International Patent Applications Research Articles

The Role of Ethnic Diversity in Stimulating Innovation Processes: Comparative Analysis of Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary

Purpose: Since existing literature suggests that ethnic diversity is one of the key elements that shape the dynamics of innovation, we examine whether inventions generated by ethnically diverse teams in the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary are more valuable than those created by homogenous teams of native researchers. Design/Methodology/Approach: Using the OLS method, we estimate the parameters of the regression model in order to examine the relationship between ethnic diversity and the quality of technical solutions created as well as to determine which ethnic group and which combination of these groups (for each country) has the greatest impact on the quality of inventions. We take the frequency of citation as a measure of the quality of inventions, and the degree of ethnic diversity in the inventor team is measured using the Herfindahl index. Findings: Based on a cross-sectional data set being a sample of 2518 international patent applications (PCT) from 2004-2012, we have observed that both the mere presence of foreigners as well as greater ethnic diversity in the inventor team significantly increase the quality of technical solutions in Poland and Hungary, and moderately in the Czech Republic. Our study has also revealed that of all ethnic groups, Americans have the greatest impact on the citation of inventions, and it is the case in all three countries covered by the study. The optimal combination of individual groups, however, is different for each of these three countries: in Poland, the highest quality of inventions is related to the presence of citizens of the US, Belgium, Japan and Turkey, in Hungary – the US and Israel, and in the Czech Republic – the US, Germany and Canada. Practical Implications: The research results can be used by decision makers in Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary when shaping the countries’ migration and innovation policies. Originality/Value: Original research.

미ㆍ중 간 기술패권 경쟁과 시사점 (U.S.-China Technological Rivalry and Its Implications for Korea)

미ㆍ중 간 기술패권 경쟁과 시사점 (U.S.-China Technological Rivalry and Its Implications for Korea)

R&D by US multinationals in China: geography and patterns of co-invention

PurposeThis paper addresses the geographical dimension of cross-border knowledge integration, expressed as the co-invention of patent filings and investigates the siting of patenting activities by major US corporations in China. Most importantly, the study looks into the patterns of international co-invention or the links of these locations to headquarters and other company subsidiaries.Design/methodology/approachThe study explores the cases of six US multinationals that file international patent applications in China. The applications were analyzed based on the composition of invention teams and the locations of inventors.FindingsThe co-invented patent filings by US multinational enterprises (MNEs) in China demonstrate a high degree of US–Chinese subsidiary collaboration. Links with other subsidiaries are marginal, and at the same time, high levels of sole patenting by inventors in China point to competence-creating research and development (R&D) activities taking place.Practical implicationsThe lack of subsidiary-subsidiary collaboration, especially subsidiaries in other emerging markets, indicates a less diversified strategy of leveraging internal networks of knowledge. This also implies that Chinese subsidiaries still lack attractiveness as partners in subsidiary-subsidiary co-invention. Only two companies in our sample, Procter & Gamble and Intel, demonstrate a highly diversified, integrated and transnational pattern of innovation management.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the contextual understanding of the rich landscape of R&D activities of major US MNEs in China. By exploring these cases, the paper identifies a number of trends. First, the R&D activities in this sample are highly concentrated in technological clusters located in Beijing and Shanghai. Technological clustering is an important advantage of the innovation landscape in emerging markets. Second, the paper underscores the importance of differentiating between different types of co-invention. The patent applications in this sample tend to unite inventors mostly from the US and China, and so multi-country applications involving subsidiaries in other countries are rare. Thus, the level of integration outside the center-host bandwidth is low. However, Chinese subsidiaries demonstrate high levels of autonomy by filing single-country applications, which implies that they are building their own research identity.

