International Mutual Recognition Research Articles

Teaching Exploration of 3D Modeling Technology and Visualization under Engineering Education Certification

Engineering education professional certification is an internationally recognized quality assurance system for engineering education, and it is an important foundation for achieving international mutual recognition of engineering education and engineer qualifications. The engineering education professional certification in China is organized and carried out by the China Engineering Education Accreditation Association and the Ministry of Education Centre for Higher Education Teaching Evaluation jointly. It is an important component of the "Five in One" higher education teaching evaluation system. Based on the concept of engineering education professional certification, this paper elaborated on the construction ideas of elective courses to meet engineering education certification, and takes the course of "3D Modeling Technology and Visualization" as an example to construct the teaching objectives, teaching content, basic requirements, teaching methods, assessment methods, and score evaluation methods of this course. This course refines and strengthens each knowledge point, while unleashing the enthusiasm and subjectivity of students, enabling them to apply the latest theoretical knowledge of policies, laws and regulations, standards, guidelines, and technical methods to specific engineering examples, enhancing their engineering analysis ability and deepening their understanding of theoretical knowledge.

Geographical Indication, Agricultural Products Export and Urban–Rural Income Gap

The Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the implementation of a rural revitalization strategy, which is an important way to achieve common prosperity for all the people, as promoting farmers’ income increase and narrowing the urban–rural income gap are key to promoting rural revitalization and common prosperity. So, under the background of vigorously promoting the rural revitalization strategy in China, it is very important to explore the effect and realization mechanism of geographical indication (GI) on reducing the urban–rural income gap. Based on the statistical data of 31 provinces in China from 2008 to 2019, this empirical study uses the spatial Durbin model (SDM) to analyze the relationship between GI and urban–rural income gap, and the stepwise regression method is used to explore the mediating effect of agricultural product exports on it. The results show that: (1) The potential economic value of GI branding can reduce the urban–rural income gap, and each additional unit of GI in this region will reduce the urban–rural income difference of this region by 0.160 units, and the urban–rural income difference of neighboring regions by 0.133 units. The result is still consistent after changing the proxy variable of urban–rural income gap for robustness test; (2) The brand effect of GI can form a stronger competitive advantage in foreign trade and promote the export level of agricultural products; (3) GI can narrow the urban–rural income gap through the export of agricultural products, and agricultural product export plays an important mediating effect. In the future, the government should not only strengthen the management and protection of GI but also actively market GI products. Promoting the international mutual recognition and mutual protection of GI can ensure the agricultural product export of GI and improve the foreign trade level of GI.

Research on International Mutual Recognition of Carbon Certification System of Automobile Products

With the global attention to climate change gradually heating up, to carbon peak carbon neutralization as the theme of the new international trade system is gradually taking shape, will also have a broad and far-reaching impact on our foreign trade pattern. The automobile industry is the key to transportation in our country carbon industry, in response to climate change under the situation of double carbon targets, for car carbon product certification international mutual recognition research is not only beneficial to China's auto industry to establish a comprehensive carbon accounting system but can also help our country automobile industry breakthrough carbon tariff barriers to trade actively, Promote Chinese automobile manufacturing industry to complete green and low-carbon transformation.

Structure Analysis Research of Transportation Major Curriculum System in Application-Oriented Universities under the Perspective of Engineering Education Accreditation

Engineering education accreditation (EEA) is the internationally accepted engineering education quality guarantee system, and it is the important foundation of international mutual recognition for engineering education and qualifications. First, in contrast to the criteria of EEA, the domestic construction of the transportation major curriculum system is analyzed at the present situation, and the DEMATEL-AISM model to carry out structural analysis research on the transportation major curriculum system in the application-oriented universities is established. Furthermore, the transportation major in Liaocheng University is taken as an example and the adversarial hierarchical topology map of the curriculum system, based on the DEMATEL-AISM model, is created. Finally, a curriculum structure is built which could adapt to the school-running characteristics and talents training goal. Through exploration and practice, the curriculum structure improves the transportation major educational objectives to achieve social fitness and provides a reference for the transportation major curriculum construction in colleges, especially application-oriented universities.

