International Political System Research Articles

What Should We Do with the Gaza Strip? Proposals and Plans, 1949–1957

ABSTRACT Political and military conflicts occasionally result in the formation of geopolitical entities that exist in the interstices of political territorialities. The Gaza Strip that was formed during the 1948 Arab – Israeli War is one case study of such a geopolitical entity. The Gaza Strip came under Egyptian military rule and tens of thousands of displaced Palestinian Arabs became refugees living in camps established in its bounds, tripling the original population. Following the end of the war, the Gaza Strip’s borders were closed, its economy was almost completely paralyzed, and most of its residents lived in poverty and distress. Economic and social deprivation along with undecided geopolitical status created a territorial hotspot whose instability threatened to deteriorate into the renewal of war. From early 1949 and until the Israeli withdrawal in March 1957 that followed its occupation during the 1956 war, Egyptian and Israeli governments and the international political system sought to “normalize” the Gaza Strip and extricate it from the interstices of political territorialities. This article expands on the economic and military plans and political negotiations conducted toward this “normalization” aim during a period of about eight years.

Religion and Climate Geopolitics

Climate politics is old: a stress test of international institutions and political systems now in its fourth decade. Climate politics is also new: nascent transnational movements, world changing technologies, and emergent authoritarianisms indicate a rapidly shifting geopolitical order. As the moral urgency of environmental crises intensify, attention to religion provides an informative window onto the dynamics of global environmental politics. This article describes three ways in which religions are both shaping and being shaped by anthropogenic climate change.

The Use Of System Theory In National System With Reference To The Behaviour Of Any Country In Crisis: (A Study Of Libya)

Considering the development of an all-inclusive and abstract theory as unattainable by empirical methods, political scientists have adopted the limited perspective of systems theory. The Political Systems Theory according to Easton’s Model Analysis represents interdisciplinary nature of modern political science (Jones 1977). System concepts make empirical and comparative study possible; even of those political institutions, apart from the states, such as international political system, city political party, etc. This wider and in-depth perspective of system approach is suitable to look into the Libyan crisis. The work is going to analyze the political behaviour of Libya based on the four major components of System theory; Demands and Supports as “Inputs”, decisions on Demands and Supports as “Outputs”, application of policy as “Outcomes”, and response to new policy as “Feedback” (Lambert 1968). Lastly, we observe the break down and dysfunction of the Libyan political system that has brought social unrest. The study analysis covers the political system under Muammar Gaddafi’s regime

How the Russian-Ukrainian war changed the geopolitical picture of the world

For centuries, russia was the country that was showing its power in the international political system. Firstly, the emergence of the Soviet Union and 15 countries united under one roof, and then its dissolution in 1991 made russia a more aggressive power that the international community witnessed these years. This was mainly against the post-Soviet Space, as russia till today, thinks that post-Soviet countries are and should be under the influence of russia. That's the main reason why Russia has aggressive foreign policy towards its neighboring countries, especially Georgia and Ukraine. The wars against Ukraine and Georgia show how huge a threat can be coming from the imperialist neighbor state. Here, three main years of wars are outlined: 2008, 2014, and the year of 2022, when Russia started a new military occupation against Ukraine. This aggressive foreign policy dimension is not only a threat for only post-Soviet space but to international security as well. Russia’s internal and external policy dimensions have always been a subject of international world order, as its steps always had some implications for both regional and international political systems. This research will discuss what are the main implications of military occupations conducted by russia in the 21st century.