Lycopene Reduces Skin Toxicity in Patients Treated with Panitumumab-Containing Therapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer – A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

Background: EGFR inhibition leads to the production of reactive oxygen metabolites, causing skin inflammatory reactions. Lycopene has an extreme antioxidant activity and, due to its hydrophobic structure, accumulates specifically in the skin. Methods: To assess lycopene effectiveness in reducing skin toxicity induced by panitumumab, 28 patients received lactolycopene or placebo in a phase-II PASTO study. Patients were evaluated at the beginning of each cycle and data were analyzed as the difference in mean grade of skin toxicity, frequency and duration of > G2 skin toxicity and frequency of tetracyclines administration. Lycopene, β-carotene and malondialdehyde plasma concentrations were analyzed to measure antioxidant consumption and oxidative stress. Findings: In the placebo group, ten out of 15 patients (66·67%), developed a > G2 skin toxicity, during 36 out of 92 cumulative cycles (39·1%), versus 3 out of 13 (23·08%), during 8 out of 64 cumulative cycles (12·5%) in the lactolycopene group. The time to the appearance of > G2 skin toxicity was different in the two groups (p= 0.0007 logrank test). Mean value of skin toxicity during treatment was 2·4 and 1·4 for placebo and lactolycopene group, respectively. Tetracyclines were administered for > G2 skin toxicity according to the protocol. Mean plasma concentration of lycopene and β-carotene decreased during treatment compared to day 0 (-141·94% and -157·22% respectively) in the placebo group, with a +109·36% mean malondialdehyde concentration increase. In contrast, in the lactolycopene group, mean plasma lycopene concentration increased during treatment (+94·18%), with a mean malondialdehyde concentration decrease (-68·83%) and a mean β-carotene concentration decrease (-105·5%) smaller than in the placebo group . Interpretation: Despite the limited number of patients, results clearly show lycopene effectiveness in reducing skin toxicity in patients treated with panitumumab. In our series lactolycopene administration was able to protect tissues from oxidative stress and to replenish antioxidants consumption. Trial Registration: registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (PaSTo – Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT 03167268) Funding Statement: AMOlavitaONLUS, Indena Spa. Declaration of Interests: MM1 is the vice-president and MP the treasurer of AMOlavitaONLUS. AMOlavitaONLUS is the sole owner and it holds all the ownership rights on the international patent application entitled “Use of carotenoid derivatives to reduce the toxicity and increase the efficacy of antiEGFR antitumor treatments” (N°PCT/IB2018/050229). MM1 and MP are exclusively inventors of the patent and they have no ownership right on the patent. Indena Spa, who supplied free of charge lactolycopene for the Pasto Clinical Trial, is not the owner of the patent for lactolycopene production. All other authors declare no competing interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The protocol was approved by the ethics committees of all participating institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Contradiction between input and output of Chinese scientific research: a multidimensional analysis

Why does China rank first in the number of researchers and second in the total amount of R&D fund investment in the world, but lag behind other countries in the number of international patent applications and the market share of high-quality achievements? Prior researches have mostly answered this question based on a single perspective and dimension of qualitative judgment, the overall persuasion is not enough. For this reason, from the perspective of international comparison, we first use the standard data among countries in the OECD database to analyze external causes of the contradictions from macro level, innovation subject, research type and micro individual four dimensions to illustrate China’s international status and room for improvement. Then, we conduct a questionnaire survey to comprehensively analysis internal causes of the contradiction. We use a grounded theoretical approach to extract the core ideas to encode the answers to the unresolved questions at three levels. Finally, we put forward policy suggestions from the aspects of scientific research talents training, R&D fund utilization and assessment system respectively. We hope to further enrich the theoretical system of scientific and technological (S&T) innovation and provide relatively complete empirical evidence for the government, universities, enterprises and other relevant R&D subjects to make scientific decisions.

Relativistic regional innovation index and novel business cycle

In this paper, we propose a new type of relativistic regional innovation index by using the international patent application data. Based on the super-linear relationship between regional innovation and economic development, the new index can eliminate the influence of economic development level on innovation capabilities, and can effectively achieve the comparison of innovation capabilities among economies at different economic development levels. This new index is quite simple, and points out a series of new findings that are sharply different from the traditional cognitive phenomena, e.g. the index shows that the technological innovation capabilities of mainland China are among the highest in the world in 1980s. Moreover, the use of this new index not only can efficiently explain the economic growth of countries in the world at a higher level, but also find that there is a novel 20-year business cycle in the correlation between the index and economic growth rate. These results show that the index, as a simple single indicator, can achieve a higher degree of explanatory ability with minimal data dependence. This new index not only repositions the innovation capacity of world’s economies, but also provides a new insight into an in-depth understanding of the relationship between innovation and economic development, and implies the development potential and application space such a kind of relativistic economic indicator.