Relief of Liability for Damages and Strengthening of Korea’s Maritime Trade Through MRA Application of International Classification Association

This study examines the entire process from design, which is the initial stage of construction of ships and oceans, which are responsible for the largest amount of logistics and transportation among types of trade, to final approval, and delivery of maritime trade through final export in various stages of maritime transportation. The purpose of a International Classification Society is to provide classification and statutory services and assistance tothe maritime industry and regulatory bodies as regards maritime safety and pollution prevention, based on the accumulation of maritime knowledge and technology. It is an attestation only that the vessel is in compliance with the Rules that have been developed and published by the Society issuing the classification certificates. In this research, based on the IACS process, which has such ambiguous grounds and standards, the contractual liability for damages was resolved, and Korea’s maritime trade growth and international exports were revitalized by applying the International Classification Association MRA. The contents are summarized as follows. irst, MRA is applied to 1st party Inspection and Declaration, 2nd party Inspection and Testind, and 3rd party Qualification and Certification for Manufacturing Procedure and Process. By applying the MRA (International Mutual Recognition Agreement) process based on the International Classification Society standards and standards to these three types of international classification approval certification and manufacturer certification, the direct cost reduction and It is clear that it will clearly present the s tandards f or e xport approval a nd c ertification t hrough a bsolute t im e reduction, a nd w ill make a great contribution to the development of export manufacturing companies and all industries in Korea. Second, through the application of MRA to Design Assessments of products and services used in maritime trade, the structure of the shipbuilding, offshore and special ship industries is strengthened, and the Korean maritime industry is strengthened by reducing the construction period and direct costs, and maritime trade can be a shortcut to strengthening to be. Third, by applying MRA to the working process of the International Classification Association for export goods and export services that require maritime trade, it is possible to simplify the procedure and reduce the working period and cost. Fourth, by promoting the integration of the classification society rules first and applying MRA, it is possible to eventually promote the integration of international standards. Finally, the application of MRA to international maritime export products and services is a fundamental means of resolving the liability for damages in the essential contract of maritime trade and export.

SDoC와 상호호혜인정 확산을 통한 한국 적합성 평가 경쟁력 구축 전략

Purpose : The common international language of trade is 'Standard'. Conformity assessment activities, such as certification, inspection, testing, and approval, are closely related to the standards and build confidence in the products and services that consumers or end users purchase. For this reason, conformity assessments are essential in operating a company in the global market and play a significant role in international trade transactions of goods and services. Research design, data and methodology : This study approached the concept of conformity assessment, technology theory, and international business perspective through previous studies. Korean and international conformity assessment-related systems were analyzed. The results were derived from literature research by dividing the SDoC 1st party inspection activity and Mutual Recognition 2nd party and 3rd party inspection activities. Results : Korea's conformity assessment diffusion strategy was proposed in response to the era of international standardization competition. First, to respond quickly to the standardization competition of major powers, the Supplier Self-Declaration of Conformity (SDoC) system for cooperative suppliers should be urgently applied and expanded. In other words, the conformity assessment system should be strengthened by spreading self-reports of primary suppliers to expand Korea's conformity assessment procedure, which plays a vital role in the international trade process, and implement it on the international stage. Second, international standards, standards, and relevant regulations must be strictly and reliably observed and implemented for the spread of conformity assessments. Third, international applicability must be secured through an international mutual recognition agreement for conformity assessment activities. Finally, to establish such a system and eliminate overlapping risks, the government should establish a national organization that can serve as a government-wide control tower that can lead and efficiently manage conformity assessment activities beyond the enactment and revision stage of application standards. This is necessary. Conclusions : The core of this thesis is recognizing the importance of conformity assessment activities and proliferation, which are essential intangible assets of exporting companies. Compared to previous domestic and overseas studies, the academic and practical implications of this study are as follows. Although research on the SDoC self-conformity declaration system has been conducted, there is no case suggesting a specific spread method. In addition, it will be possible for manufacturing companies to apply the mutually beneficial recognition suggested in the study to achieve high performance in the global overseas export market. Moreover, it will be possible to realize realistic profits for exporting companies through cost reduction and shortening of the period required for export and conformity assessment procedures, and it will also provide practical implications in that there is a need and value for continuous improvement in the future. However, for competing countries, such as China, which is using its standards and diffusion strategy by presenting the 14.5th manufacturing standard 2035 strategy, the Korean government should strive to realize the conformity assessment diffusion strategy presented in this study through diplomatic and trade negotiations in the future. In conclusion, this study is significant because it recognized the importance of the international conformity assessment process and provided an effective way to spread the Korean conformity assessment system and its detailed role.