Military occupations conducted by Russia in the 21st century and their implications: the cases of Georgia and Ukraine

For centuries, Russia has been a country that has demonstrated its strength in the international political system. First, the emergence of the Soviet Union and 15 countries united under one roof, and then its collapse in 1991, made Russia a more aggressive state, as the international community witnessed during these years. This was mainly directed against the post-Soviet space, as Russia still believes that post-Soviet countries are and should be under Russian influence. This is the main reason why Russia has an aggressive foreign policy towards its neighbors, especially Georgia and Ukraine. The wars against Ukraine and Georgia show how great the threat from an imperialist neighboring state can be. The three main years of the wars are outlined here: 2008, 2014, and 2022, when Russia began a new military occupation of Ukraine. This aggressive foreign policy dimension poses a threat not only to the post-Soviet space, but also to international security. Russia's domestic and foreign policy has always been a subject of the international world order, as its steps have always had certain consequences for both the regional and international political system. In this study, we will look at the main consequences of the military occupations carried out by Russia in the 21st century.

Problems of international politics: impact of globalization on politics

The concept of globalization is associated with the process of expanding crossborder transactions and interactions in the political, socio-cultural, and economic spheres. It describes the phenomenon of denationalization, which tends to be perceived as a political project. Globalization in the international political system is considered centralized due to its impact on external relations and its close connection with political structures and mechanisms. The creation of the necessary international rules and institutions is characterized by the fact that the concept of global governance is a political response to the processes of economic and social globalization. The influence of the era of globalization on the development of international politics and economic structures has turned out to be deep and complex, being the background for the creation of new political forms and stages of its development. The modern process of globalization is focused on international transformations in the field of politics and economics. It is important to emphasize the fact that the concept of globalization is a broad issue that is an integral part of every field of public activity. It can be described as an acceleration of global economic and political interconnections; the analysis of this phenomenon made it possible to assess the problems caused by its development. This article shows the importance of the globalized world for the life of individual states and international cooperation. The large-scale changes caused by globalization have proved its significant role for cultural, social, economic, and political formation at the international level. The research was based on the theory of globalization, the concept of sustainable development, and the theory of competition. Conclusions. The impact of globalization is felt most strongly when it comes to identity, whether it is an individual or a community. Although globalization can have positive effects, this phenomenon needs to be critically assessed in order to ensure that its negative consequences are understood, studied, and effectively addressed.

Arctic Cooperation between Russia and India in the Wake of Climate Change

Global climate change has placed the region at the centre of geopolitics, as melting Arctic sea ice transforms it from a predominantly scientific interest to a contest of national security claims, commercial interests and environmental concerns, with profound implications for both the international legal and political systems. The Arctic environment is an area of common concern requiring collective behaviour by all, including Russia and India.Aim. Examine environmental issues in the Arctic policies of Russia and India, and find common ground in Arctic cooperation on climate change.Tasks. Identify existing problems and propose recommendations to address them.Methods. To solve the problems set in the study, the author uses such methods as statistical analysis, method of document analysis, discourse analysis of speeches of political leaders of Russia and India. Results. The issues of the climate agenda of Russia and India are considered. Unlike Russia, the Indian side has problems in implementing its state policy on climate change. Sharing experience in effective financing of environmental programmes, disaster risk management and information exchange are areas of potential cooperation in the context of climate change. Despite the geopolitical changes taking place around the world, Russia-India cooperation has not been interrupted, but has remained at the same level and has great potential.Conclusions. Ensuring the environmental security of Russia and India is an integral part of the policies of the two states. As the data presented in this paper show, the states have similar interests in developing measures to prevent climate change deterioration in the Arctic region.

Historicising the unchanging face of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy Thrust from 1960 to 2015

