International NGOs Research Articles

The Role of International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) on State Compliance with Environmental Regulations: A Critical Analysis

This paper critically examines the impact of International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) on states' compliance with environmental regulations. In the face of urgent global ecological challenges, the role of INGOs in shaping state behavior and ensuring adherence to regulatory frameworks becomes crucial. This study's central research question is: How do International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) effectively use naming and shaming strategies to influence state compliance with environmental regulations, particularly in the context of varying levels of economic development, democracy, and existing environmental agreements? Acknowledging as influential entities, INGOs play a pivotal role in advocating for environmental protection and influencing states to comply with these regulations. This research aims to critically analyze the impact of INGOs on state compliance, focusing on both positive contributions and potential challenges within international environmental governance. Acknowledging a research gap about the long-term effects and sustainability of INGO-driven initiatives, this paper aims to address this deficiency. While existing research provides valuable insights, there is a prevalent focus on short-term impacts and immediate policy changes. The research design adopts a comparative case study approach, examining a chosen sample of countries representing diverse geographical regions and regulatory contexts. Employing a blend of qualitative and quantitative methods, the study leverages primary and secondary resources, including documents, reports, policy materials, and interviews. In summary, this research proposal presents a critical analysis of the role of INGOs in influencing state compliance with environmental regulations, guided by a central research question. The study seeks to contribute insightful perspectives, filling gaps in existing research and offering valuable knowledge for policymakers and environmental advocates. By scrutinizing the intricate dynamics between INGOs and states, the research aims to enhance our understanding of effective strategies for promoting global environmental governance. Keywords: INGOs, environment, compliance

From Economic Transaction to LGBT Identity

During the 2010s, public attitudes in Vietnam shifted from hostility toward homosexuality to increasing support for LGBT rights. This article analyzes how social work expertise contributed to this transformation. In 2010, staff at an international NGO in Hồ Chí Minh City ascribed unhoused men’s transactional sex with men to economic desperation. Within five years, social workers had adopted global frameworks positing gender and sexuality as innate aspects of personhood and blamed homelessness and sex work by LGBT individuals on homophobic discrimination. While these expressions of transnational expertise promoted LGBT rights, they also reinforced notions of “market personhood” and risked marginalizing diverse articulations of gender and sexuality in Vietnam, past and present.

PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS, RIVERS STATE

The study investigated prevalence and determinants of domestic violence against men in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State. Descriptive survey research design was used for the study. Five research questions and four null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The population of the study consisted of 2,344,000 adults in the area. Multistage sampling technique was used to select a sample of 440 respondents for the study. A self-designed questionnaire titled “Prevalence and Determinants of Domestic Violence among Men Questionnaire’’ (PDDVMQ) was used for data collection. Face and content validation were done by experts in the department of Human Kinetics, Health and Safety Education. The instrument had a reliability coefficient of r=0.70 for partners self-defence, r=0.72 for economical factor, =0.79 for feminism, r=0.74 infidelity, r=0.71 for prevalence of domestic violence. The research questions were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while the null hypotheses were analyzed using simple regression analysis at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that partners’ self-defense, economic factors, feminism, infidelity acted as a determinant of domestic violence against men in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State. That there was high prevalence rate (79%) of domestic violence against men in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State. It was further revealed that there was significant relationship between partners’ self-defense (t = 6.000; p=0.00 < 0.05), economic factors (t = 9.622; p=0.00 < 0.05), feminism (t = 6.418; p=0.00 < 0.05), infidelity (t = 9.001; p=0.00 < 0.05) and domestic violence against men in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State. It was recommended among others that; International NGOs should be strengthened to carryout campaigns on attitudinal change in the larger society so that masculinity identities which hinder male victims from exposing violence against them could be minimized and in turn get health care service to help minimize the negative health impact from such abuses.

Management matters: what do we need to know about the motivation and job satisfaction of humanitarian logisticians?