IMPACTS OF MANDATORY STANDARDS POLICY AND SIGNING OF INTERNATIONAL MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS ON INDONESIAN IMPORTS

<p>The abatement of tariff obstacles led to an increase in the implementation of non-tariff barriers inglobal trade. Standardization policy plays a dual role in international trade as non-tariff barriers which can drive or inhibit trade. On the other hand, international organizations, such as ILAC and IAF, encourage their members to sign mutual recognition agreements to reduce technical barriers to trade. This study aims to investigate the extent to which mandatory standards policy and signing the international mutual recognition agreements influence Indonesian imports.This is a quantitative study by using secondary data, including: Indonesian import’s value, Indonesian tariff, Indonesian GDP, partner countries’ GDP, geographic distance, a dummy variable of mandatory SNI, and a dummy variable of MLA/MRA. This study observes the import value of 300 commodities that are required to comply with SNI from 103 trading-partner countries between 2007 and 2019. The gravity model is employed as an analytical tool, which is then regressed by utilizing linear regression with a product's fixed effect. A key finding of this empirical research is that mandatory standards policy has a negative link to Indonesian imports. Another crucial outcome is that though the mutual recognition agreement of the conformity assessment results has a positive correlation to Indonesian imports, it is not statistically significant. It can be recommended that the enforcement of compulsory SNI needs to be upward in the future in order to carry out the mandate of the law for consumers protection from an abundance of low-quality imported goods. Another recommendation is that the government could make optimal use of the MRA to be able to promote exports of Indonesia's main commodities to the global market.</p>

Research on the path of promoting AEO international Mutual Recognition

The "AEO" is a partnership programme that many Customs administrations are pursing as a means to both ensure and facilitate global trade supply chain. Under the initiative of WCO, customs around the world actively carry out "AEO" Mutual Recognition (MR). China actively responds to and extensively carries out mutual recognition. Based on comprehensive information of credit development of enterprises in recent years and the MRAs which have implemented at home and abroad, this paper analyzes the influential factors that hamper the promotion of "AEO" international mutual recognition of China, and puts forward the specific promotion of "AEO" in terms of Big Data-ization and cloud sharing of customs information of AEO enterprises, "AEO" enterprise credit management and professional personnel training, and International Mutual Recognition after the extraordinary period.

Teaching Reform of Software Process and Project Management

Engineering education professional certification is an internationally accepted engineering education quality assurance system and an important basis for realizing international mutual recognition of engineering education and engineer qualification. The purpose is to ensure that engineering graduates have the comprehensive ability to adapt to social engineering work. The evaluation is oriented by training objectives and graduation requirements. There are seven aspects of engineering education professional certification, of which the most core is students. The ultimate goal is to meet the graduation requirements, and the specific guarantee is the training goal. Passing the engineering education certification has become an important work of undergraduate education and training. Based on engineering certification and under the guidance of the goal of software engineering major of Software College of Beijing University of technology, this paper compares the syllabus of software process and project management in 2015 and 2020. This paper makes a detailed comparative analysis from the aspects of teaching objectives, teaching contents, teaching methods and assessment methods. The comparison results show that the revision of the curriculum according to the engineering certification has brought more positive changes. It is hoped that the results of the reform can provide some inspiration to relevant teaching personnel.