Foreign policy is a tool. It is a means to an end, but not the end itself. What a nation gets from foreign policy on the international scene is dependent on its skill in negotiating, applying force and bargaining appropriately. In Nigeria for instance, foreign policy is seen as definitional or doctrine, and as such, using foreign policy thrust to advance the wellbeing of the country remains problematic. Since independence, the guiding principle of Nigeria’s foreign policy thrust has remained a reflection of its perception of the international political system. A constant feature that has remained central to Nigeria’s foreign relations posture has been Africa, with pre-occupations concerning fighting colonialism, then obnoxious apartheid policy in South Africa and the discrimination of black peoples in the African continent and elsewhere in the world. Nigeria’s foreign policy like those of countries all over the world is geared towards attaining the foreign policy objectives of the country’s leadership and its teeming population. Unfortunately, this expectation by the judgement of many informed Nigerians is yet to be fully achieved. The Nigerian Federal Government has often been accused of Big Brotherism and a Father Christmas outlook with little or no reciprocity. It must be noted that states relate globally in the conduct of inter-state relations. In this relationship, the international system provides a potent stage and theatre for Nigeria to come up with defined goals and collective concerns. Despite its clear goals and strong points, there is still a general feeling that Nigeria’s foreign policy plank is punching below its expected weight. Between 1960 and 2015, different foreign policy thrusts have been adopted with little or no reasonable result. This paper therefore examines the various foreign policy thrusts adopted from 1960 to 2015. And attempt to identify reasons why each of these Foreign Policy Planks could not live up to expectation, bring out why each of these foreign policy plank could not live up to expectations. Historical methods will be used in the collection and collation of data.

The Geoeconomics of the Single Market for Financial Services

AbstractWe discuss the geoeconomics of the Single Market in financial services in the European Union (EU). We examine three case studies that concern the EU and other major jurisdictions and that range from incipient geoeconomic use to outward weaponisation of the Single Market in finance. These cases are (1) the post‐2008 crisis transatlantic tug of war, whereby the EU leveraged its Single Market vis‐à‐vis the United States, seeking to set the rules for global finance; (2) the Brexit negotiations, when the EU acted as a bloc against the United Kingdom and successfully safeguarded the integrity of the Single Market; and (3) the fulsome war in Ukraine, during which the EU ‘weaponised’ its Single Market through the adoption of financial sanctions against Russia. We argue that a combination of external and internal factors accounts for this pattern: the evolution of the international economic and political system, in particular, the increasing challenges to the liberal international order, and intra‐EU developments, namely, the EU's ability to deploy its Single Market geoeconomically.

Geopolitics and global economic governance

Abstract This article analyses the relationship between geopolitics and global economic governance from an international relations perspective, laying stress on the long-term changes that have taken place in the character and dynamics of modern global international society. First, it unpacks what is involved in talk about the ‘the return of geopolitics’, arguing that the international political system needs to be understood in its own right and according to its distinctive logics and dynamics, separate from those of modern capitalism. The second section shifts the focus from the modern international to the modern global, arguing that the ‘we’ now involved in both geopolitics and global economic governance has changed in fundamental ways and that the diffusion of power and agency and the revolt against Western dominance are far broader than the rise of China. The final section looks at future pathways: the unlikely possibility of the restoration of US hegemony; the case for the primacy of political order over global governance and for refocusing attention on the primary or foundational institutions on which all more elaborate forms of global governance must depend; and the identification of some of the most important institutional pinch-points where geopolitics and global economic governance intersect and need to be managed, including sanctions, security-related trade measures, and industrial strategy.

American Presidential Elections 2024: The Core Point of Future Geopolitical Changes

Purpose: This research is focused on the ongoing Russia – Ukraine military conflict, which has already caused some significant changes in foreign policy priorities of major players of international political system. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of U.S. 2024 elections to the Russia – Ukraine military conflict outcomes with the aim of analyzing different foreign policy philosophies the two potential candidates have, that can have an effect not only on current Russo-Ukrainian conflict but on the whole global geopolitical situation in the current world. Theoretical Framework: realism as an international relations theory with the system level analysis is used to explain current global geopolitical issues. Method: The issue of methodology is decided according to the necessities of tasks of this article and is mostly based on data analyses, comparison of similarities or differences and case study. Results and Discussion: the current work claims that the major war on the European continent disrupts the core security arrangements which has a shattering effects of unipolar liberal order and how much will this order be changed, is mainly depended on the dedication to it by the U.S.A, European union countries and their liberal democratic allies around the globe. Research Implications: the research findings contribute in raising awareness of the current Ukraine conflict and accumulate the type of knowledge that enriches the political science with theoretical and practical value.

