Internal Political Factors Research Articles

Анализ влияния пандемии COVID-19 на падение пассажиропотока ведущих аэропортов Франции: тенденции и перспективы посткризисного развития

Цель: ключевой целью проводимого исследования является анализ падения авиационного трафика в структуре ведущих аэропортов Франции. С целью достижения максимально объективного результата представлены данные падения пассажиропотока двух крупнейших столичных аэропортов Шарль де Голь и Орли, а также данные падения авиационного трафика крупнейших региональных аэропортов. Обсуждение: ключевыми источниками при проведении исследования стали статистические материалы Министерства экологии и транспорта Франции, аналитические данные Международного авиационного агентства (IATA). По итогам деятельности в 2019 году рынок пассажирских авиаперевозок Франции был одним из ключевых рынков в структуре Европейского региона. Отличительными характеристиками рынка пас- сажирских авиаперевозок Франции были: развитость региональной маршрутной сети, высокая доля направлений бюджетных авиакомпаний в структуре маршрутной сети, высокие показатели пассажиропотока региональных аэропортов. Пандемия COVID-19 оказала крайне негативное влияние на падение рынка авиаперевозок, сокращение авиационного трафика и снижение количества перевезенных пассажиров. Результаты: результатом проводимого исследования является прогноз падения авиационного трафика по итогам 2020 года. Основы- ваясь на данных статистики авиационного трафика за период январь – сентябрь 2020 года, учитывая внешне- и внутриполитические факторы, принимая во внимание данные Министерства экологии и транспорта. Франции, был проведен расчет прогнозируемого падения авиационного трафика. Падение авиационного трафика является важным факто- ром оценки влияния кризиса 2020 года на рынке пассажирских авиаперевозок наряду с показателем количества перевезенных пассажиров

Кримська криза та російсько-українська війна: погляд з точки зору політичного неореалізму

A comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of the use of theoretical, conceptual and methodological tools of such a scientific field in international political science as political neorealism to study the Crimean crisis and the beginning of the Ukrainian-Russian armed confrontation was carried out in the article. It is claimed that the Crimean crisis (2014) and the beginning of the armed Russian-Ukrainian confrontation was caused not only by Russia’s reaction to the events in Ukraine and changes in its foreign policy orientations. Also by such international political factors as the expansion of democratic values by the United States and Western Europe to states that were a part of Moscow’s geopolitical responsibility and Washington’s desire to resolve its own security issues. Moreover, without taking into account the interests of other states in the modern world, which creates even more anarchy in international politics, conflicting of structure and encourages other states to take actions in order to increase the level of self-protection and ensure the realization of national security interests. The problem of research becomes especially relevant in connection with the need to conceptualize the confrontation between Ukraine and Russia in terms of political neorealism. The basic idea is whether Russia's interference in the internal affairs of the post-Soviet countries and its violation of the territorial integrity of these states can be recognized as legitimate in terms of political neorealism. The aim of the study is to analyse the Crimean crisis and the beginning of the Ukrainian-Russian armed confrontation using the scientific direction in international political science as political neorealism. It is substantiated that political neorealism provides an opportunity to determine the basis of the behavior of states in a unipolar system of international relations, as well as to determine the reasons for the predominance of violent means among measures to increase their level of protection.

The influence of economic factors on the development of the project for the development of cruise transport in Russia

The article examines the influence of global and local factors on the planning and implementation of large investment projects in the field of tourism in St. Petersburg. Analyzed the current and long-term political and economic factors that must be taken into account when developing a marketing concept for a cruise tourism project with a point of departure and end of routes in the city. The project includes the creation of an international cruise tourism center and a marine passenger shipping company, including the construction of a sea vessel. The negative influence of such factors as: political and economical confrontation with Western countries, aggravated in the period after 2014; restrictions on cross-border movements; increase in the audience of tourists from Southeast Asia. On the other hand, the implementation of the project can be favorably influenced by such factors as: internal political factors of competition between regional elites, the prevailing culture of cruise shipments on the Baltic Sea in the “ferry” format; the effect of replacing “shortfalls in foreign expenditures”; integration with the opening of the “Lakhta Center” and the direction of cinema tourism. An assessment was made of the degree of influence of these factors on the marketing concept of the project for the development of a cruise message and the terms of its payback.