RETRACTED: In vitro corrosion resistance and in vivo osseointegration testing of new multifunctional beta-type quaternary TiMoZrTa alloys.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of authors. Due to communication issues between Professor dr. Lucia Carmen Trincă and Professor dr. Vizureanu Petrica and Assist. dr. Bălţatu Simona, the first author was not aware that the specimens processed by corrosion by Assoc. Professor dr. Daniel Mareci and evaluated in the aforementioned article would be included by Assistant dr. Bălţatu Simona in her PhD thesis that was defended in June 2017 and then in an international patent application (Indonesia) No: PI 2019006569, in November 2019. The authors understand and respect the intellectual property rights of the international (Indonesia) patent application holders no: PI 2019006569/2019 and thus request the retraction of the article.

Are Foreigners Treated Equally Under TRIPS?

The TRIPS Agreement, administered by the World Trade Organisation, ensures the smooth functioning of the international patent system. It promises among others that local and foreign firms are treated in the same, non-discriminatory manner. We test for whether national treatment has been upheld in the five largest patent offices and document the existence of a systematic bias against foreign firms in patent examination decisions. We find that filing international patent applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty can reduce some of the bias.

Biomimetics for business? Industry perceptions and patent application

PurposeBiomimetics are expected to contribute to sustainable environmental management; however, there has been no exploration of industry perceptions by using empirical data. This study aims to identify the trends and perceptions of biomimetics. The industrial sectors in Japan and international patent application trends are analyzed.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey to identify the perceptions of staff members in Japanese private companies (n = 276) was conducted. Japan is an emerging country in terms of the social implementation of biomimetics, and this paper can provide insights into other such countries.FindingsIt is identified that the strength of connections to biomimetics differs across industrial sectors. The respondents from companies that use nanoscale biomimetics tend to have the knowledge of, and experience in, biomimetics. Regarding the overall understanding of patent applications, Japanese private company employees require knowledge of patent application trends and country rankings as potential factors influencing the development of biomimetics.Social implicationsKnowledge transfer and sharing of experience among engineers and researchers of nanoscale technologies and urban scales are necessary to facilitate biomimetic advancement.Originality/valueThe results of the first survey and an analysis of the perceptions of staff members in private companies in Japan are provided to show the challenges in the social implementation of biomimetics. The results can be referred to for the social implementation of biomimetics in emerging countries. The method of this study can be applied to an international comparative analysis in future research.

Approach to the analysis and comparison of national innovation systems on the example of Russia and other countries

Currently, there is a tendency to evaluate the innovation system at the national level. Qualitative inter-country comparison requires quantitative and qualitative assessment of the factors influencing the innovation activity of the region. The purpose of this work was to justify quantitatively the impact of science and business on the innovation activity of the region. International patent applications are selected as an indicator reflecting the result of innovation activity in the region. Statistical hypothesis testing is carried out in this paper. The dependence between the results of innovation activity and innovation space of the region is confirmed by the methods of econometric modeling. The innovation space of the region is described in the work as a set of potential links between business and organizations that create new knowledge. The study used the official statistics of the regions of such countries as Russia, Switzerland, USA, China and Japan. Estimates of parameters of national and regional innovation systems of the Russian Federation, Switzerland, the USA, China and Japan are received by methods of econometric modeling. It is shown that the assessment of elasticity and technical efficiency of the innovation space of the region indicate the development of the innovation system. In the considered time range it is established that the Pareto-optimality property is possessed by the parameters of innovation systems of Japan, China and Switzerland. Estimates of the technical efficiency of the innovation space for a total of 190 regions according to 2012, a comparative analysis of the countries on the basis of the estimates. The paper provides a rationale for the use of parametric descriptions of national and regional innovation systems. This description can be used for cross-country comparison of the impact of science and business on the results of innovation activity, clustering of national innovation systems.

Insights from outside BJOG

Insights from outside BJOG

Insights from outside BJOG

Insights from outside BJOG

Climate agreement and technology diffusion: Impact of the Kyoto Protocol on international patent applications for renewable energy technologies

This study examines the Kyoto Protocol's impact on the international diffusion of renewable energy technologies including solar and wind energy. Using patent application data of 133 countries from 1990 to 2013 and a difference-in-difference approach, we find that the Kyoto Protocol increased international patent applications from the countries with emission targets. The effect appeared over many years during the period studied, particularly for solar energy technology. When we focus on countries with more stringent targets, the effect of the Kyoto Protocol is even stronger. For these countries, the Protocol's impact on the numbers of applications for international patent persisted strongly, even for wind energy technology. Moreover, we find a similar effect for the international patent applications filed in four developing countries that are large emitters of greenhouse gases: Brazil, China, India, and Mexico. These results suggest that the Kyoto Protocol stimulated international patenting activities from countries that are committed to stringent targets for climate mitigation. Our results endorse the importance of climate change agreements for international diffusion of technology.