Purpose This study delineates the factors impacting the motivation and job satisfaction of humanitarian logisticians. This study aims to explore their motivations for entering the sector and the reasons for persisting despite the challenges. Design/methodology/approach Using an exploratory research design, data were gathered through online semi-structured questionnaires distributed to international and national non-governmental organisations (NGOs), UN agencies, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the logistics cluster and the Humanitarian Logistics Association. Findings This study reveals that humanitarian organisations, along with their policies, culture and practices, significantly influence staff well-being. Altruistic motives drive logisticians to support those in need, aligning with their moral standards. However, job satisfaction declines due to issues such as management practices, unfairness, bureaucracy and other factors affecting work-life balance. Practical implications These findings offer insights for humanitarian organisations to address the challenges faced by logisticians and enhance their well-being. Understanding the issues before, during and after deployment is crucial for organisational focus. Representatives from some NGOs expressed optimism about the usefulness of this data during the collection process. Originality/value This research pioneers an examination of the motivation and satisfaction of humanitarian logisticians, contributing to the existing body of knowledge on human resources in the non-profit sector.

International and national non-governmental organizations in the field of protection of human rights defenders

The article is devoted to highlighting the activities of international and national non-governmental organizations for the protection of human rights defenders; defining their place and role in the existing international and national human rights systems. Attention is focused on the activities of such non- governmental human rights organizations as: International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT), Observatory For Defenders, Amnesty International, Front Line Defenders (FLD), Women Human Rights Defenders International Coalition (WHRDIC), etc. It is noted that there is a significant trend towards an increase in the number of non-governmental organisations on the African continent in response to numerous violations of the rights of human rights defenders. These organisations include: Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa (IHRDA), West African Human Rights Defenders Network (WAHRDN), AfricanDefenders (Pan-African Human Rights Defenders Network), Network of Human Rights Defenders in Central Africa (REDHAC), Network of African National Human Rights Institutions (NANHRI), DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project (EHAHRDP)), SouthernDefenders (Southern Africa Human Rights Defenders Network (SAHRDN)). It is concluded that the importance and activities of international and national non-governmental organizations are that they are, first of all, an integral part of the international universal and regional mechanisms for the protection of human rights, since human rights defenders are guaranteed the rights provided for in international human rights instruments, and therefore, in case of their violation, they have the right to apply to the supervisory bodies of these treaties (the Human Rights Committee, the European Court of Human Rights, the Committee against Torture, etc.; secondly, the above mentioned organizations contribute to the protection of the rights and freedoms of human rights defenders, taking into account the specifics of the region and national legislation; focus on respecting gender equality; make significant efforts to improve the existing legal framework for the protection of human rights defenders, expand the rights of this category of persons, taking into account the changing situation in the world with human rights and modern challenges.

Towards a Deeper Understanding of Strategic Management Factors in International Non-Governmental Organizations

Towards a Deeper Understanding of Strategic Management Factors in International Non-Governmental Organizations

The Role of Emotions, Power, and Politics in Setting Policy Agenda: A Theoretical Analysis of Policy Inaction in the Shipbreaking Industries in Bangladesh

Agenda-setting may not always be a rational process and depends mostly on the perception of the policy problem made by the policy entrepreneurs to the decision-makers where ‘non-decision’ or ‘policy-inaction’ is also a kind of decision to avoid certain issues. Taking the existing ship-breaking policy of Bangladesh as a case study, this study tries to theoretically analyze how the level of public emotions and exercise of political power impact policy-making in a policy domain that resulted in no policy change. The study applies mainly two theories of public policy: the threshold model of the policy process by Christopher Pepin-Neff and the theory of three faces of power by Lukes which relates public emotions and political power with policy formulations. The study argues that, according to these theories, the case study is an example of high emotion policy threshold (HEHP) issue where, despite the initiatives by some policy actors to open a new policy window and the demands of the advocacy coalition consisting of International Labour Organization (ILO) and non-government organizations (NGO), the government used covert power to establish the preference of employment generation, national GDP and GNP and exclude the demand of policy-redesign from policy-agenda. The objective of this study is not to establish a new proposition of policy discussion but rather to discuss policy inaction or agenda-setting in an existing problem from a new perspective, theoretically from two distinct points of view: emotions and political power.

