International Regulatory Mechanisms Research Articles

Author's Rights in Musical Works within Contractual Relationships and International Legal Mechanisms for their Regulation (Comparative Legal Research Based on German Example)

The author's rights in author’s rights within contractual relationships and international legal mechanisms for their regulation have proven to be quite problematic issues, which demonstrates their relevance. Increased Georgian-language literature on authors' rights in author’s rights would enhance understanding and address local needs. while national legislation should be further harmonized with European, especially German legislation. This scientific article aims to explore the complexities of authors' rights in musical works, particularly within contractual relationships. It examines international regulatory mechanisms and suggests potential solutions to current challenges. The subject of this research is to study musical work author's rights in contractual relationships within the framework of comparative research and analyze doctrine and court practice based on international legal mechanisms for their regulation. The article creation process is mainly doctrinal, using the following research methods: documentary; comparative legal; descriptive; historical-legal and systematic.

Журналистерді қарулы қақтығыстарда қорғаудағы халықаралық ұйымдардың рөлі

The intensity of armed conflicts on the international stage is increasing, posing significant risks to the lives of journalists disseminating information from conflict zones. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of international laws and organizations in ensuring the protection of rights and safety of journalists in armed conflict situations. The study focuses on examining the application and effectiveness of international legal acts, including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, as well as analyzing the activities of major international organizations such as the UN and UNESCO, the Committee to Protect Journalists, and Reporters Without Borders. The authors highlight the historical essence of the development of international humanitarian law and emphasize its adaptation to modern conditions of warfare, characterized by diversity and ambiguity in conflicts. Special attention is given to the analysis of problems and challenges faced by journalists in conflict zones, and the role of international organizations in protecting their rights and freedoms. The article also presents recommendations for strengthening international and national defense mechanisms, as well as the need to improve informational support and educational programs for journalists working in conflict zones. In the conclusion of the research, the authors underscore the importance of global collaboration for the effective protection of journalists, identifying the necessity for further development and refinement of international regulatory mechanisms in the context of the constantly changing nature of armed conflicts

Mechanisms for protecting producers of metallurgical industry under environmental issues

The article explores the pressing issue of the exacerbation of environmental issues and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions as a consequence of metallurgical industry activities. This sector plays a significant role in global emissions and, therefore, requires immediate measures to mitigate its negative impact on the environment. The protection of domestic producers has been discussed by researchers such as A. Harkusha, S. Bilotsky, L. Tykhonchuk, P. Galagher, M. Gerard, and D. Firger. The article analyzes the uneven process of decarbonization of metallurgical enterprises in different countries worldwide. Transitioning to more environmentally friendly production is a complex task, so it is essential to consider within the framework of the WTO mechanisms for protecting national metallurgical industry producers in the face of growing environmental challenges. The article also examines various forms of trade protection for markets that can be used to support domestic producers in the context of increasing environmental problems. The author investigates exceptions to WTO rules that allow for restrictions on international trade to preserve natural resources and human health. This underscores the importance of ensuring environmental sustainability within international trade relations. Recent decisions by WTO dispute settlement bodies emphasize the priority of protecting health and nature over commercial interests, highlighting the need for coordinated international action to preserve the environment and public health. In conclusion, the article calls for further development of international regulatory mechanisms aimed at ensuring environmental sustainability and protecting the interests of national metallurgical enterprises under growing environmental challenges. Considering the overall state of the environment and its impact on the global ecosystem balance, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of possible trade and environmental solutions to achieve a balance between industry and environment conservation goals.

NATIONAL ECONOMIC INTERESTS OF UKRAINE IN THE SPHERE OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

This article analyzes the national interests of Ukraine from the point of view of transformations of international economic relations during the period of military aggression. The aspects and indicators of the effectiveness of the state policy in the investment and innovation sphere for strengthening the security of the real sector of the economy, determining the risks and threats of using the investment and innovation potential of economic security and the degree of its influence on the competitive positions of Ukraine in the conditions of technological globalism are characterized. The directions of positive development of the global economy and international regulatory mechanisms of its influence on the national competitiveness and economic interests of Ukraine are outlined. A justified sequence of actions to ensure the economic security of Ukraine in the field of international economic relations, strategic directions of innovative activity and resource support of the investment and innovation component of the economic interests of the real sector of the economy in conditions of global competition.

Unauthorized Food Manipulation as a Criminal Offense: Food Authenticity, Legal Frameworks, Analytical Tools and Cases.