Temperature Regulation in Colored Infrared-Transparent Polyethylene Textiles

Summary Effectively regulating heat flow between the human body and its environment not only increases thermal comfort but also presents a novel and potentially cost-effective approach to reducing building energy consumption. Infrared property-engineered textiles have been shown to passively regulate radiative heat dissipation for effective cooling and warming of the human body. However, a lack of dyes that can tune the textile color without compromising the infrared properties remains a major impediment to textile commercialization. Here, we report a new strategy utilizing inorganic nanoparticles as a coloring component for scalable brightly colored, infrared-transparent textiles. The as-fabricated composite textiles not only show a high infrared transparency of ∼80% and a passive cooling effect of ∼1.6°C–1.8°C but also exhibit intense visible colors with good stability against washing. This facile coloration approach will promote the commercialization of radiative cooling textiles in temperature-regulating wearable applications for effective energy savings.

Modern aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of hemostasis disorders in children with acute leukemias

Patients with oncohematological diseases, both children and adults, face high risks of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications.About 40 % of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia develop bleedings, and the incidence of thrombosis in this disease ranges from 1 to 36 %. Most thromboses are associated with the use of central venous catheters and the use of L-asparaginase, which leads to a significant reduction in the synthesis of coagulation proteins.Massive hemorrhages account for two-thirds of all causes of early death in pediatric patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Absolute risks of death due to bleeding and leukostasis range from 1.8 % in the total population of children with AML to 14.3 % in a population with hyperleukocytosis more than 200 × 109 /l. The risk of thrombotic complications in children with AML varies between 3.4–11 %. In patients with AML, complex systemic coagulopathies may occur, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), excessive fibrinolysis, or nonspecific proteolysis. This scale is not yet applicable due to the lack of research on its effectiveness in the pediatric population. The laboratory diagnostics of hemostasis is difficult due to the combined nature of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications: bleeding, thrombosis and even DIC syndrome (combining both hyper- and hypocoagulation phases) can be expected in each specific patient with hemoblastosis. Because of the long-term nature of the treatment and the varying intensity of the various treatment units, the patient’s hemostasis during disease manifestation does not allow one to predict with any certainty the complications on induction or consolidation therapy. Involving all the components of the hemostasis system – vascular, platelet and plasma – into the pathological process makes prediction and diagnosis of thrombohemorrhagic complications impossible with the help of standard hemostatic tests and a general blood test, since these tests are designed to assess the concentrations of individual proteins and the functioning of individual components of the hemostatic system, and does not assess the balance between its procoagulant and anticoagulant components. Global hemostatic tests such as thromboelastography, thrombodynamics and thrombin generation test adequately reflect hypercoagulable conditions and can serve as a basis for the development of a new set of laboratory hemostasis tests.Conflict of interest. F.I. Ataullakhanov is co-founder of HemaCore LLC, which holds several patents and patent applications that are related to the diagnostic use of Thrombodynamics® (Ataullakhanov F.I., international patent applications: PCT/CH2007/000543 filing date 02.11.2007 and РСТ/RU2012/000570 filing date 16.07.2012). None of the other authors has any competing interests to declare.