ПОЛІТИКО-ПРАВОВА ДОКТРИНА ДЕРЖАВНОГО СУВЕРЕНІТЕТУ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The article substantiates and analyzes the factors influencing the process of political and legal doctrine of state sovereignty in the context of globalization. As a result of a comprehensive study it was determined that the realization of state sovereignty depends not only on the action of general historical and international political factors, but also on the ability of Ukrainian society to overcome economic difficulties, on the active participation of each member of the territorial community. It was found that the very nature of state sovereignty, the genesis of formation, modernization and development of its concepts are due to globalization and integration processes in the world, and above all, within the European Union.

Hong Kong’s Changing Role in Connecting the Mainland With the World

Many discussions on Hong Kong’s social movements rightfully focus on the internal and external political factors that are influential in shaping the recent political events. This paper examines selective important political deve-lopments related to the subject matter and does not pretend to be comprehensive on the subject matter. While contextualizing Hong Kong’s recent unrest in political events, we are simultaneously also interested to de-privilege political factors as the sole explanation for the social movements and highlight a functional and highly utilitarian reason for the social turmoil, which is that of high housing prices and social disenfranchisement. It was the twin impacts of political changes as well as housing grievances (along with other bread and butter issues) that became a volatile cocktail in concocting the social unrest and public expressions of discontent. The central and local HK governments cannot homogenize a single uniform response to the challenges of globalization, in terms of both clamoring for democratization and economic egalitarianism. This paper therefore argues that there is a differential effectiveness of China’s/HK’s responses to economic globalization’s inequities and addressing the pro-democrat demands.

POLITICAL AND LEGAL DOCTRINE OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

The article substantiates and analyzes the factors that influence the process of political and legal doctrine of state sovereignty in the context of globalization. As a result of a comprehensive study, it was determined that the realization of state sovereignty depends not only on the action of general historical and international political factors, but also on the ability of Ukrainian society to overcome economic difficulties, on the active participation of each member of the territorial community. In the context of globalization, the concept of sovereignty, its content and implementation becomes specific. Despite its sovereign nature, state power is still not absolute and is subject to certain restrictions, both internally and externally, but such restrictions cannot be confused with a violation of sovereignty, which is unacceptable. It is determined that in the context of globalization, sovereignty is narrowing: the world community exerts influence, sometimes severe, on countries violating international law, international rules and agreements, and their strong global economic supranational forces also influence the transformation of state sovereignty. Sometimes there is a tendency to voluntarily delegate powers to world, regional and international organizations and associations, ie the internal affairs of the state, in which no one interferes and which are governed only by national law and customs are narrowed by voluntary renunciation of sovereign rights, and international law or the right of a certain community is extended. It was found that the very nature of state sovereignty, the genesis of formation, modification and development of its concept are due to globalization and integration processes in the world, and above all, within the European Union.

Living Conditions of Employees of the Verkhneudinsk City Public Self-Government in 1917

Based on archival materials and regional historiography, the article describes the main aspects of the daily life of an employee of the Verkhneudinsky city public self-government in 1917. The authors examined important criteria for assessing the quality of life of local government employees during the revolutionary period: the size of the salary, the price of food and basic necessities. The study of the material security of the municipal employee allows us to note the close relationship between the collapse and the construction of a new state apparatus and the trends that are manifested in social policy in the field of remuneration of employees of city government. Based on the above data, the authors give an analysis of the monetary content of civil servants of the Verkhneudinsky city government. Particular attention is paid not only to the size of the salary of a member of the city government and its changes over time under the influence of both internal and external political factors, but also to the possibility of a comfortable existence on their salary.

DECENTRALIZATION AND THE PROBLEM OF THE FEDERALIZATION OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE THREAT AND TERRITORIAL INTERALITY

The administrative-territorial reform that began in Ukraine aims at modernizing state governance and introducing European standards. First of all, it is about democratization of public administration on the basis of broad territorial self-government and decentralizationof power, as well as introduction of a new territorial-administrative division. Public opinion often discusses the best practices for achieving these goals, most often addressing decentralization and federalization, mistakenly identifying them as equal. As a consequence, axifugal movements, inspired by internal and external political factors, emerge in Ukraine under the slogan of democratization under the guise of federalization thus creating internal conflicts as well as a threat to its territorial integrity. The prospect of federalization of Ukraine represents a jeopardy to its unity. With economic, cultural, and mental regional differences, the transition from unitarity to federalization will bring further deepening of contrasts. Therefore, the decentralization of public power in the state may be the optimal solution to the problem and an alternative to federalization.

