International Migration Processes Research Articles

Features of the Regulation of Labor Migration in Uzbekistan

Almost all countries of the world are involved in the migration process, and Uzbekistan is no exception. While our country is involved in the international migration process, including labor migration, one of the main factors is the large number of young workers and the underdeveloped domestic labor market. Therefore, our citizens are working abroad in the world labor market.

International Migration as a Factor of Economic Development of Central, Eastern and Southern Europe

This paper provides the analysis and assessment of the impact of international migration on the economies of Central, Eastern and Southern Europe, which are EU Member States, as well as Ukraine due to the geographical proximity and historical similarity with the CEE countries. To achieve this goal, modeling using panel data was chosen, which well approximates the presented data and can be used for further forecasting. The research has found that the GDP per capita of Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovenia, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Portugal depends on the inward and outward migrant remittance flows, the level of average annual wages and labor productivity. Foreign-born employment rate in these countries on average is not very high, and therefore is not a determinant of the economic situation of the studied countries. Ukraine's integration into international migration processes has increased significantly in recent decade, so a separate linear regression model has been created for Ukraine using the OLS method, based on which Ukraine's GDP per capita depends on migrant remittances inflows and outflows along with unemployment. The study also analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the selected economies and existing risks in the context of international migration. Spain, where the unemployment rate among foreigners rose to 15.3%, suffered the most from the coronavirus crisis. In addition, the countries of Central and Southern Europe depend on migrant workers, who are involved in such important sectors as health and services.

The latest ‘southern protection system’ and the revived ‘fortress of Europe’ topos in Hungary

Abstract As a response to the processes of international migration in the Balkans, the Hungarian government in 2015 constructed a technical border defence system on the southern border of Hungary, also assigning manpower to guard the border. As a response to migration, this is not unique in Europe if we also consider previous and subsequent events. Although this topic has already been addressed by several authors from different perspectives, this paper is the first to analyse in detail the construction and characteristics of the technical border defence system, and the structure and operation of the assigned police and military forces. The paper also examines how government policy related to the protection of the southern border and the fence revived the ‘Hungary, the fortress/bastion of (Christian) Europe’ concept, and also how the Hungarian government communicated this in order to achieve its political objectives.

ОПЫТ БРАЧНОЙ МИГРАЦИИ В ЮЖНУЮ КОРЕЮ В НАЧАЛЕ ХХI ВЕКА (ТЕОРИЯ ОБМЕНА РУССКОЯЗЫЧНЫХ ЖЕНЩИН СНГ)

In the article the author actualizes the problem of female marriage migration to South Korea at the beginning of new millennium. The author proves the interconnection of demographic and socio-cultural characteristics and the level of satisfaction with marriage of migrant women. The paper is based on the statistical data analysis in South Korea from 2000 to 2017 and respondents interviews. The territorial boundaries of the sample of respondents covered Seoul, Busan, Ansan and small satellite cities around Seoul.The paper studies the specifics of the process of international marriage migration of CIS citizens, the socio-demographic analysis of marriage. On the basis of statistical information, as well as in-depth interviews of CIS women who were married to Korean citizens, the features of interethnic marriages, the difficulties of adaptation of Russian-speaking migrants in marriage in South Korea, as well as the level of satisfaction in marriage were found. The actuality to study the behaviour of the CIS citizens in the marriage market of South Korea is urged to reduce the risks of its inefficiency and to determine the direction of further policy of government and public organizations.

On the issue of forming a unified system of assessment and logistics schemes for the management of solid municipal waste, depending on the type of urban agglomeration development