Methods for Defining Climate Change Mitigation Strategies at Organisational Level Review and Outlook

ABSTRACTThe private sector has a pivotal role in contributing to the objective of the Paris Agreement and its 1.5° target. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive framework to define and implement climate change mitigation strategies in organisations. The current study aims to fill this gap by performing a critical review of existing schemes that can make a partial contribution to the definition of such strategies. We found 25 schemes used by private sector or studied in the literature by international NGOs and academic searcher and evaluated them based on 15 criteria developed for this study in order to cover key components of an effective framework for CCMS in organisations. No scheme fulfils all the criteria, but significant differences are observed between them, ranging from 0% to 80% of the criteria met. Based on this analysis, we propose a first harmonized five‐step iterative framework to define organisational climate change mitigation strategies. Eventually, the results of the schemes review and the framework proposal draw up a research agenda to derive robust, credible and operational climate strategies at organizational levels.

Designing, implementing and evaluating multidisciplinary healthcare training programmes in the wartime humanitarian context of Ukraine

IntroductionCivilian healthcare workers (HCW) and medical facilities are directly and indirectly impacted by armed conflict. In the Russia-Ukraine war, acute trauma care needs grew, the workforce was destabilised by HCW...

International non-governmental organizations in the field of civil society development: current state and development prospects

This article is devoted to the analysis of the current state and prospects of development of international non-governmental organizations in the field of civil society development. The existence of any modern democratic state is impossible without the presence of a developed civil society, which, on the one hand, acts as the foundation and support for the apparatus of public power, thereby ensuring its stability, and on the other hand, is a legal guarantee for the implementation of both the system of legal principles enshrined in national and international law and the entire system of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities. The institute of international non-governmental organizations in the field of civil society development plays an important role for the development of civil society in nation States, which, on the one hand, generalize at the international level the experience of civil society development in nation States, and on the other hand, contribute to scaling up the successful experience of this development everywhere. In this scientific work, a number of research methods were used, in particular: formal-logical; historical-legal; comparative-legal; statistical; sociological; method of analyzing specific legal situations. The authors identified and analyzed the main problems that hinder the organization and activities of international non-governmental organizations in the field of civil society development, among which the following can be distinguished: a) the dependence of most international non-governmental organizations on national governments or on transnational corporations; b) the politicization of the activities of a significant part of them; c) a huge number of them (more than 75,000 for 2024), which complicates, on the one hand, the processes of regulating their activities, and on the other hand, complicates the mechanism of their organizational, technical, legal and financial support from the international community; d) the presence in a number of countries of regulatory restrictions on the activities of their branches and representative offices; e) the lack of proper public control over their activities, acts and decisions at the national and international levels. The work has developed and justified a system of measures to resolve these problems.

Assessing the role of Moldovan civil society organizations and international funds in migration management

Managing migration in the EU and in the neighboring countries is a social and economic investment that enables societies to strengthen their cohesion and resilience and become more prosperous. It can be considered also a societal process in which the responsibility does not rest with a specific group, but with several. The collective efforts of Moldovan civil society organizations have been instrumental in addressing the needs and promoting the rights of refugees from Ukraine who have sought protection in Moldova since the escalation of the conflict in February 2022. One of our research hypotheses is represented by the fact that civil society organizations play an important role in migrant management. Moldovan CSOs are playing an important role in supporting and complementing the efforts of the government, agencies and international NGOs, as well as the private sector and private citizens, to provide protection and services to refugees including at border reception points, in main urban centers and throughout the country. They carry out valuable work assisting or even substituting public authorities and governments by providing guidance and support in this process. Civil society and social partners operate at different levels. Some organizations are active at international level, others at national level, and others at regional or local level. Activities at different levels complement each other. A second hypothesis that we want to test starts from the idea that despite their involvement and critical role in the refugee response, there was no comprehensive overview of the CSO ecosystem and its financial sources in Moldova, which left a gap in coordination and synergies critical for an effective operation and humanitarian response.

International Legal Regime of Lunar Orbits: Will There Be Enough Space for Everybody?