The Political Factors that affect Contemporary Art in the Arab world, Descriptive Analytical Study

This paper examining the determine the political factors that affect contemporary art in the Arab world. through what the Arabic artworks (study sample) contained ideas, there was internal and external political factors that affect contemporary Arabic art. the researcher will extract these factors by evaluating the findings made in respect to the political factors (internal and external) that influence the selected artworks (sample study). This step also includes the drawn conclusions in respect to the political factors (internal and external) that cause these political situations in the Arab world. The study sample contained seven Arabic contemporary installation artworks from 2010-2015 to determine the political factors that affect contemporary art in the Arab world. The findings were list combines the external and internal political factors that influence contemporary Arabic art in general because these factors include all the political factors and its comprehensive and appeared in contemporary Arabic artworks.

The 1920 Ukrainian-Polish Alliance and Its Implications

The article describes the internal political situation in the UPR and Poland before the conclusion of the Treaty of Warsaw in 1920. The authors argue that in the context of the end of World War I and the rebuilding of the world geopolitical order the UPR and the Republic of Poland were destined to establish allied relations with a view to strengthening their restored statehood and ensuring security in the Baltic-Black Sea region. However, the signature of the Treaty of Warsaw failed to preserve stable interstate cooperation between Ukraine and Poland due to a range of internal political and external factors. This situation cast a shadow over the preservation of the independence of the UPR and Ukrainian-Polish partnership. The military and political alliance of Ukraine and Poland broke apart due to inextricable external and internal aspects. It was a rearguard action and could not struggle against the strengthened Bolshevist Russia without the support of the Entente states. In the meantime, the 1920 Treaty of Warsaw was significant not only for Ukrainians who continued to fight for the independence of the UPR with the assistance of Poland until the end of 1921. The authors assume that the joint opposition of Ukraine and Poland in the summer of 1920 dashed the Kremlin’s marches on Poland, Romania, and Germany that could turn into a tragedy for those states and Europe as a whole. The authors stress that the Baltic states such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania gained their independence because of the military and political alliance of Ukraine and Poland and its struggle against the Bolshevist Russia. Poland got a chance to strengthen its statehood, as Moscow was significantly weakened by the war with the UPR and peasants’ insurrections in Ukraine. Keywords: UPR, Republic of Poland, Entente, Treaty of Warsaw, allied relations.

Cooperation with Russia and the Current State of the RussianLanguage Community on the Agenda of the 2018 Election to the Seimas of Latvia

The article discusses the opinion of the relevant participants in the 2018 elections to the Seimas of Latvia in regards to the Latvian-Russian relations and the situation of the Russianspeaking community in the country. The issue sprung up in the period between the elections as a result of foreign policy (confrontation between Russia and the West to regards to the events in Ukraine) and internal political factors (adoption of the law stipulating the transfer of ethnic minority schools to teaching in the Latvian language). In the light of the ethnic conflict between Latvians and the Russian-speaking population in Latvia, the authors have based their research on S. Lipset and S. Rokkan’s theory of demarcations. Drawing on this theory, the authors use the scoring method to highlight ideological contrasts of political parties. As a result, three different approaches to the current situation have been identified. The first approach is focused on creating conditions for ethnic equality in Latvia and cooperation with Russia. The second approach, on the contrary, stands for limiting the rights of the Russian-speaking population in Latvia and continuing confrontation with the Russian Federation. The third approach, being ideologically close to the second, nevertheless allows for some latitude towards Russian-speaking residents. Based on Pearson’s correlation method, the analysis of the voting geography showed that the ideological contrasts existing between political forces coincide with their electoral divergences.

The geographies of justice in Portugal: redefining the judiciary's territories

AbstractIn this paper, I examine the current geographical location of Portuguese courts and the effects this territorial redefinition has had on the relationships between the justice system and the territories/populations in a context in which external and internal political factors, rather than a mere need to improve the justice system, have played a major role. Such an analysis entails three key elements: the geographic impacts on access to justice, in view of the emblematic presence of the state in the territories, both contrasted with the conflict between specialisation and the proximity of jurisdiction.