Evaluation of the results of regional metrology organisation comparisons and national inter-laboratory comparisons for electrical quantities

The global metrological traceability fully depends on the implementation of international mutual recognition agreements in field of metrology. The linked results of international comparisons of national standards for alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) voltage transfer difference measurements and electrical power measurements, and national inter-laboratory comparison AC/DC voltage transfer difference and electrical power measurements at industrial frequency was presented. The main goal of this inter-laboratory comparison was the assessment of calibration laboratories capabilities that perform calibration in AC/DC voltage transfer difference and electrical power measurements. The consistency of the data obtained using the En numbers and Chi² test was estimated.

International comparison APMP. QM-S6: determination of clenbuterol in porcine meat by isotopic dilution mass spectrometry

A method was developed for the determination of clenbuterol in porcine meat by iso- topic dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). National Institute of Metrology of China (NIM) par- ticipated in the international comparison activity organized by Asia Pacific Metrology (APMP) and got an international mutual recognition result using this method. The important factors of the method, such as the spray voltage, mobile phase, chromatographic column, extraction, purification and filtration conditions were investigated to acquire optimum conditions. The opti- mization results showed that the composition and pH value of the mobile phase had effects on the response of the mass spectrum of clenbuterol and the optimal value of the spray voltage. The solvent of sample had influences on the chromatographic retention behavior of clenbuterol. It was found that methanol caused a serious solvent effect, even made chromatographic peak split. Since clenbuterol was easily adsorbed on hydrophilic filter membranes and solid phase extraction columns, there were interference suppressions for the quantification of clenbuterol because of the eluate of the solid phase extraction columns. The homogenate method with extraction solvent of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile had the highest extraction efficiency. The limit of the detection (LOD, S/N > 3) of the method was 0.2 μg/kg. The determination results of clenbuterol in the porcine meat by this method were 5.18 μg/kg ± 0.50 μg/kg (k = 2). This method is accurate, reliable, reproducible, and suitable for the determination of clenbuterol with trace quantity in porcine meat.

Improvement of reliability in pressure measurements and international mutual recognition

Reliable pressure measurements provide the basis for all activities in society and industry, and every country shows considerable interest in them in international trade. Recently, characteristics of industrial digital pressure gauges and the short- and long-term stabilities as well as the stability under environmental change and during transportation have been improved remarkably. AIST focused its attention on the technological advancement, and, after evaluating the characteristics of digital pressure gauges in detail, incorporated them to some phases in the metrology system, which are the upgrading of national pressure standards, the international comparisons of the standards and the domestic traceability system. Consequently, the reliability of pressure measurements in industrial fields has been secured through an efficient process, and the international mutual recognition has been promoted by carrying out many international comparisons.

The Role and Prospects of the Professional Engineers in Japan

The Professional Engineer in Japan is qualified by passing two step examinations. A person who has passed first-step PE Examination is called as Engineer in Training. IPEJ helps and provides the opportunity for Engineers in Training to acquire the necessary skill to become a PE. Every PE shall have sufficient knowledge of the professional ethics and shall continue professional development as one of obligations so as to improve the competence of the PE, and IPEJ provide the various opportunities. Two kinds of international mutual recognition schemes for engineers′ qualification have been agreed and effective for enabling competent engineers to work freely across national borders. Young engineers are expected to train and improve the technical capability and challenge to become PE.

Improvement of reliability in pressure measurements and international mutual recognition

Improvement of reliability in pressure measurements and international mutual recognition

Capital Market Openness After Financial Turmoil

After a brief period during the financial crisis when countries appeared to be lurching towards economic nationalism, the international community has reaffirmed its commitment to open markets that are regulated in balanced ways that promote innovation while discouraging abuse. Hence, it remains important to look closely at market-opening regulatory strategies. Before the crisis a lot of momentum had built up behind flagship market-opening projects in financial reporting and international mutual recognition. This article looks at those projects through a post-crisis lens and finds that much has changed. Considerations that have led US authorities to step back from ambitious proposals are reviewed, as are efforts by European Community bodies to maintain momentum.International standard setting and bilateral regulatory dialogues are the two key routes that lead to international regulatory convergence towards a consistent set of rules. Post crisis, global solutions worked out by international standard-setting bodies have assumed particular prominence but the review in this article indicates that bilateral exchanges still have an important role to play and that the two routes complement each other rather than being entirely separate parallel tracks.

