International Passenger Research Articles

Influence of service quality, loyalty programme and perceived value on word-of-mouth behavior of domestic and international airline passengers in India

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the combined effect of airline service quality (ASQ), loyalty programme and perceived value (PV) on word-of-mouth (WOM) behavior of passengers’ traveling to domestic and international destinations from India. Design/methodology/approach Passenger’s perception on service quality, loyalty programme and PV varies with flight type, which can affect WOM. This study was designed to know whether destination based difference in passengers’ perception on airline services affects their WOM. Hence, a sample of 554 frequent passengers was taken, which includes 358 domestic and 196 international passengers. The responses were collected using well-structured questionnaire. The hypothetical model was developed and tested using structural equation modeling using analysis of a moment structures (AMOS). Findings Travel destination (flight) type moderates significantly the effect of ASQ on WOM behavior. ASQ affects WOM behavior more in domestic passengers. PV and loyalty programme do not moderate significantly with respect to destination type. PV was found to have significant influence on international passengers. However, loyalty programme was significant among domestic passengers. Practical implications Airline managers can develop appropriate marketing strategies targeting the passenger influencing attributes. ASQ is the most significant attribute applicable to both flight types. The airlines can focus on attractive ticket fares for international passengers and more loyalty programme benefits for domestic passengers. Originality/value This study examined the combined effect of ASQ, loyalty programme and PV on WOM behavior of passengers traveling in domestic and international sectors, which has not been researched yet.

Mind the Gap: Examining the Gap in International Passenger Expectations and Perceptions of Service Quality in Low-cost Carriers

Meeting or exceeding passengers' service quality expectations has become a critical factor for lowcost carriers (LCC). Still, only limited efforts have been made to date to investigate the differences (gap) in LCC passengers' expectations and perceptions. A comprehensive 25-item SERVQUAL framework for LCC was first developed through an extensive literature review and insights obtained from exploratory interviews and focus groups with passengers and industry experts. Using survey data of LCC passengers, the validity and reliability of the framework were first established, and then the differences in the expectations and perceptions were understood. The results indicate that none of the service quality attributes of LCCs have met, let alone exceeded, expectations, and the most significant gaps were found for "reliability" and "responsiveness" dimensions. With the growing global demand for budget travel and new LCCs entering the market, the study provides timely insights for LCCs to narrow the expectation–perception gap and achieve competitive advantage.

Air travel and COVID-19: Passengers’ attitudes and engagement in infection control measures

Introduction: COVID-19 and its associated travel bans have reduced international passenger traffic by over 80% below 2019 levels. If airlines are to resume flying at commercially sustainable levels, they must work to restore passengers’ confidence and sense of security. This study examined commercial airline passengers’ health concerns and attitudes towards infection prevention and control (IPC) measures for travel health and safety in the current COVID-19 global pandemic.

ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING ORGANIZATION OF SERVICE OBJECTS LOCATED ON TRANSPORT HUBS

The article discusses the main aspects of the architectural and planning organization of service facilities for transport hubs. The main blocks of the functional planning structure of transport interchange hubs (T.I.HUB), elements of their structure and principles of placement in the structure of large cities have been formed in the center, in the structure of residential areas, in historical city centers, and in the contact zone of urban and suburban development. The work substantiates the relevance of the development regarding the design of transport hubs (T.HUB)s in the structure of modern cities, which are constantly and systematically developing, increasing the need for the transportation of an increasing number of passengers.
 The dynamic development of modern infrastructural cities, especially large ones, require a revision of the norms and dimensions of transfer stations, the landing front of stops, the reorganization of the inner spaces of the transport hubs (T.HUB), etc. The design and construction of transport hubs can be carried out in a completely new construction, reconstruction or reconstruction with modernization, or in the difficult conditions. Already today, many big cities are suffering from traffic jams bordering on collapse, especially during peak hours. Therefore, this problem must be solved in all possible ways, especially attention should be paid to the architectural and planning organization of service facilities, which are located at the transport hub (T.HUB). A transport interchange hub is a nodal element of the city's planning structure, which allows organizational transfer of passengers between various types of urban and external (intercity, international) passenger transport or between different lines of the same type of transport in an urban structure. For example, transport hubs (T.HUB) are possible in the structure of the functioning of a railway transport hub from one railway line to another. Transport interchange hubs (T.I.HUB)can be specialized or multifunctional, and include a number of facilities for passing passenger services and social infrastructure: accumulative lobbies in front of the entrance group ("entrance" - "exit"), a foyer with digital validation of electronic tickets and cards on different routes of passengers; cargo and goods rooms for baggage claim (at airports, river stations and railway stations); customs premises (if we are talking about international flights departing from transport hubs (T.HUB); intercepting parking lots and taxi and bus stands; public service facilities; shops, catering establishments; financial institutions, etc.
 As noted earlier, we can talk about six types of transport hubs (T.HUB) in the structure of the designed and existing nodes on land, underground, river, rail, sea and air transport. Thus, modern transport hubs can be organized not only in the city structure, but also in ports, railways. railway stations and airports, which can significantly expand their typological range of service facilities.