Developing the Next Generation of iPSC Cell-Based Immunotherapies

T cells are potentially curative for patients with metastatic cancer, but many patients with cancer have T cells that are ‘terminally differentiated’, a condition associated with treatment failure. We have observed that less differentiated T cells have a greater capacity to proliferate, persist and destroy large cancer deposits. Advances in regenerative medicine might allow the generation of rejuvenated T cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). We have previously reported that T cells can be generated from iPSC in vitro by co-culturing them OP9 stromal cells expressing Notch-1 ligand, Delta-like-1 (OP9/DLL1). These cells have limited tumor-specificity but also exhibit unconventional and NK cell-like properties demonstrating lineage diversion into alternative lymphoid development pathways, with unknown consequences for their safety and efficacy. To generate iPSC-derived T cells with more naturalistic tumor-specific T cell programs, we sought to restore physiologic signals for selection, maturation and survival. We employed a novel 3D thymic culture system using fetal thymic tissue and generated a novel type of T cell, ‘iPSC-derived thymic emigrants’ (iTE). Antigen-specific CD8αβ+ iTE exhibited functional properties in vitro that were almost indistinguishable from natural naïve CD8αβ+ T cells, including vigorous expansion and robust anti-tumor activity. iPSC-derived immature T cells generated using OP9/DLL1 and ‘educated’ in fetal thymic organoids in a 3D culture system resembled naturally-occurring ‘young’ T cells, as analyzed using whole genome RNA-seq techniques. iTE recapitulated many of the transcriptional programs of naïve T cells in vivo and revealed a striking capacity for engraftment, memory formation and efficient tumor destruction. Although many milestones remain, our data show that ‘Next-Gen’ autologous tumor-specific T cells can realistically be generated from iPSC using 3D thymic organ tissue. Our next goal is now to employ these cells to treat patients with metastatic cancer because iPSC-derived T cells have a potentially unlimited capacity for proliferation, engraftment and anti-tumor activity. DisclosuresVizcardo:NCI: Patents & Royalties: International Patent Application PCT/US2017/65986. Klemen:NIH/NCI: Patents & Royalties: International Patent Application PCT/US2017/65986. Restifo:NIH/NCI: Patents & Royalties: International Patent Application PCT/US2017/65986.

Abstract: A Retrospective Comparison of Two Techniques of Fat Grafting in Breast Reconstruction: Outcomes over 5 Years

BACKGROUND: Autologous fat grafting (AFG) has become a common method of contour modulation of breasts after post-mastectomy implant reconstruction since the lift of the ASPS ban in 2009. Standard methods involve multiple tedious steps: harvesting, collection (with various possible manipulations) and finally reinfusion to the recipient site, most frequently via manual syringe.1,2 We developed a novel technique condensing these steps into one closed-loop system. In this innovative method3,4 we used a continuous flow pump to reinfuse fat to the breast. Del Vecchio also recently showed safety and efficiency with this method.5 METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort review of patients receiving AFG for breast contouring either by the syringe or closed-loop method by a single surgeon. Time to infuse fat, complications, and outcomes were analyzed. The cohort included 19 syringe AFG procedures (34 breasts) and 25 closed-loop procedures (41 breasts) between 2013 and 2018. Both short term (infection, explant) and long-term complications (granulomas, cysts, biopsy) were analyzed. RESULTS: Average infusion time was 15 minutes (4–30) for the closed-loop technique. Clinical follow-up times ranged from 28 to 161 weeks (mean=88) for syringe and 0 to 130 weeks (mean=32) for the closed-loop method. There were 2 major and 6 minor complications out of 34 breasts in the syringe method (5.5%, 16.6%, overall 23.5%) versus 1 major and 5 minor complications out of 41 breasts in the closed-loop method (2.4%, 12.1%, overall 14.6%) [p-value major=0.49, minor=0.58, overall=0.33]. Syringe complications included 2 granulomas and 1 cyst (8.8%) while the closed-loop complications included 2 granulomas (4.9%) [p-value=0.50]. Average total volume transferred was 262cc (60–850) for syringe, and 334cc (80–795) for closed-loop method. Infusion rate for the closed-loop method ranged from 100 to 250 mL/min, most consistently at 125 ml/min. CONCLUSION: The study suggests the closed-loop technique significantly decreases time of fat transfer to an average of 15 minutes, a trend towards decreased overall complications, though not statistically significant, and good subjective fat retention beyond 12 months. This suggests the closed-loop method is safe, effective, and significantly decreases operating time. We continue to collect patients in the closed-loop cohort and are also analyzing variation in adipocyte viability between the two methods. REFERENCES: 1. Coleman SR, Saboeiro AP. Fat Grafting to the Breast Revisited: Safety and Efficacy. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2007;119(3):775–785. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000252001.59162.c9. 2. Delay E, Garson S, Tousson G, Sinna R. Fat Injection to the Breast: Technique, Results, and Indications Based on 880 Procedures Over 10 Years. Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 2009;29(5):360–376. doi:10.1016/j.asj.2009.08.010. 3. Hayssen H, Hagarty SE. A Novel Closed-Loop Autologous Fat Grafting Technique for Breast Reconstruction. Annals of Plastic Surgery. Vol 78, April 2017. 4. US and International Patent Applications. (US20170312403) Simple Closed Loop System for Direct Harvest and Transfer for High Volume Fat GraftingApril 2016 and (WO2017189918) A CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM FOR DIRECT HARVEST AND TRANSFER FOR HIGH VOLUME FAT GRAFTING, PCT Patent Applications April 2016, April 2017. 5. Del Vecchio D, Wall S Jr., Expansion Vibration Lipofilling: A New Technique in Large-Volume Fat Transplantation. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2018 May;141(5):639e-649e. doi:10.1097/PRS.

