and air emissions. The results demonstrate that qualities of the fleet have improved. The time between adoption and entry into force lies at 3.83 years on average while negative effects are equally important for the time between adoption and entry into force as compliance often is obtained prior to entry into force of a requirement. Safety related milestones lead with measured negative effects followed by pollution and good results are found for the fishing fleet. Regional measures show stronger negative effects due to increased enforcement powers. Many of the milestones of interest show the desired effect of reducing incidents or decreasing pollution including the IMO International Safety Management Code, the Instruments Implementation Code, the Recognized Organization Code (RO), several SOLAS specific codes dealing with stability, fire testing and construction, the IMO Member States Audit Scheme, MARPOL Annex I, II and VI. Although human related areas improved compared to a previous study, there is still room for improvement.

A quantitative effectiveness analysis to improve the safety management system (SMS) implementation on-board ship

The International Safety Management (ISM) Code seeks to provide safety standards for the safe management and operation of ships. The code stipulates implementing a safety management system (SMS) on-board ship. The SMS requires the implementation of numerous procedures and forms to improve safety at the operational level on-board ship. The SMS effectiveness is vital for sustainable safety management system implementation. This paper aims to perform a comprehensive effectiveness analysis of ISM Code implementation, including forms and procedures, on-board ship to enhance the safety management system (SMS) implementation. To accomplish this, a best-worst method (BWM) is used under a fuzzy logic environment. Whilst the fuzzy BWM has yet to be applied in maritime transportation; it provides a robust analysis approach. The proposed method is improved by adopting the impact level of expert judgments in the aggregation stage of the methodology as well as performing consistency analysis. Besides its robust theoretical insight, the outcomes of the paper provide the utmost contribution to ship management companies and safety professionals for continuous improvement and monitoring of their safety management systems implementation.

Система обеспечения навигационной безопасности плавания

Safety is an important condition for effective navigation. The prescriptive approach to navigational safety currently used in the global maritime industry is based on many years of experience and the results of the investigation of ship accidents and the improvement of existing guidelines and regulations. There exist a great number of research works, scientific articles, legislative acts, manuals and recommendations on maritime safety, but they are characterized by the pronounced heterogeneity and based on different assumptions and foundations. This phenomenon of heterogeneity and inconsistency is associated with the lack of a single legislative definition that reflects all aspects of safety in maritime transport. The term “security aspect” refers to one of the sides of the object under consideration, a point of view. Of particular relevance is a holistic description of the term of safety in the maritime industry, which will eliminate discrepancies and will help clarify the current terms related to maritime safety. The analysis of guiding documents on the navigation safety and systematization of the terminological apparatus were carried out. After the adoption of the International Safety Management Code all activities related to navigation safety have been transferred to a higher quality level. The search for and development of new approaches and methods for preventing ship accidents during their operation are becoming increasingly important. Today, the concept of maritime security is not formed and is not described sufficiently. The relationship between the concepts of safe navigation and navigational security is considered. The concept of a navigational safety system is proposed.

Reliability of International Safety Management (ISM) Code Implementation in Operational Risk Management of Shipping Industry

In an industrial scope, the industry itself cannot be separated from a risk, and the shipping industry is no exception. The risk itself can possibly emerge from the company’s internal environment and there is a risk that emerge from company’s external environment. Therefore, companies are required to be able to manage the risks that may arise and give various impact. Basically, if the company can manage the risks, then the risks can potentially become opportunity, or it can also be said that it is a positive risk. On the other hand, if the risks lead to losses and the company cannot manage properly, this is a negative risk that needs to be managed by the company. In a shipping industry, there is an internationally recognized safety management system, namely the ISM Code, where the code regulates aspects of safety management in ships. With the implementation of an optimal safety management system, shipping company can basically apply the ISM Code instrument as a risk management effort, particularly in operational risk. Shipping company need to understand that they are obliged to create a safe work environment for their employees.
 Keywords: Risk management, ISM Code, Integration

Analyzing the factors determining the effectiveness of the international safety management code applied on ships through the fuzzy DEMATEL method