Methodology for the Sustainable Development of the Italy-Croatia Cross-Border Area: Sustainable and Multimodal/Cross-Border Passenger Services

The efficient evaluation of the transport sector for the implementation of sustainable mobility solutions is a crucial challenge for governments and decisionmakers for strategically reducing the negative economic, social, and environmental impacts of transport. Current research trends on transport macromanagement indicate a lack of integrative and comprehensive approaches to mitigating transport sustainability parameters. Thus, a holistic perspective on transport macromanagement is deemed necessary for supporting the transition towards a more sustainable approach to transport macroplanning. This paper contributes to the development of transport macromanagement by offering insights, tools, and strategies for contemporary sustainable transitions in the transport sector. A methodology for sustainable and multimodal/cross-border passenger services for the Italy-Croatia cross-border area, with a systematic development cycle composed of six interconnected steps for fostering stakeholder cooperation, is proposed in this paper. Furthermore, a methodological framework, a SWOT analysis, and a gap analysis on the function of defining port improvement for the action plan are elaborated in this study. The study analysis is based on the international passenger terminal ports in a passenger liner service by using a survey analysis conducted among the port authorities in the cross-border area. Moreover, the main aim of the methodology is to provide a holistic framework for the sustainable development of a complex and multilayered transport environment that encompasses a multiplicity of various stakeholders.

Pengaruh Service Recovery terhadap Customer Satisfaction Penumpang Maskapai Penerbangan Internasional di Indonesia

This research intend to analyze the effect of service recovery (atonement, tangible, empowerment, communication, explanation, feedback) on customer satisfaction, especially for international airline passenger in Indonesia. Data were collected via an online survey of International Airlines Passenger who had ecperienced service failure. In total, 70 respons were used for final anlysis. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the proposed hypotheses. The result shows that just atonement, communication, and empowerment has significantly influence customer service recovery satisfaction.

Pengaruh Service Recovery terhadap Customer Satisfaction Penumpang Maskapai Penerbangan Internasional di Indonesia

This research intend to analyze the effect of service recovery (atonement, tangible, empowerment, communication, explanation, feedback) on customer satisfaction, especially for international airline passenger in Indonesia. Data were collected via an online survey of International Airlines Passenger who had ecperienced service failure. In total, 70 respons were used for final anlysis. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the proposed hypotheses. The result shows that just atonement, communication, and empowerment has significantly influence customer service recovery satisfaction.

Effects of COVID-19 on the Australian Economy: Insights into the Mobility and Unemployment Rates in Education and Tourism Sectors