INTRODUCTION. The exploration and use of the Moon, including its natural resources, is a priority in the space research activities of many participants. This is evidenced by the adoption of lunar space programmes at the national level, the preparation and launch of spacecrafts to the Moon and its surface, and discussions of future international legal regulation in international intergovernmental and nongovernmental organisations. It is important to ensure communication with the spacecraft through the use of lunar orbits in carrying out such lunar activities. In order to understand this process, it is necessary to examine the scientific and technical, as well as regulatory aspects that are interrelated, including the international legal regime for lunar orbits.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The materials used in the research and for writing cover fundamental works of Soviet/Russian scientists in the field of international space law, as well as research works and analyses devoted to CIS-lunar space and orbits around the Moon. The assessment of the existing international legal regime on lunar orbits requires the application of not only formal-legal and comparative-legal research methods inherent in legal sciences, but also general scientific methods, such as analysis and synthesis, to understand the specific scientific and technical nature of the issue under consideration. An important place in the article was taken by the study of the conceptual definitions, namely such terms as “a Moon orbit”, “lunar orbit”, “CIS-lunar space”, “frozen orbit’”, “haloorbit”, “shielded zone of the Moon”, etc.RESEARCH RESULTS. The lunar orbit refers to various trajectories of natural or artificial objects around the Moon. Orbits around the Moon are distinguished by the altitudes of migration, aposecretion and inclination. Separately distinguish ‘frozen’ orbits and haloorbits, which are characterized by special properties in terms of space objects placed on them. Spacecrafts use different radio-frequency spectrum in all types of lunar orbits. Most of the orbits around the Moon are unstable. The international legal status and regime of lunar orbits are regulated by documents of the International Telecommunication Union, among which there are a number of documents dealing with the issue of radio astronomy in the shielded zone of the Moon. The fundamental provisions of international space law also apply to the activity on use and exploration of CIS-lunar space and its orbits.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The following conclusions were obtained from the study. By 2027, the international community within the ITU will have to solve a number of issues related to the use of CISlunar space and orbits around the Moon, including radio astronomy, the use of repeater satellites, and the radio-frequency spectrum. Additionally, a system for coordinated lunar time is discussed. Disorderly use of lunar orbits may lead to the problem of space debris. An increase in the number of objects sent to the Moon may cause difficulties in astronomical research and limit the number of stable orbits for all interested participants. International cooperation of States and other interested participants in lunar activities within the framework of international organizations will contribute to solving the outlined problems.

Experiences of Nurse Managers in the 2023 Kahramanmaras, Turkey Earthquakes: A Qualitative Study.

Nurse managers play a critical role in disaster response and management; yet research on their experiences in earthquakes remains limited. This study aimed to explore the experiences of nurse managers in the Kahramanmaras, Turkey, earthquakes. A phenomenological approach was used to guide this study, exploring the lived experiences of nurse managers who worked during the 2023 earthquakes in Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Purposive sampling identified participants, and data were collected 2-3months postearthquake, from April to May 2023, via semi-structured interviews conducted via social media. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the interview data. A total of 11 nurse managers were interviewed for the study. Fifty-five percent were between the ages of 35 and 44, 64% were female and had a bachelor's degree. Five themes emerged from the data: "being unprepared" (predisaster phase), "emotional difficulties," "communication and coordination issues," "resource shortages" (disaster event phase), and "evaluation and professional satisfaction" (postdisaster phase). The study found that most nurse managers reported feeling unprepared for the earthquake despite institutional disaster management practices. They struggled with managing their emotions, resource shortages, and communication-coordination issues. These experiences underscore the need for enhanced disaster training and preparedness for nurses. Collaboration among international health organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and governments is essential to develop disaster management plans to optimize nurses as early responders.