Legal Basis of State Sovereignty of Russia

The article is devoted to the study of the legal basis of the state sovereignty of Russia. This article is aimed at determining the meaning of state sovereignty, recognizing the essence, significance, and directions of its development in the Russian Federation in the globalization conditions. This scientific study was conducted on a step-by-step basis. First, the theme of the study was determined, its relevance was justified. Further, the purpose and objectives of the study were defined. The search and study of scientific literature on this issue were conducted. Then, the choice of research methods and their justification were carried out. Both general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition were used. The general scientific methods used in the study include induction, deduction and system analysis. Analytical, statistical, system-structural, and formal-legal methods were applied among the specific scientific methods of cognition. Further, the data on the studied problem were obtained, processed and analyzed. As a result, it is concluded that the Constitution of the Russian Federation does not provide for the possibility of sharing Russia's sovereignty with other states or international associations. The indivisibility of state sovereignty between the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is established. Internal political factors ensuring the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation are revealed. The form of manifestation of foreign policy influence on the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation is determined. State sovereignty is a sign of an independent state and the study of its significance, essence, and direction of development is an important condition for the national and state security of the country. The findings of this study can be used as a basis for further research in the field of state sovereignty and the process of globalization. Also, these conclusions can be used in the process of formation of state policy by the subjects of the state strategy. The scientific novelty of the research is that the authors on the basis of a wide range of sources comprehensively investigated the legal basis of state sovereignty of the Russian Federation. Some aspects of this legal framework are considered for the first time. For example, as a result of the study of the territorial prevalence of state sovereignty in the territory of Russia, the cause-and-effect link was established between the absence of the right of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to secede from the Russian Federation and the specifics of federal legislation regulating these issues. It was also determined that in the event of a threat to state sovereignty from the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, there are opportunities for its elimination at the level of federal legislation.

The Political Factors that affect Contemporary Art in the Arab world, Descriptive Analytical Study

This paper examining the determine the political factors that affect contemporary art in the Arab world. through what the Arabic artworks (study sample) contained ideas, there was internal and external political factors that affect contemporary Arabic art. the researcher will extract these factors by evaluating the findings made in respect to the political factors (internal and external) that influence the selected artworks (sample study). This step also includes the drawn conclusions in respect to the political factors (internal and external) that cause these political situations in the Arab world. The study sample contained seven Arabic contemporary installation artworks from 2010-2015 to determine the political factors that affect contemporary art in the Arab world. The findings were list combines the external and internal political factors that influence contemporary Arabic art in general because these factors include all the political factors and its comprehensive and appeared in contemporary Arabic artworks.

Searching for Significance among Drug Lords and Death Squads: The Covert Netherworld as Invisible Incubator for Illicit Commerce

In a search for appropriate theory, this essay inserts drug trafficking, the world’s largest illicit economic activity, within a wider analytical frame called the ‘covert netherworld.’ Through the convergence of three factors—covert operations, illicit commerce, and social milieu—such netherworlds can form at regional, national, and international levels, thereby transforming social margins of crime and illicit commerce into potent sources of political change. By deftly playing upon this netherworld’s politics and illicit commerce along the Burma-Thai borderlands, a regional ‘drug lord’ amassed sufficient local power to dominate the global heroin trade for over a decade and simultaneously sustain an ethnic revolt for nearly 15 years. In the Philippines, the illicit traffic in synthetic drugs developed a parallel power to influence the character of national politics, compromising three presidential administrations and shaping the moral economy of political life. For the past 40 years in Afghanistan, an illicit commodity, opium, has shaped the fate of military intervention by the world’s sole superpower, allowing it an initial success and later contributing to its ongoing failure. Through the sum of these cases, the essay concludes that the covert netherworld can serve as invisible incubator for a range of extralegal activities and has thereby attained sufficient autonomy to be treated as a significant factor in international politics.

Bosnia and Herzegovina on the uncertain path towards the membership in NATO

The path of Bosnia and Herzegovina towards NATO membership began after its entry into the Partnership for Peace in November 2006. In just a few years, Bosnia and Herzegovina has achieved an intensive dialogue with NATO (2008) and the launch of negotiations on the Membership Action Plan (2010), which was however activated in December 2018. In the meantime, there have come to a discord between the key internal political factors in Bosnia and Herzegovina and particularly clear distinction between the Bosniak and Croat elites that unequivocally support NATO membership, and representatives of Serbs at the state level and the Republic of Srpska who are currently against it. Moreover, in October 2017, the National Assembly of the Republic of Srpska took a stand by which it proclaimed the military neutrality of this entity and in that regard insisted on consultations with the neighboring state - the Republic of Serbia. However, in March 2018, the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted a five-year strategic foreign policy document which stipulates that NATO membership is one of its foreign policy foundations. This document only added to the confusion regarding BiH?s membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Following the general elections held in October 2018, this issue has now posed a specific problem over the formation of the Council of Ministers. Neighbors of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro have different opinions concerning the possibility of membership of this country in NATO. Accordingly, Croatia declaratively expresses support and emphasizes its interest in integrating BiH into NATO to prevent cross-border security challenges. Serbian officials are quite restrained about BiH?s entry into NATO, saying that this should be the result of the compromise of the elites of the three constituent nations. The global race between the United States and the Russian Federation represents a turning point in terms of BiH?s membership in NATO. The United States strongly supports this process, believing that it will secure the post-conflict Western Balkans project, while Russia retains the explicit position that any new enlargement poses a problem for its security.