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected global economies due to lockdowns, business closures, and travel and other restrictions. To control the spread of the virus, several countries, including Australia, imposed strict border restrictions and lockdown measures. Accordingly, international borders have been closed, and all incoming international passengers are mandated to a 14-day hotel quarantine. Residents’ movements and businesses have been limited to essential services only. Employees have been directed to work from home while businesses moved to a remote working model. Due to such stringent measures, small and medium businesses such as cafes, restaurants, hotels, childcare centers, and tourism-based institutions incurred heavy losses, pushing a considerable portion of such small businesses to close. The airlines, education, tourism, and hospitality sector were the worst impacted among all. Due to such closures and associated effects of COVID-19, the unemployment rates are assumed to be significantly increased in countries like Australia. However, a study investigating this unemployment and reporting its status does not exist for Australia. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of COVID-19 control measures such as travel restriction and lockdown on Australia’s employment status and labor markets. The data for the local transport network, unemployment rates and impacts on the tourism industry in Australia were extracted from the public data sources to assess the unemployment rates at both national and state-wide levels. Further, we also looked into the rehabilitation measures by the Australian government, such as the Job Keeper and Job Seeker programs in March 2020, that aim to provide support to people who are unable to run their businesses or have lost their jobs due to the pandemic. Overall, we observed that despite the global crisis, the Australian unemployment rate has reduced in the last year.

Geography of the Passenger Turnover Dynamics at Airports in Europe and Russia’s Regions in the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic

—Due to restrictions on people’s movement as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the air passenger traffic sharply decreased in 2020. A geographic study of this phenomenon is highly relevant. The article describes the features of the spread of the pandemic across Europe from a transport–geographical viewpoint; reveals differences in the negative passenger turnover dynamics at large and medium-sized airports in 49 European countries (including Russia) impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic during the first year. The changes were measured absolutely and relatively, which made it possible to identify the types of their dynamics: catastrophic, strong, medium, moderate, weak, and insignificant declines. Geographically, the spread of COVID-19 was extremely uneven: at first, the epidemic covered large countries of Europe (Northern Italy became the main center after Wuhan), then closely related neighboring and more distant countries were involved; last but not least, the Balkan countries and countries in post-Soviet Eastern Europe. The disease spread hierarchically. The first cases arrived by air, first from the main centers, whence coronavirus infection was then transmitted to other countries by new groups of air passengers. Then, the infection was transmitted by ground transport passengers within the zones of influence of the largest airports. The airports of European countries are characterized by a strong decline in passenger turnover (65–85%); Russian regions, by moderate (30–45%) and weak (15–30%) declines. The retrodegression time lag (return to the values of the distant past) turned out to be the largest (27–40 years) for the largest European airports with a large share of international passengers and transit, relatively medium (16–26 years)—for medium-sized or large airports with a large share of domestic transportation, relatively short (9–16 years)—for the largest airports in Russia with a high proportion of international passengers, short (4–8 years)—for almost all other airports in Russia, very short (2–3 years)—for resort and tourist airports in Russia and some airports with an increased share of domestic passengers. Since different airports had different dynamics of passenger turnover, the ranks of their hierarchy in 2020 changed somewhat: before, the largest airports gave way to others, which bypassed the first ones due to a smaller level of recession and rapid recovery in the volume of domestic air traffic.

Humanitarian Customs: Lessons Learned Regarding Cusoms Response and Role in Supply Chain Continuity During the COVID-19 Pandemic

This paper, presented at the World Customs Organization (WCO) PICARD Web Conference 2020, analyses the challenges faced by Customs and the key stakeholders in the cross-border supply chain due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. It documents the role of Customs in supply chain continuity by recording policy responses, innovative practices and technological solutions to highlight the initiatives taken for faster release of cargo including emergency relief cargo, hasslefree movement of international passengers and reduction in time and cost for the stakeholders in cross-border supply chains. For disseminating the lessons learned as a way of sharing best practices, the paper discusses how Indian Customs has facilitated the movement of goods while applying appropriate risk management; how Customs has enhanced communication, collaboration and cooperation with their Participating Government Agencies and the private sector; and what measures are being taken by Customs to protect their frontline officers. An analysis by the authors of dwell time data across major customs formations in India proved that the policy responses by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) yielded positive results through reduction in dwell time from May 2020 onwards. The authors have also analysed in detail the importance and effective role of the WCO in supply chain continuity across the globe during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Air Emergency Transport under COVID-19: Impact, Measures, and Future