The sustainability of maritime trade and the marine environment is related to the safe management and operation of ships. Thus, ISM Code was enforced to ensure the safety management and operation of ships and prevent sea pollution. This study seeks to reveal the importance levels of the factors determining the effectiveness of the ISM Code and to identify their causal relationships. Through the fuzzy DEMATEL method to examine the data obtained from safety and quality experts, and seafarers, it aims to analyze whether the effectiveness of the ISM Code differs by ship types and land-based personnel and seafarers. All participants consider “management’s efforts to strengthen the ISM system” (C2) as the most important factor. Moreover, this study reveals that the factors of “management’s safety priority and commitment” (C1) and (C2) that determine the effectiveness of the ISM system are in the group of affecting factors. Identifying the factors increasing the effectiveness of the ISM Code, and revealing their causal relationships, this study adds to the literature. This study is important as it explores the need of managements to prioritize safety, to strengthen commitment and systems for an effective ISM Code, ensuring safe management of ships, and prevention of sea pollution.

Innovative Strategy Development Approach for Enhancing the Effective Implementation of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code

Maritime transport is a rule-intensive mode of transport. Maritime accidents continue to occur, however, and the catastrophic consequences of such accidents means that maritime transport safety continues to be an important subject. The International Safety Management (ISM) Code is one of the most important steps taken to prevent accidents and enhance shipping safety with the establishment of the safety management system (SMS). However, the important point is not only the establishment of the SMS but also the effective implementation of the ISM Code. To improve the effective implementation of the ISM Code, an innovative strategy development approach has been developed with the integration of Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) methodologies. In the study, causal relationships between ISM Code clauses are mainly analyzed with the DEMATEL method. Subsequently, using the results obtained from the analysis of the causal relationships, potential strategies to improve the effective implementation of the ISM Code are presented by using the TRIZ method. The findings of the paper could provide beneficial outcomes for shipping companies and national and international regulatory bodies to enhance maritime transport safety by improving the effectiveness of implementation of the ISM Code.

Workplace bullying and harassment at sea: A structured literature review

Seafaring is a masculine-coded occupation with a strong professional culture that values practical experience. Traditionally, youths were accepted on board ships to be guided, socialised, and often bullied into the working and living cultures at sea. The maritime industry is characterised by several factors known from research to constitute a hotbed for workplace bullying and harassment, such as sustained high workload, role conflicts, jargon, and precarious work. Women and minority groups are especially exposed to bulling and harassment in these kind of working environments. At policy level, these issues are addressed by the International Safety Management Code and the Maritime Labour Convention, which require employers to identify and prevent occupational safety and health risks. This study analyses the extent and scope of the peer reviewed literature on workplace bulling and harassment at sea, and what recommendations have been proposed in previous research. The results show that workplace bullying and harassment is a substantial problem in the maritime industry. While research in this field is growing, there is a general need for future research based on strong research designs. Given the complete lack of scientific intervention studies, this should be prioritised in future research. Further, there is a need to address underlying causes of workplace bullying and harassment and ensure decent employment and working conditions at sea. Managers ashore as well as officers on board must be provided with adequate resources, usable tools, and sufficient time for a proactive work. This work should be included as part of the safety management system.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ЕКІПАЖЕМ СУДНА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНОЇ СИТУАЦІЇ НА ПРИКЛАДІ СУДНОПЛАВНОЇ КОМПАНІЇ

Risk is like queering someone or something valued to an unknown or anticipated danger, harm, or loss. Even though there is no such universally accepted general definition of risk, but one commonly applied and authoritative resolution in most industrial contexts defines risk as “A combination of the probability, or frequency, of occurrence of a defined hazard and the magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence.” According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), risk is the “combination of the frequency and the severity of the consequence”, thereby articulates two components of the likelihood of occurrence and the probability of severity of the (un)predictable consequences. “Safety management objectives of the company should establish safeguards against all identified risks” so has been stated in the paragraph 1.2.2.2 of the ISM Code (International Safety Management Code). However, this does not determine any particular approach to the risk management theory, and it is for the company itself to choose methods appropriate in accordance with its organizational structure, its ships and trades. The methods could vary accordingly but how ever more or less formal they are, they should be well organized and planned if assessment and responses are meant to be completed and act effectively.