Violence and Power of the Modern British Monarch

Violence and Power of the Modern British Monarch

Unmasking International Relations in the Times of War in Africa: Beyond Rhetoric, Reality and Trust

This paper unmasks the concept of international relations using the lenses of realist school of thought. Relations of nation states towards each other, and with international organisations, including sub national entities is what international relations (IR) is all about (Antunes and Camisao, 2018; Adams, 2003; Wendt, 1992; Axelrod and Keohane 1993). The significance of IR in the contemporary world, as it were in the past cannot be overemphasized. It seeks to comprehend the roots of war and the preservation of peace both stemming from the nature and exercise of power within the global system. To this effect, the discipline of international relations comprises of numerous theories, each attempting to explain the power relations and the resultant behaviour of nation states on the international scene. Of particular interest to this article is how the realism theory of IR enhances the prospects of cooperation within the international environment and the realists’ main obstacles to achieving cooperation in international development. As one of the many theories in the IR discourse, Realism claims to explain the reality of international politics. Realists believe that sovereign states are the principal actors on the international political system, having at their disposal justifiable actions or tools for the protection of their interests. Proponents of realism argue that states are unitary and rational actors of importance seeking to secure their survival through reliance on their own means even if it meant war (Glaser, 1994; Brown, 2007; Milner, 1992).Drawing from secondary sources of data and using a desk top review approach, this study found that realists come close to explaining the actual happenings on the IR scene i.e. the survival of the state at all costs, also called the ethics of responsibility rather than by moral principles as other theorists argue. Realism as a school of thought in the IR discourse has generated a significant volume of debate and criticisms igniting valuable insights and remains an important analytical tool for stakeholders in IR.

The Anglophone Crisis and Low Voter Turnout in Anglophone Cameroon in the 2018 Presidential Elections

The international political system has radically changed in the last three decade. During this era the global political system has witnessed the enfranchisement of more voters across geographical, racial and socio-economic boundaries than ever before. With the growing trend of democracy, voter turnouts keep fluctuating. Since the return of multiparty elections in 1990, Cameroon has been experiencing a downward trend in voter turnout. With voter apathy being on the rise in Cameroon, the 2018 Presidential elections were no different nationally, but it was more glaring in the Anglophone regions with extremely low turnout. The presidential elections coincided with the onset of the Cameroonian civil war in Anglophone Cameroon, with separatist fighters and the Cameroon government forces fighting over the self-determination and political future of Anglophone Cameroon. This study sought to ascertain the link between the Anglophone crisis and the low voter turnout in the Anglophone regions. The study relied on both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data sources will mainly be gotten through telephone interviews and personal observations. Secondary data from books, journal article, newspapers, reports and possible interviews on election issues in Cameroon. Findings show that the Anglophone crisis and separatist threats played a role in low voter turnout, alongside voting age and voter disillusionment. The low voter turnout in the Anglophone regions creates a question of legitimacy of those elections and it is recommended that a resolution of the conflict would help improve the situation of voter apathy in Anglophone Cameroon ahead of the upcoming 2025 Presidential and 2026 Municipal and parliamentary Elections.

Discussions about the New World Order in the Context of Scientific Diplomacy

In 2023, the Institute of World History, in partnership with the Russian Historical Society, organized several landmark international scientific events dedicated to the formation of a new world order. First of all, the article analyzes the international academic conference “Formation and change of international political systems. Experience of history for the contemporary world order”, in which, in addition to famous Russian speakers, foreign experts from 17 countries took part. The topics of the conference touched upon the issues and circumstances of the formation and change of international political systems, from Westphalia in the 17th century to Yalta-Potsdam in the 20th century, as well as the main trends of the modern stage of international relations, including political, economic, social and, very importantly, value aspects question. Based on the results of the events held in 2023, it was decided to prepare a concept document for a new multipolar world by March 1, 2024, the discussion of which will take place in the spring of 2024, also with the participation of foreign experts. Thus, the scientific discussions held in 2023 are an example of genuine science diplomacy, securing Russia’s status as one of the leaders in this new scientific direction.