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 dominated the year 2020 and has an unprecedented impact on global air transport. This paper tries to make an overall review on the interaction of air transport and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the confirmed cases were first reported in China, the origin of the pandemic remains uncertain. China was the first country to control the COVID-19 pandemic, and domestic air traffic recovers at a fast pace. Compared to 2019 level, world scheduled capacity, passengers carried, and revenues for 2020 were reduced by 50%, 60%, and $371 billion, respectively. Compared with domestic passenger traffic, international passenger traffic reduces more seats, passengers, and revenues. Because air transport contributes to economic growth, many countries or regions provide aviation bailout. The US provides most direct aid, while China mostly provides policy measures. In the post-COVID-19 period, IATA suggests that accepting vaccinated passengers is the best practice to reopen borders. Air cargo will play an important role in the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. Meanwhile, air transport should be more digitalized, sustainable, and responsible in the future.

Passenger, airline, and policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis: The case of South Korea

In recent years, domestic and international air passenger markets have expanded steadily around the world with the rapid growth of low cost carriers and aggressive route expansion; however, the unprecedented crisis caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in greatly decreased air travel and an uncertain future for the aviation industry. The present study examined South Korean passengers, airlines, and government policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, and it suggests policy directions for the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Air passengers respond to internal and external factors, and their demand for travel will increase with the reduction in global COVID cases and vaccine distribution. South Korean airlines have used various means to overcome decreased passenger numbers, such as domestic route transitions, freight transportation expansion, and mergers and acquisitions; Korean Air recorded a profit through its foray into cargo transport in 2020. The Korean government is trying to curb the spread of COVID-19 and help the industry to recover by establishing an airport quarantine system at Incheon international airport. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, it is necessary to continuously monitor the responses of passengers, industry, and governments and to share relevant information.

The Ideation of Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from Phuket, Thailand

The fundamental people-to-people nature of tourism makes it more vulnerable than other industries and adds more difficulties in adapting to the pandemic. The mass tourist destination Phuket has suffered economic consequences due to a decline in international passenger arrivals, with inadequate domestic tourism to take their place. It is reasonable to state that, in some way, the absence of tourism will impact Phuket’s status quo of environmental sustainability. Environmental sustainability is a primary theme in the contemporary tourism and hospitality industry. Environmentally sustainable consumer behavior and ecotourism are important aspects of environmental protection, which eventually benefits society. This paper presents evidence related to the current state of environmental sustainability based on an ongoing work-in-progress research project. The study is led by the ethnographic principles of qualitative data collection. Moreover, the empirical data for this study were gathered through non-participant observations, unstructured interviews with local stakeholders, and the collecting of a variety of materials. The study discloses indecisive results based on the good practices that were observed, as well as behavior and outcomes that contradict the philosophy of environmental sustainability. The results of this paper have practical implications for residents, visitors, and policymakers and offer the scientific community a starting point for advanced research about environmental sustainability in the mass tourism destination Phuket, Thailand.

The Right to Safe Transport + Air Passenger Rights After COVID-19

The coronavirus crisis has been extremely disruptive for the international passenger transportation market. It has also triggered a major legal disruption in the field of passenger rights. In recent decades, the focus of air passenger policy has largely shifted from safety to rights in case of delay and cancellation, a change predominantly induced by the EU. COVID-19 has led to a major paradigm shift, with safety again becoming the number one policy target. Passengers have a wide range of tools to enforce their rights to timely travel and these remedies have made an effective contribution to a reduction in delays and cancellations in air transport. Passengers’ remedies in case of unsafe transport seem largely limited to the possibility of bringing an action in case of bodily injury, lésion corporelle, based on the Montreal Convention (MC). This contribution aims firstly to evaluate the effectiveness of this remedy as a preventive tool for increasing passenger safety. Secondly, it aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on existing passenger rights in respect of cancellation and delay, as well as the impact of existing passenger rights policy on airlines’ operational margin for enhanced safety management. Based on this analysis, we aim to make recommendations for a more effective model for the protection of passengers’ safety, while at the same time embedding safety in the existing passenger rights policy instead of overriding it. Sommaire: La crise du coronavirus a extrêmement perturbé le marché du tra

The dynamics of COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria: A sub-national analysis