The role of sender credibility in migration information campaigns

AbstractThe actors who carry out migration information campaigns—and thus serve as ‘information senders’—vary greatly. Existing studies on the effectiveness of such campaigns typically focus on one case of an information campaign. It is difficult to compare these case studies because, in addition to the different implementing actors, they differ substantially in terms of the content conveyed and the ways they are carried out. As a result, evidence of the causal effect of the information senders is missing. I argue that who implements the campaign is not trivial, as each type of information sender may be associated with a different level of credibility, and psychological models of information processing suggest that a senders' credibility is key to the impact of information. To corroborate and complement existing research, I present findings from a longitudinal survey experiment in Nigeria among students who were presented with the same hypothetical information campaign while the information sender was varied: each an international and local NGO, government and social contact. The results show overall similar effect directions for the different information senders, namely an increase in awareness of the campaign topic of irregular migration and a reduction of (irregular) migration intentions among the participants. However, notable differences are observed in effect size and effect persistence per sender and opposing actors are most influential regarding general versus irregular migration. Descriptive mediation analyses support the relevance of credibility per sender and imply the existence of a topic‐dependent sender credibility effect.

DISEASE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT THROUGH PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION PROGRAM: FOCUS ON ROTARY CLUBS IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

The severity and magnitude of deadly diseases around the world have shown that the management and delivery of health services to the vulnerable populace can no longer be the sole responsibility of governments but requires the support of non-governmental organizations. History have recognized that international non-governmental organizations like Rotary International, which focuses on combating diseases, such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and polio, have implemented several health intervention programs aimed at preventing and treating communicable and non-communicable diseases in order to improve health and well-being of rural dwellers. Such measures have also covered a wide range of social interventions that are designed to improve living conditions in rural communities. However, an examination of the existing studies indicates that the Rotary’s activities in Ogun State, particularly in the area of disease prevention and treatment, have not been properly documented. In view of this, this paper investigated the efforts of Rotary clubs on disease prevention and treatment through public health intervention program in rural communities of Ogun State using historical research design. It is found that Rotary clubs in Ogun State have undertaken health education or awareness programs, facilitated blood transfusion, testing, screening and treatment, donated and renovated health facilities, and provided training, counselling and immunization services. It also identified the challenges that the organization faced during the implementation of these programs. The paper concludes that Rotary clubs should intensify efforts to strengthen their health intervention programs to cover the underserved rural areas in Ogun State.

Redefining Paradiplomacy Strategy to Strengthen Island Governance Autonomy: The Case of Riau Islands, Indonesia

This research examines the role of paradiplomacy in strengthening the local governance autonomy of the Riau Islands, Indonesia, a region facing challenges in capitalizing on its strategic geographical location and marine resources. While Riau Islands holds significant potential in tourism, fisheries, and regional development, its subnational autonomy has not been fully leveraged to foster successful paradiplomatic initiatives. Using desk research and secondary data from governmental sources, scientific articles, and media reports, this study evaluates the effectiveness of paradiplomacy in enhancing regional cooperation, promoting sustainable development, and addressing socio-economic issues such as poverty and inequality. The findings reveal that, despite numerous successful collaborations with international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and foreign governments, challenges remain in aligning local and national policies, managing external funds, and ensuring equitable distribution of resources. Empowering local communities, especially in the sectors of fisheries and tourism, has been a key focus, but issues of community displacement and foreign exploitation remain significant concerns. The research concludes that while paradiplomacy has contributed to some progress, a more coordinated and sustainable approach is necessary to fully realize the region’s potential. Future strategies should focus on enhancing local governance capacity, improving public-private partnerships, and fostering a more inclusive development model that ensures the benefits of paradiplomacy are widely distributed.

The Brenton Blue butterfly – A conservation odyssey

The Brenton Blue butterfly became nationally famous in the 1990s when the Lepidopterists' Society of Africa (LSA) launched a campaign to prevent its imminent extinction, because of the development of a luxury housing estate at Brenton-on-Sea on the southern coast of South Africa. This campaign gained support from national and international NGOs as well as the South African public and pressure mounted on the National Government to intervene. Eventually the Brenton Blue Butterfly Reserve (BBBR) was established to protect the butterfly in 1997, with the status of a “special nature reserve”. An intensive research project was conducted from 2000–2005, which uncovered the butterfly's unusual ecological requirements, including the caterpillar's habit of feeding on the rootstock of its host plant Indigofera erecta under the protection of Camponotus baynei ants. The vegetation composition and dynamics, the biology of the host plant, the ant community and the population dynamics of the butterfly were also outcomes of this research. This facilitated the development of a reserve management programme, which for over 20 years seemed to ensure the butterfly's survival. Fire exclusion was practiced because of the risk to the host ants, which nest in dead wood on the surface. Despite these precautions, during the unprecedented Knysna fire in June 2017 the entire butterfly reserve was burnt, and even though some butterflies emerged in November 2017, these were the last ones seen at the BBBR.