Human Nature, Anarchy, and Hierarchy as Determining Factors of Realism

Realism is an important theory in International Relations that shapes the politics of the world. The main purpose of realism is to maximize gains and minimize losses. It is a common phenomenon that insecurity the balance of power never remains constant since self-help leads to a condition known as the security dilemma. Realists look at the states from two angles; states either a unitary actor or a hard shell of the black box. Most of the realists view human nature as a cause of war and conflict. They also see the state as negative with self-seeking interests and aggressiveness. Security is the key factor in international politics and is always based upon the power struggle among the nations. Anarchy and hierarchy are the two cardinal principles of realism. The former refers to the structure with no superior authority to dictate the inter-state relations while the latter describes the relations in terms of super-ordination and subordination. The prisoners dilemma provides a different choice for the solution of maximizing gains.

Political autonomy and resistance in electricity sector liberalization in Africa

Abstract Electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa is the lowest amongst all regions of the world. In response, since the 1990s, the World Bank and other donors have pushed African countries to reform their electricity sectors. While a “standard model” of liberalization reforms has been endorsed, the timing, pace and extent of reform adoption and implementation undertaken by countries varies significantly. This paper asks: why do some countries adopt electricity sector reforms more quickly and more fully than others? The paper uses a comparative historical analysis of Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda to answer this question. Each country’s experience with reform varies. Our study finds that the timing of reform was largely contingent on economic factors, primarily the need for financing to improve sector efficiency. The pace of reform was shaped largely by international political considerations, namely differences in the countries’ reliance on aid from key donors, especially the World Bank. And the extent of reform was determined primarily by internal national political factors. Specifically, where elite decision-makers faced a historically-grounded national ideology that created citizen expectations that the state provide electricity, a competitive democratic regime, and stronger civil society, electricity sector reforms were less extensive. The paper makes an important contribution to understanding the politics of institutional change. We show how African governments exercise autonomy and resistance, both internationally with donors, and domestically, in the rewriting of institutional rules; that reforms are contingent on political calculations by national political elites about domestic conditions and needs; and that global norms are not sufficient to cause policy change. Overcoming energy poverty in Africa is expected to remain a challenge for the foreseeable future. As new development partners replace or complement the World Bank’s role in African energy sectors, attention to how domestic institutions and politics engage with global norms is critical.

Russia and the United States: Reflecting on the Conflict

In recent decades, since the collapse of bipolarity, relations between Russia and the United States have been constantly moving back and forth between limited cooperation and limited conflict. The logic of this movement and its trajectory are determined by cultural–psychological, internal political, and international factors. All three levels of factors are examined, along with the conflictual nature of Russian–American relations and prospects for their further development. Apparently, competing messianic concepts, radically different internal political processes, a lack of firm economic ties, and rivalry at the international level are preventing both countries from changing the existing trajectory of relations.

Narrative, desire, ontological security, transgression: fantasy as a factor in international politics

This article makes the case for taking fantasy seriously in IR. It argues for a Lacanian conception of fantasy as a type of desire-infused narrative through which subjects construct their social realities. The fantasy approach brings added value to the burgeoning IR literature on narratives and ontological security and develops it in multiple respects. First, it spells out the crucial, yet thus far rather implicit and unspecified role of desire in the functioning of narratives and in ontological security. Second, by introducing the notions of the ‘object’ of desire and transgression, the fantasy framework allows us to trace the channelling of desire into discourse. This leads us to basic methodological tools that can capture the ways how exactly ontological security is sought through narratives, which have thus far been developed only sporadically. Third, by viewing the subject as always incomplete and ontological security as ultimately unattainable, the fantasy approach provides a critical, explicitly politicised corrective to the existing scholarship. Rather than promoting ontological security as an ideal, it calls for challenging the closure it imposes on our social reality. These arguments are developed theoretically and illustrated with the case of Germany’s opposition to the Iraq war.