The African health crisis feared at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic has not materialized, and there is interest globally in understanding possible peculiarities in COVID-19 outbreak dynamics in the tropics and sub-tropics that have led to a much milder African outbreak than initial projections. Towards this, Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Dead compartmental models were fitted to COVID-19 data from all Nigerian states in this study, from which four parameters were estimated per state. A density-based clustering method was used to identify states with similar outbreak dynamics, and the stage of the outbreak determined per state. Subsequently, outbreak dynamics were correlated with absolute humidity, temperature, population density and distance to the international passenger travel gateways in the country. The models revealed that while the outbreak is still increasing nationally, outbreaks in at least 12 states have peaked. A total of at least 519,672 confirmed cases were predicted by January 2021, with a worst case scenario of at least 14,785,457. Weak positive correlations were found between COVID-19 spread and absolute humidity (Pearson’s Coefficient = 0.136, p< 0.05) and temperature (Pearson’s Coefficient = 0.021, p< 0.05). While many studies have established links between temperature and humidity and COVID-19 spread, the correlation has most usually been negative where it exists. The findings in this study of possible positive correlation is in line with a number of previous studies showing such unexpected correlations in the tropics or subtropics. This highlights even more the importance of additional studies on COVID-19 dynamics in Africa.

Decreased human respiratory syncytial virus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: an ecological time-series analysis

BackgroundNon-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as sanitary measures and travel restrictions, aimed at controlling the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may affect the transmission dynamics of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). We aimed to quantify the contribution of the sales of hand hygiene products and the number of international and domestic airline passenger arrivals on HRSV epidemic in Japan.MethodsThe monthly number of HRSV cases per sentinel site (HRSV activity) in 2020 was compared with the average of the corresponding period in the previous 6 years (from January 2014 to December 2020) using a monthly paired t-test. A generalized linear gamma regression model was used to regress the time-series of the monthly HRSV activity against NPI indicators, including sale of hand hygiene products and the number of domestic and international airline passengers, while controlling for meteorological conditions (monthly average temperature and relative humidity) and seasonal variations between years (2014–2020).ResultsThe average number of monthly HRSV case notifications in 2020 decreased by approximately 85% (p < 0.001) compared to those in the preceding 6 years (2014–2019). For every average ¥1 billion (approximately £680,000/$9,000,000) spent on hand hygiene products during the current month and 1 month before there was a 0.29% (p = 0.003) decrease in HRSV infections. An increase of average 1000 domestic and international airline passenger arrivals during the previous 1–2 months was associated with a 3.8 × 10− 4% (p < 0.001) and 1.2 × 10− 3% (p < 0.001) increase in the monthly number of HRSV infections, respectively.ConclusionsThis study suggests that there is an association between the decrease in the monthly number of HRSV cases and improved hygiene and sanitary measures and travel restrictions for COVID-19 in Japan, indicating that these public health interventions can contribute to the suppression of HRSV activity. These findings may help in public health policy and decision making.

Airport passenger forecast with time series: case of study Samsun Çarşamba Airport

This study, it is aimed to estimate the number of airport passengers expected to be in the future with time series analysis. For this purpose, the total number of domestic and international passengers between January 2007 and May 2021 belonging to Samsun Çarşamba Airport was used. First, the normality test was applied to the data and it was observed that the data complied with the normal distribution. Using data from January 2007 to June 2018, the total number of passengers between July 2018 and May 2021 was estimated by time series. The estimated results were compared with the actual results and the R2 value was 0.628. Then, with all data between January 2007 and May 2021, the total number of passengers expected to occur between June 2021 and March 2025 was estimated.