Ukraine – NATO: relations and prospects of membership

The author notes that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in modern conditions plays one of the key roles in ensuring security and stability in Europe. It is stated that, in accordance with its founding documents, this international structure aims to unite the efforts of its members for collective defense and for the preservation of peace and security. The article reveals the international legal aspects of the Partnership for Peace program, established in 1991 to ensure cooperation between NATO and European states that are not members of the alliance, and to maintain a constant dialogue on issues of mutual interest to both NATO and states that are not part of this military-political bloc. It is emphasized that this program is used for the purpose of cooperation between NATO members and non-members in the military and defense spheres, including in various crisis situations, based on the postulate that the security of member states is inseparably linked with the security of all other European states. The article focuses on the analysis of the history and prospects of the development of relations between Ukraine and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The policy of the Ukrainian leadership towards the bloc, as well as concrete steps within the framework of Euro-Atlantic integration are considered. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the compliance of the current state of the internal political system of Ukraine with the requirements and standards of NATO. The official position of the Russian Federation on the issue of Ukraine's membership in NATO is considered. It is concluded that Ukraine's entry into NATO in the short and medium term contradicts the interests of the international organization itself.

Understanding Pakistan China Relations through the Joint Statement (2021-2022)

Pakistan-China diplomatic relations span over more than seven decades of cordial relations represent a unique example in the current international political system of the world. Until the turn of the century the relationship of the neighboring friends was limited mostly to government-to-government, political, defense and diplomatic cooperation. However, since the start of this century, the relationship has been expanded in economic and socio-economic spheres. The realization that the two countries need each other more in the changed regional and global setting is visible on both sides. Nevertheless, understanding each other’s society and culture is still a less explored domain. Currently, bilateral cooperation, under the ambit of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has given this relationship an added impetus by bringing in extraordinary prospects of not only bilateral cooperation but also regional integration and development and securing China’s unhindered access to the rest of the world. The thirty-three-point statement has been analyzed to fathom the depth of China-Pakistan bilateral ties. Both the states are continuously struggling to evolve procedures, concepts and mechanisms to keep augmenting the bond of friendship.

The Effect of Arbitration on the Islamic Political System

The current research aims to elucidate the concept of arbitration, its legitimacy, scope, significance, the extent of obligation, and its impact on the internal political system of the state, particularly constitutional issues related to assuming power and resolving internal political disputes within the administration of the Muslim state. The study examines the influence of arbitration on foreign policy matters involving wars or international conflicts over land or water, providing real life examples from the time of the Prophet, his companions, and his followers. The current study concluded that arbitration could have a significance impact on resolving both internal and external political disputes if employed appropriately and optimally. The study emphasizes the risk associated with failing to arbitrate political issues, which may result in adverse consequences such as widening the conflict gap among the opponents.

منظمة ايباك وتأثيرها على الانتخابات الامريكية 2020

The U.S.A presidential election is more important than any other election in the world. Perhaps this stems form the importance of America in days world which is characterized by unipolar and American domination of the international political system and its active role in many international issues and organizations The research is an attempt to diagnose AIPAC S role in the 2020 American election by knowing the roots of Jewish presence in America and its organization.

The Century of Türkiye as a Strategic Discourse

The ‘Century of Türkiye’ has been introduced as the new discourse of strategy in Turkish foreign policy with the centennial of the Republic of Türkiye. In this respect, this article explores which factors determined the emergence of the discourse, how the agency has perceived the shifts in structure, how Türkiye has positioned itself concerning shifts in the international political system, global economy, and geography, the perils and promises of determined strategy, and what the discourse entails. It is argued that the new strategy is articulated as a vision-oriented strategy and constitutes a continuity in the preceding century in the country’s quest for greater autonomy. The article points out factors that could cause incongruence between what is intended with the articulated strategy, what is spoken through discourse, and what is actualized at the end.