Food fraud is a criminal intent motivated by economic gain to adulterate or misrepresent food ingredients and packaging. The development of a reliable food supply system is at great risk under globalization, but Food Business Operators (FBOs) have a legal obligation to implement and maintain food traceability and quality at all stages of food production, processing, and distribution. Incidents of food fraud have a strong negative impact on consumer confidence in the food industry. Therefore, local and international regulatory mechanisms are established to prevent or mitigate food fraud. This review brings new perspectives linking EU and US legislation, as well as new definitions and descriptions of the criminal aspect of food fraud incidents. It also describes certain new insights into the application of state-of-the-art methods and techniques that provide valuable tools for geographic, botanical, or other chemical markers of food authenticity. The review also provides an overview of the most common cases of food fraud worldwide from 2010 to 2020. Further research is needed to support the development of predictive models for innovative approaches to adulteration, especially when some valuable nutrients are replaced by toxic ingredients. A possible solution to minimize food fraud incidents is to increase the level of risk-based inspections, establish more productive monitoring and implementation of food protection systems in the supply chain, and implement better ingredient control and certification. National and international (e.g., regional) police offices for food fraud should be introduced, possessing knowledge and skills in food, food safety, food processing, and food products, as initial positive results have emerged in some countries.

Organophosphate Esters in the Canadian Arctic Ocean

Eleven organophosphate esters (OPEs) were detected in surface water and sediment samples from yearly sampling (2013-2018) in the Canadian Arctic. In water samples, ∑chlorinated-OPEs (Cl-OPEs) concentrations exceeded ∑non-chlorinated-OPEs (non-Cl-OPEs) with median concentrations of 10 ng L-1 and 1.3 ng L-1, respectively. In sediment samples, ∑Cl-OPEs and ∑nonchlorinated-OPEs had median concentrations of 4.5 and 2.5 ng g-1, respectively. High concentrations of OPEs in samples from the Mackenzie River plume suggest riverine discharge as an OPE source to the Canadian Arctic. The prevalence of OPEs at other sites is consistent with long-range transport. The OPE inventory of the Canadian Arctic Ocean representative of years 2013-2018 was estimated at 450-16,000 tonnes with a median ∑11OPE mass of 4100 tonnes with >99% of the OPE inventory estimated to be in the water column. These results highlight the importance of OPEs as water-based Arctic contaminants subject to long-range transport and local sources. The high OPE inventory in the water column of the Canadian Arctic Ocean points to the need for international regulatory mechanisms for persistent and mobile organic contaminants (PMOCs) that are not covered by the risk assessment criteria of the Stockholm Convention.

Searching for snakes: ball python hunting in southern Togo, West Africa

The ball python (Python regius) is the single most exported live CITES-listed species from Africa, with a large proportion of snakes being sourced from Togo, West Africa, officially via a system reported nationally as “ranching”. This study represents the first in-depth review of ball python hunting being carried out by rural communities in Togo for nearly 15 years. Our approach, focused at the bottom of the trade chain, permitted extensive detailed data to be collected from hunters, and provides a unique insight into the practices, drivers and impacts associated with this type of large-scale commercial wildlife trade activity. We show that ball python hunting remains an economically valuable endeavour for these rural hunters. However, it also highlights a number of potential legal, conservation and animal welfare issues associated with the current hunting practices being carried out in Togo (and neighbouring range States) to supply the snake farms and ultimately the international exotic pet trade. Our findings suggest that the methods applied on the ground do not accurately reflect those being reported to national authorities and international regulatory mechanisms such as CITES. This irregular, if not illegal, trade may also be unsustainable, as suggested by hunters reporting that there are fewer ball pythons in the wild than there were five years previously. We recommend that additional scientific investigation (focusing on the size and status of the wild population), better management, and enforcement of regulations, are required to ensure that ball python populations are managed in a sustainable, legal and traceable way.

Development of banking standards control in the EU: problems and prospects

The article is devoted to the study of banking standards in the European Union. The article examines the unified mechanisms of the banking standards control in the European Union. The author considers mechanisms for harmonising the legislation of the EU member states and international regulatory mechanisms of banking standards, Basel III. The article analyses the measures of legal regulation aimed at protecting the banking system of the European Union.

Ethical, professional and political dimensions of cardiac nursing research

Ethical and institutional approvals are essential requirements if a research proposal is to become a research project. This article critically approaches the history of ethical codes, and principles, in the context of politics and practice. It notes how international regulatory mechanisms that govern the research process in medicine and nursing represented a response to state-sanctioned human rights abuses of the last century. It is argued that ethical thinking, and awareness, is central to all stages of the research process. Attention is given to pragmatic ways that cardiac nurses can protect the rights and freedoms of individuals who make an informed decision to participate in a research study, service evaluation, or clinical audit—and how this can be documented, and conveyed, to an ethical or institutional review body. Lastly, we return to the socio-cultural and economic context that frames all health and social research, calling for equivalent standards of integrity, vigilance, and respect in nursing inquiry, as would be expected in nursing care.

Scaling-up the use of generic antiretrovirals in resource-limited countries: generic drugs for health.