Fuzzy Multiple-Criteria Decision Making Based Evaluation of the Incident Analysis Forms Used in Internal Reporting Systems: A Case Study of Tanker Shipping Companies

Under the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, shipping companies are required to build a Safety Management System and develop procedures that will regulate the incident analysis process. By these procedures, the shipping companies develop an incident analysis form and use it on all ships within their fleets. Although these forms serve a common purpose, their structure shows some differences between companies. Thus, time may be wasted when transferring the data or insufficient data may be obtained. This paper examines incident analysis forms used for tanker ships whose hazardous cargos make them of particular importance. The features of incident analysis forms used on tankers of a shipping company were specified, and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method presented their importance levels. Expert opinion was collected by a questionnaire. The results revealed that the highest priorities belong to the sections allocated for details about the ship and environmental conditions and root cause analysis technique. The least essential sub-criteria were related to the structure and variety of the forms. Based on the study results, which captured the current practice and the sector’s expectations, tanker shipping companies’ existing incident analysis forms could be revised. The revised documents would help to achieve complete information and prevent loss of time in information exchange between companies. Bringing a common approach to the analysis of incidents in tanker shipping would increase safety in the shipping industry.

Analysis of the implementation of the International Safety Management Code using motivation theory: the seafarer's views.

"Safety First!" as it is always said, safety is a primary concern in any human activity. Shipping, one of the most dangerous industries in the world demands the establishment and implementation of safety rules, regulations and standards. Before the International Safety Management (ISM) Code was adopted and came into effect, the maritime industry experienced catastrophic disasters which resulted in loss of life and property. The occurrence of huge marine casualties triggered maritime safety rules, regulations and standards at an international level. International maritime safety standards are meant to create uniformity in safety rules and regulations. Human errors are considered the most important reason for maritime accidents. The ISM Code has been established to clarify the responsibilities of safety on vessels and to mitigate the occurrence of human errors by creating a safety-oriented organizational culture. There is still a question of whether this culture is actively practised by shipping companies. Through the lens of Kanter's theory of structural empowerment and Alderfer's theory of employee motivation, this study sought to explore seafarers' views and perceptions of the implementation of the ISM Code. In-depth interviews were conducted with 6 participants (4 seafarers and 2 resource maritime industry persons). The interviews with seafarers took place on the 22nd of October, 2019. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to describe the views of the participants in relation to the implementation of the ISM Code on their ship in the following areas: communication, organizational commitment, management involvement, reporting system, and empowerment of employees RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The participants pointed out that with the implementation of ISM Code the maritime personnel's safety attitudes have improved. The employees enthusiastically participate in safety meetings and trainings. The organization on board is more open, so is the communication between officers and the crew. Working on board is nowadays teamwork instead of being autocratic.

Qualitative Risk Assessment of Cybersecurity and Development of Vulnerability Enhancement Plans in Consideration of Digitalized Ship

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) published the Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management in 2017 to strengthen cybersecurity in consideration of digitalized ships. As part of these guidelines, the IMO recommends that each flag state should integrate and manage matters regarding cyber risk in the ship safety management system (SMS) according to the International Safety Management Code (ISM Code) before the first annual verification that takes place on or after 1 January 2021. The purpose of this paper is to identify cybersecurity risk components in the maritime sector that should be managed by the SMS in 2021 and to derive priorities for vulnerability improvement plans through itemized risk assessment. To this end, qualitative risk assessment (RA) was carried out for administrative, technical, and physical security risk components based on industry and international standards, which were additionally presented in the IMO guidelines. Based on the risk matrix from the RA analysis results, a survey on improving cybersecurity vulnerabilities in the maritime sector was conducted, and the analytic hierarchy process was used to analyze the results and derive improvement plan priority measures.