Smart card security evaluation: Community solutions to intractable problems

Evaluation of smart card security faced seemingly intractable problems of consistency and repeatability in its early days. The deeply specialised technologies, large parameter spaces for attacks, and the evolving attack types and countermeasures mean that the scope for variation in evaluation practice, and hence in evaluation conclusions, is potentially huge. The situation is further complicated by the fact that countermeasures against some types of attacks depend on both hardware and software, but there is also a need to evaluate hardware without specific software present at the time of evaluation. Stakeholders in the smart card world have formed a Community that has successfully created and applied interpretation of Common Criteria (ISO 15408) to deal with this problem and to achieve international mutual recognition of evaluation results. This paper discusses examples of the smart card security problem in order to illustrate some of the difficulties, and describes some of the interpretation that has been defined for rating the difficulty of an attack via calculation of an attack potential. It also considers the nature of the Community that has enabled the interpretation to be both defined and put into practice successfully.

The establishment of a quality evaluation system of reference materials

Reference materials have been applied widely to ensure the traceability, comparability and reliability of measurement results. To achieve this purpose, the quality of reference materials (RMs) themselves is surely an important aspect to be pay attention to. A quality evaluation system of RMs has been established through the project “The National Sharing Platform of Reference Materials” in China to give a reliable assessment on the quality of RMs from various sources including the accuracy and comparability of their property values, which is very useful to promote the appropriate selecting and using of RMs in China. Through the application of National Metrology Institute calibration and measurement capabilities on the basis of the international mutual recognition arrangement, it can also provide a powerful supplement to the current activities such as the accreditation of RM producers in the construction of a global harmonized quality control and assurance system of RMs.

Certification of reference materials and accreditation of reference material producers: Questionable terminology leads to confusion

In the view of the Deutscher Kalibrierdienst (DKD) , a certifying body for reference materials can be considered to be a calibration laboratory. Therefore, accreditation of calibration laboratories in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025 is the most appropriate way to establish confidence in certificates for reference materials. If necessary, the criteria of ISO/IEC 17025 can be tailored to specific cases. There is no need to provide any new kind of reference-material specific accreditation. However, in view of the variety of reference materials and the practice existing in other countries, accreditation of testing laboratories and product certification bodies may optionally be acceptable as long as the same stringent principles with respect to traceability and measurement uncertainty are applied. Such accreditations but not accreditations of reference material producers (ISO Guide 34) are also covered by existing international mutual recognition arrangements (MRA).

The ILAC Arrangement - Part I

As of August 2001, 38 laboratory accreditation bodies of the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) have signed the multi-lateral, mutual recognition arrangement (the ”ILAC Arrangement”) to promote the acceptance of accredited test and calibration data. This Arrangement provides significant technical underpinning to international trade. Until now, there has been no international mutual recognition agreement in laboratory accreditation, which has been a hindrance for some types of international trade. The key to the Arrangement is the developing global network of accredited testing and calibration laboratories that are assessed and recognised as being competent by ILAC Arrangement signatory accreditation bodies. The signatories have, in turn, been peer-reviewed and shown to meet ILAC’s criteria for competence. Now that the ILAC Arrangement is in place, governments can take advantage of it to further develop or enhance trade agreements. The ultimate aim is increased use and acceptance by industry, as well as government, of the results from accredited laboratories, including results from laboratories in other countries. In this way, the free-trade goal of ”a product tested once and accepted everywhere” can be realised.

Framework of International Mutual Recognition for Measurement Standards

Framework of International Mutual Recognition for Measurement Standards