At the moment all over the world there is an acute problem of solid municipal waste (MSW) management. A significant number of studies in recent years devoted to this topic are reduced to predicting the volume of waste generated in urban agglomerations with the subsequent construction of logistics schemes. However, the authors of these studies consider the total amount of waste generated per capita within the municipalities with the subsequent extrapolation of the obtained analytical or statistical data in order to make predictive estimates, for which, in these studies, the corresponding mathematical relationships are given. The study of the influence of the development processes of the territory, together with the assessment of the formation of MSW from various groups of objects within the urban agglomeration and the subsequent planning of the development of this agglomeration, as well as the model for the formation of logistic schemes, are not fully presented. The dependencies proposed for the assessment by various researchers are not always adaptive, since in most cases, the authors of the studies are not interested in the criteria affecting waste generation, but in the very fact of the possibility of predicting the construction of logistics schemes for waste management. Therefore, this paper analyzes the volume of MSW education in educational institutions, using the example of the city of Moscow (Russian Federation) in various construction options. The authors take into account: the degree of population of the study area, and integrally, in the volume of MSW formation - the processes of internal interdistrict migration; food system built in an educational institution, waste generated by the staff of these institutions. As a result, the authors concluded that already at the planning stage of the development of an urban agglomeration, from the standpoint of waste generation from accompanying social facilities, preference should be given to more concise construction schemes (for example, “infill” construction), while for uniform loading of processing (recycling) facilities should be allocated to the modes of operation of preschool educational institutions and schools in time.

Analyzing Ethnocentric Immigration through the Case of Hungary – Demographic Effects of Immigration from Neighboring Countries to Hungary

Specific ethnocentric international migration processes can be observed in Hungary: a significant proportion of immigrants are of Hungarian ethnic background and come from neighboring countries. Similar processes can be observed between other kin-states and co-ethnic communities of Central and Eastern Europe, but this type of migration has not been studied intensively yet. The focus of the research is on the effects of this immigration on Hungarian society and the economy. Population projections were also carried out according to two research questions: “what would have happened if the immigrants had not arrived according to the processes that were experienced?” and “what will happen if the immigration process changes?” The research is based on the 2011 census data sets; the target group is the population born in neighboring countries that moved to Hungary after 1985. Results show that the ethnic Hungarian immigrant population has been a crucial human resource in Hungary. Without these immigrants, Hungary's demographic trends would also be less favorable. Moreover, in contrast to the situation typical of European immigrants, the socio-economic situation of the former is more favorable than of the host society. Potential decline of this immigration population could indeed be challenging.

Влияние пандемии COVID-19 на трудовую миграцию сельского населения Калмыкии

Introduction. The issue examined in the article is topical enough since it arises from the need to analyze actual impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on internal labor migration processes among the population. The COVID-19 crisis has affected most sectors of the economy. The introduction of quarantine measures and non-working days led to a number of problems for labor migrants: loss of work, reduction in wages, change of employment, loss of a certain status, and other consequences. Goals. The article aims to assess the impact of the current situation in the labor market to have resulted from the introduction of national quarantine and self-isolation regime on interregional and intraregional migration trends. The article discusses two aspects of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor migration in the republic, such as return migrations from Moscow and other regions to Kalmykia, and the migration of medical doctors and healthcare workers both within the republic and beyond. Materials and Methods. The paper introduces results of in-depth interviews with labor migrants who returned to Kalmykia during the period of restrictive measures, as well as with MDs and nursing staff who left for work in the ‘red zone’ outside their rural settlements and outside the republic. Results. The analysis of the impact entailed by the COVID-19 pandemic shows that migration is a dynamic process sensitive to any social change. Migration flows are characterized by a high level of renewability which is confirmed by both statistical data and the results of interviews: after some weakening of the restrictive measures the respondents returned to their jobs in other regions. However, such renewability of migration flows shows, in our opinion, the complexity of social and economic processes taking place in rural areas. The migration of MDs and medical personnel also attests to that — if it is possible to receive more material remuneration — qualified personnel are ready to leave not only their native villages but also the republic.

The mobilities and immobilities of rural gentrification: Staying put or moving on?