The influence of information technology on the implementation of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code: A shift from paper-based to paperless ships

To provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the International Safety Management (ISM) Code (adopted in 1993 and entered in force on 1st July 1998). The Code, through its guidelines and recommendations, provides seafarers (ship’s crew) the course of action for the safety and quality assurance process on ships. Traditionally a paper-based system, the ISM Code is now being digitalized in every aspect to streamline the processes to improve ship operations. This paper presents findings of a review of existing literature available on the world wide web to highlight areas of the Code that have been impacted by technology and the benefits that are being reaped. However, recent cyber attacks on ships and the maritime industry require a discussion on various implications associated with ships becoming increasingly reliant on technology and the advancing digital world. This paper highlights and explains the related implications and suggests strategies to address them.

An Analysis of Maritime Security Concept Based on International Safety Management (ISM) Code at The II Class Harbormaster and Port Authority (KSOP) Tanjungpinang

The ISM Code’s objective is to improve safety and prevent accidents and pollution as regulated by the International Maritime Organization and has been ratified since 1994 by Indonesia and applies to each province, including the Riau Archipelago. The Riau Archipelago almost had 96% of the marine area as its territory and directly borders Singapore and Malaysia with high sea transportation activities and has a strategic role in international trade traffic. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of the ISM Code at KSOP II Class Tanjungpinang through the concept of maritime security. The research method used was the qualitative method. The data obtained were systematically compiled and analyzed qualitatively using the international regime effectiveness analysis. The concept of maritime security was used to answer the implementation of the ISM Code at II Class KSOP Office Tanjungpinang. The application of the ISM Code at II Class KSOP Office Tanjungpinang had to be considered to ensure safe sea transportation activities as regulated by IMO and legalized in each province of Indonesia. The results of this study were necessary to optimize each maritime actor’s function who had legal responsibilities. There were required changes in focus, understanding, and awareness of the importance of maritime security to optimize resources and tasks on an ongoing basis and emphasize preventive and repressive efforts. This assisted in preventing the recurrence of threats and violations of the law in the marine area directly adjacent to the Riau Archipelago.

Ship first: Seafarers’ adjustment of records on work and rest hours

The article explores the recordkeeping practices of seafarers concerning the implementation of work and rest hours' regulations. In particular, it considers what motivates seafarers to hide their violations through record adjustment. The research adopted a qualitative research methodology to understand this industry problem, involving the use of semi-structured interviews. These were conducted with 20 seafarers to analyze their recording practices and adjustment of records. The participants underline that the imbalance between workload and manning levels leads to recurrent violations, particularly during port-related operations and for seafarers on the 6On/6Off watch system. To hide their violation and feign compliance, the data revealed that almost all seafarers in our study adjusted work and rest hours' records. The fear of the consequences of non-conformities during third party inspections is the main driver for such adjustment of records. Employment concerns and job insecurity tend to make seafarers submissive to the companies' interests, and they place the ship interests first. Flag State, Port State, and shipping companies seem to disregard violations and adjustments. Therefore, adjusting records seems a low-risk option for seafarers. However, systematic adjustment of records points to failures of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code and its audit system. In many cases, seafarers accept unfavorable work conditions and embrace the ethos of ‘ship first’.

Revisions of the SMS maintenance procedures based on computerized PMS data

According to the International Safety Management Code, every cargo ships of 500 gross tons and over must establish Ship Safety Management System that is documented in a Safety Management Manual. This document is prepared by the Company and contains rules regarding maintenance of the equipment, particularly recognized critical equipment. Those rules must be included into ship’s Planned Maintenance System, another requirement of the ISM Code. Maintenance periods in rules are based on several factors, while the Company experience in the operation and maintenance of the ship and its machinery and equipment is emphasized and analyzed in this paper. Analysis of records from different Computerized Planned Maintenance Systems obtained from several companies show that each company implemented their experience in the system. At the same time, the results show that very few modification of machinery maintenance intervals have been made with the proactive approach based on acquired experience and new knowledge.