INTERNATIONAL CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS: ESTABLISHMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING

The article is dedicated to the study of the peculiarities of charity development and the functioning of international charitable organizations that have acquired the status of an international entity. Such non-governmental actors are able to respond adaptively and act more quickly and locally on the world stage to address the most pressing issues, providing assistance and support to the most vulnerable categories and in the most critical geopolitical spaces. With the help of an interdisciplinary approach, it was possible to identify the historical background of the origin of the phenomenon of selfless human activity, a systematic political and legal analysis of international and domestic legislation helped to identify the peculiarities of the functioning of international charitable organizations in the United States, Europe and Ukraine, and a generalization of the obtained results crystallized the foundations and features of their direct involvement in problem areas.The difference between international non-governmental organizations and international charitable organizations was proved. The author identifies the main sources of funding for such structures through grants, donations from individuals and legal entities, international organizations and governments. It is established that the tasks of establishing and operating international charitable organizations are implemented in three areas of activity, including non-refundable assistance, administration of response and recovery projects, lobbying and actualization of the problem for the world community through influence on the political establishment and public opinion.

Positive deviance/hearth intervention in collaboration between academia and NGOs: a realist evaluation

Numerous NGOs and donors from high-income countries (HICs) offer diverse funding to assist LMICs. A collaborative effort in nutrition programs in urban communities was conducted by an international NGO with a local university, representing the NGO’s first mode of partnership with academia. This study used realist evaluation to understand how and why Positive Deviance/Hearth intervention conducted by NGOs collaborated with university work or failed to work in urban population. We uncovered the underlying mechanisms that lead to certain outcomes in different situations of academia-NGO partnership. The initial program theory was formulated after discussions with main program officers from both NGO and academia. We conducted stakeholder interviews and FGD, along with validation and reviewing secondary data. The initial program theory underwent testing and refinement through a series of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) involving program officers and local government health offices. We adhered to the RAMESES II reporting standards for realist evaluations when presenting the findings. Five Context Mechanism-Outcome (CMO) configurations are identified from three program theories. Our findings illustrate the importance of considering the local context of the population when implementing standardized international NGO interventions. All the CMOs indicate that at the very least, collaborative programs between academia and NGOs should involve more stakeholder involvement and build clearer expectations between stakeholders.

Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of Government Policies on Infant and Young Child Feeding and Food Fortification in Benin.

To prevent micronutrient deficiencies and address the Double Burden of Malnutrition, Benin has implemented Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) and food fortification policies for several years. Despite these efforts, significant micronutrient deficiencies persist, posing a public health problem. This study aims to identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of government policies on IYCF and food fortification in Benin. We conducted in-depth individual interviews with 23 key national and local stakeholders involved in implementing these policies. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through a deductive and iterative process based on the study's objective. Stakeholders identified several barriers to policy implementation, including low staff motivation, exacerbated by poor personnel management and lack of recognition. Financial resources are insufficient despite organizational support. Training and awareness among health workers and producers are limited outside UNICEF's intervention areas. Traditional eating habits and cultural resistance impede the adoption of new practices. The monitoring system is complex and ill-equipped, hindering quality control of fortified foods. Facilitators include strong political commitment, partnerships with international nongovernmental organizations, and effective intersectoral collaboration. These partnerships have improved training and community awareness, though gaps remain. The involvement of local producers and professional associations also supports food fortification initiatives. Nutrition policies in Benin face challenges such as low staff motivation and lack of resources. However, strong political commitment and international partnerships present opportunities to overcome these barriers.