The number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) continues to increase around the world because of the increasing number on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and their associated increase of life expectancy, in addition to the number of people newly infected with HIV each year. Unless a 'cure' can be found for HIV infection, PLHIV can anticipate the need to take antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for the rest of their lives. Because ARVs are now being used for HIV prevention, as well as for therapeutic purposes, the need for effective, affordable ARVs with few adverse effects will continue to rise. It is important to note that the dramatic growth in treatment coverage of PLHIV seen during the past decade has been primarily due to the increased use of generic ARVs. Thus, there will be a need to scale-up the research and development, production, distribution and access to generic ARVs and ART regimens. However, these processes must occur within national and international regulated free-market economic systems and must deal with increasingly multifaceted patent issues affecting the price while ensuring the quality of the ARVs. National and international regulatory mechanisms will have to evolve, which will affect broader national and international economic and trade issues. Because of the complexity of these issues, the Editors of this Supplement conceived of asking experts in their fields to describe the various steps from relevant research and development, to production of generic ARVs, their delivery to countries and subsequently to PLHIV in low- and middle-income countries. A main objective was to highlight how these steps are interrelated, how the production and delivery of these drugs to PLHIV in resource-limited countries can be made more effective and efficient, and what the lessons are for the production and delivery of a broader set of drugs to people in low- and middle-income countries.

Cultural Legitimacy and Regulatory Transitions for Climate Change: A Discursive Framework

Because of its tremendous temporal and spatial scope, climate change poses profound regulatory issues. Significant transboundary effects and spatially differentiated effects make it highly desirable that international regulatory mechanisms are utilised in order to arrive at effective mitigation and adaptation solutions. Yet, the different spaces that states occupy in terms of causation and effect makes agreement on what must be regulated through international mechanisms and indeed how to regulate such subject matter. Consequently, this paper proposes that legitimacy needs to be considered one of the core concerns of international climate change regulation and governance. The aim of this paper is to clarify the role of the concept of legitimacy in international climate change regulation, and to set forth a specific discursive approach aimed at identifying legitimacy-enhancing design features for internationally regulating climate change.

International Standardization of Nuclear Reactor Designs: the Way Forward

The concept of International Standardization of Nuclear Reactor Designs means that vendors could build their designs in every country without having to adapt it specifically to national safety requirements. Such standardization would have two main effects. It would greatly facilitate nuclear new build worldwide by giving greater efficiency and certainty to the national licensing procedures; by taking into account the fact that vendors, and nowadays also utilities, are active across borders; by helping developing countries to establish their nuclear new build programmes; and by reducing the strain on human resources on both the regulators' and the industry's side. The second valuable effect of standardization would be to further enhance safety by improving the exchange of construction and operating experience among a number of reactors belonging to fleets of the same design. The World Nuclear Association's CORDEL (Cooperation in Reactor Design Evaluation and Licensing) Group has developed a concept for implementation of international standardization of reactor designs. It has defined a number of steps to be taken by industry. At the same time, possibilities offered by national and international regulatory mechanisms would have to be fully made use of, and some changes in regulatory frameworks might be necessary. Some steps especially towards greater cooperation of regulators have already been taken; however, much still remains to be done. The concept of deploying standardized reactor designs across a number of countries supposes an alignment and, if possible, harmonization of national safety standards; a streamlining of national licensing procedures, making them more efficient and predictable; and the willingness of national regulators to take into account licensing done in other countries. In the end, this should lead to a mutual acceptance of design approvals or, in a more distant future, even to a multinational design approval process. All in all, the concept of standardized reactor designs raises many challenges, but these will have to be tackled.

The transformation of regulatory order: Regulating the global economy and environment

This paper serves as an introduction to a collection of papers on regulation in the global economy and environment, and seeks to outline the changing bases of regulation within the world economy since the nineteenth century. During this period there has existed a search for mechanisms which can order the dynamics of capitalist accumulation. Over time there has been a shift away from abstract concepts of regulation towards more concrete and contextual regulatory mechanisms. In the nineteenth century, regulation revolved around the rule of money through the international gold standard. Between 1945 and the early 1970s an attempt was made to regulate the world economy through a set of institutions which sought to create an international regulatory space, within which the power of money was subordinated to politically and economically sovereign states. The breakdown of this system of international regulation in the early 1970s resulted in a more explicit form of geoeconomic competition between states, and in a widespread restructuring of regulatory frameworks. International regulatory mechanisms are being reconstructed as part of processes of negotiated competition between nation-states. It is suggested that the tendency towards geoeconomic competition within the global economy precludes the construction of international regulatory mechanisms capable of controlling the tendency towards overaccumulation on a world scale or preventing further environmental degradation.

Free-Trade Politics and Diplomacy: John F. Kennedy and Textiles

For more than two decades now political debates in the United States over foreign and domestic economic policies have revolved around strategies to deal with the consequences of America's successful postwar reconstruction policies. By the late 1950s Western Europe had moved well beyond recovery and, together with Japan, had been integrated into the open, multilateral world economy long sought by American leaders. The smooth functioning of international regulatory mechanisms established by the Bretton Woods agreements, the institution of European currency convertibility under the auspices of the International Monetary Fund, and the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC) attested to the realization of Washington's most important plans for the postwar international system. Accompanying trends in the global economy, however, particularly America's worsening balance-of-payments deficit, presented policymakers in the United States with an ironic dilemma. They could respond to America's increasingly unfavorable position in the world economy by trying to perfect the system of liberal trade their predecessors had done so much to create, or they could retreat from it.