The correlations between the responsible flying and changes in the tourism industry

According to touristic cycle-theory, raising and decreasing waves show cyclicality showing more and more oscillation in time and depth. It has impact on intermediary sector as well as on relationship between tourism and transportation. It can be observed that air transportation transformed after recession but got out of trouble strengthened. Current transformation can be described as responsible fly, next crisis can be avoided only by evolving a comprehensive, sustainable development. Under green transformation we understand the decreasing of emission of pollutant gases by aviation, reducing the power consumption and participation in environment protecting projects. In terms of future it means a serious problem that according to research of Eurocontrol carbon emission can be doubled, the international organizations called aviations for reducing their emission already in 2018. In our research we looked for answers to the questions of why the sustainability of airlines has come into view just now and what people think about it as well as what the influence of the current situation will be on tourism and its transformation. A combination of economic, social, environmental, and psychological factors has recently been affecting the development of sustainable air traffic. Changes have arisen due to economic challenges as airlines faced restrictions which they have never seen in the past, such as border closures and several week long quarantine requirements for passengers. These resulted in the grounding the aircraft of airlines within a few weeks. Due to the pandemic, all airlines were in need of financial support from the Member States of the European Union. Each Member State and their cities with airports have an interest in the reduction of pollutant gases (the total CO2 emission of air traffic is 859 million tonnes per year, IATA 2020). Due to interdependence resulting from the crisis, a responsible air development programme has been started. Psychological factors have come to the forefront due to the pandemic, which means further challenges for the airlines. How could overcrowded flights be made safer for passengers? How would it be possible to win back the confidence of passengers? As for the tourism industry, the resumption of flights and the operation of the sector are crucial issues (58% of international passengers fly to their destination) and a lot depends on the recoverability of psychological sustainability. Our travel habits should change in the future and this process would show the path to more balanced development.

Structural risk analysis of a potential Ebola outbreak with respect to infrastructural aspects amid the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Due to the ease and increased volume of global interaction, it remains unclear whether the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic will be a one-off event or whether the world is at risk of recurrent pandemics as a result of globalization. To address this important issue, the present study assessed the risk of a possible future Ebola pandemic. The risk profile of Hubei province in China was compared with that of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in terms of travel and infrastructure, since DRC is considered a major epicenter for Ebola outbreaks. Recurrence patterns of previous Ebola outbreaks were analyzed in a cumulative outbreak model. Internationally available data on air traffic, flight destinations, passenger numbers, population density, distribution and domestic traffic routes were all analyzed and compared between the DRC and Hubei province. DRC is a major epicenter for Ebola outbreaks, with 13 recorded outbreaks from 1976 until 2020. International airports at both Kinshasa, the capital city of the DRC and Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province, are heavily frequented destinations and represent major transfer hubs on their respective continents. Volumes of flights to and from extracontinental destinations account for <25% of total flights at both airports with similar total international passenger volumes. However, the volume of domestic commuting by aviation is >30-fold higher at Hubei province compared with that of the DRC. This finding is also reflected by the higher population density and homogeneity in terms of population per square kilometer in Hubei. Following the analysis of decades of Ebola reports, it became evident that the DRC remains a hotspot for potential Ebola outbreaks in the future due to constantly recurrent local outbreaks. In terms of the international aviation network, numerous important similarities between Kinshasa and Hubei Province were observed as regards connectivity. The present comparative analysis extends beyond biological factors underlying Ebola and COVID-19 transmissions and confirms that the DRC, Kinshasa in particular, is not a remote location. Although internal commuting and population density may be lower in the DRC compared with those in Hubei province, integration into the international aviation network is similarly extensive. The international community must increase its focus and efforts in preventing another possible global pandemic commencing in Africa, and in particular the DRC.

ASEAN Towards a Global Halal Logistics Through the Digitally Enabled Community

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is leading the development of global halal trade and has the opportunity to become a leader in the global halal supply chain, especially in global halal logistics. Given the push towards digital transformation in creating a halal ecosystem and regarding the agenda of ASEAN towards a digitally-enabled economy, this study wants to examine whether ASEAN digitally-enabled community is correlated with ASEAN's chances of becoming a global halal logistics. Through a correlation test, it is found that there is a statistically significant relationship between ASEAN digitally-enabled community, as measured in internet subscribers/users per 100 persons and cellular/mobile phone per 100 persons, and the opportunity for ASEAN to become a global halal logistics, measured in ASEAN GDP, total air cargo, total trade in goods, and international air passenger traffic. This is probably the first study that preliminarily confirms digitally-enabled community is very important to strengthen ASEAN's opportunities to become the global halal logistics.