Abstract LB-262: Design, synthesis, and efficacy of MYC inhibitors in mouse pancreatic cancer

Abstract Therapeutic inhibition of the MYC oncoprotein action for cancer treatment is a challenging aim and various anti-MYC approaches, including the development of small-molecule candidate drugs, are being actively pursued. Using genetically-modified mouse models of cancer, we have demonstrated that the oncogenicity of mutant KRAS causally depends on unperturbed MYC activity. On the basis of this observation, we performed preclinical studies and treated successfully mouse pancreatic, breast and other cancers, and also xenografts of human pancreatic cancer cell lines, by using Mycro3, an orally-bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of MYC-MAX dimerization. We observed that, in comparison with vehicle-treated controls, tumor growth in Mycro3-treated mice was drastically attenuated.1 To optimize Mycro3, we have used drug design, organic synthesis, in vitro assays, pharmacokinetic profiling, and in vivo efficacy studies. These efforts led to the identification of novel derivatives, one of which (Amy22) exhibits a vastly improved therapeutic window against MYC (>300-fold over Mycro3). It has also superior physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties (the peak blood concentration is >6-fold better over Mycro3, while the compound bioavailability is maintained for more than 12 hours). The designed candidate anti-Myc compounds were synthesized by coupling properly substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines with various amines, and then evaluated in vitro using the TGR-1 (Myc+/+) and H015.19 (Myc-/-) sibling cell lines. The in vivo efficacy of Amy22 has been tested successfully in preclinical studies using advantageous mouse models of MYC overexpressing tumors that we have developed, which enable rapid evaluations. Moreover, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are being used, while combinatorial therapeutic regimes using anti-Myc treatment with drugs inhibiting other collaborating tumorigenic pathways have been evaluated.2 ZC has been co-funded by the European Commission under the H2020 Research Infrastructures Contract No. 675121 (project VI-SEEM). 1D. Stellas, M. Szabolcs, S. Koul, Z. Li, A. Polyzos, C. Anagnostopoulos, Z. Cournia, C. Tamvakopoulos, A. Klinakis & A. Efstratiadis (2014) Therapeutic Effects of an anti-Myc Drug on Mouse Pancreatic Cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst, 106(12). pii: dju320 2D. Stellas, Z. Cournia, C. Tamvakopoulos, A. Klinakis & A. Efstratiadis. “Novel Compounds for use in treating or preventing cancerous diseases”. International Patent Application number PCT/EP2016/066340 Citation Format: Veroniki P. Vidali, Zoe Cournia, Adriana Papadimitropoulou, Dimitrios Stellas, Apostolos Klinakis, Elias A. Couladouros, Constantin Tamvakopoulos, Argiris Efstratiadis. Design, synthesis, and efficacy of MYC inhibitors in mouse pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-262.

Insights from outside BJOG

Insights from outside BJOG

Cluster as place of efficient diffusion of knowledge. Experiences of Lower Silesia

Due to the fact that clusters should implement the idea of an open innovation model, the paper focuses on the role of Lower Silesian clusters in promoting knowledge flow between enterprises and other network participants, which are measured by the numbers of joint inventions and patent citations. On the basis of the analysis of national and international patent applications, it has been found that few inventions of enterprises are created in cooperation with other cluster members as well as that enterprises refer to the knowledge of other cluster members in their patent descriptions to a limited extent, which in general does not support the thesis that cluster membership contributes to the intensification of knowledge-diffusion processes.