AbstractThis paper analyses census data for England and Wales to explore the ties between processes of rural gentrification and recent internal migration. Internal migrants are defined as individuals who moved subnationally to their current address in the previous 12 months, as indicated by the replies to the 2001 and 2011 census question about usual address 1 year ago. Our analysis reveals declining rural in‐migration rates between 2001 and 2011, in parallel with other recent studies of internal migration. At the same time, uneven geographies of rural in‐migration are identified. In rural places with declining in‐migration rates, we emphasise the immobilities of settled gentrifiers that are caused by predilections to ‘stay put’ within prized, rural places for age‐related personal/emotional, social/support and economic reasons. This is limiting the supply pipeline of housing for latent in‐migrants and slowing flows of migration per se in saturated rural housing markets. By contrast, rural places with increasing in‐migration rates may signify new frontiers of gentrification, providing channels of entry for recent migrants that are not able to buy into exclusive high‐cost gentrified markets. Our novel argument is that despite gentrification being inherently a process of migration, when viewed in a broader temporal perspective, mature and exclusive forms of gentrification can also stifle migration and be the catalyst for immobilities.

Accounting for internal migration in spatial population projections—a gravity-based modeling approach using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

Gridded population projections constitute an essential input for climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability (IAV) assessments as they allow for exploring how future changes in the spatial distribution of population drive climate change impacts. We develop such spatial population projections, using a gravity-based modeling approach that accounts for rural-urban and inland-coastal migration as well as for spatial development patterns (i.e. urban sprawl). We calibrate the model (called CONCLUDE) to the socioeconomically diverse Mediterranean region, additionally considering differences in socioeconomic development in two geographical regions: the northern Mediterranean and the southern and eastern Mediterranean. We produce high-resolution population projections (approximately 1 km) for 2020–2100 that are consistent with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), both in terms of qualitative narrative assumptions as well as national-level projections. We find that future spatial population patterns differ considerably under all SSPs, with four to eight times higher urban population densities and three to 16 times higher coastal populations in southern and eastern Mediterranean countries compared to northern Mediterranean countries in 2100. In the South and East, the highest urban density (8000 people km−2) and coastal population (107 million) are projected under SSP3, while in the North, the highest urban density (1500 people km−2) is projected under SSP1 and the highest coastal population (15.2 million) under SSP5. As these projections account for internal migration processes and spatial development patterns, they can provide new insights in a wide range of IAV assessments. Furthermore, CONCLUDE can be extended to other continental or global scales due to its modest data requirements based on freely available global datasets.

RUSSIAN PEASANTRY IN THE MULTI-ETHNIC SPACE OF THE «UDMURT UYEZDS» OF THE KAMA-VYATKA REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY (migration and demographic processes, inter-ethnic relations)

The article deals with the issues of the settlement of the Russian peasantry, demographic processes, certain aspects of interaction and mutual influence of ethnic groups’ cultures in the multi-ethnic space of the «Udmurt uyezds» of the Kama-Vyatka region in the post-reform period. The Russian peasantry settled on the designated territory for a long period and with varying degrees of intensity. The pacemaker process before the Great Reforms of Alexander II was migration from various Russian regions. In the second half of the XIX century, the priority direction was the process of internal migration. The Russians are becoming a numerically predominant ethnic group in the «Udmurt uyezds». In Glazovsky Uyezd, the increase in the number of Russian peasants was associated with the formation of settlements around mining and metallurgical enterprises. As a result, their population became mono-ethnic. In Sarapul uyezd, the main part of the settlements was formed in the second half of the XVIII – early XIX centuries. In the second half of the XIX century, there was a change in the ethnic composition of individual villages. The Russian newly-arrived peasantry more often settled in the already existing Udmurt small settlements and villages. There are cases of Russian peasants ousting representatives of other ethnic groups from the territories they inhabited. Similar trends can be traced in Malmyzh district. Based on the actual material of this uyezd, the reasons for the contradictions that arise between different ethnic groups are viewed. Most often, they occurred in the field of farming, which is characterized by technological techniques, established community traditions and ethno-confessional commitments. In Yelabuga uyezd, in contrast to Malmyzh uyezd, the process of cultures’ mutual influence developed widely. A joint good-neighborly settlement of the Russian, Udmurt, and Mari peasantry brought fruitful results in the exchange of agricultural experience and technological techniques in craftsman enterprises. Moreover, heterogeneous marriages often occurred here, which intensified interaction of ethnic traditions. Cases of indigenous population displacement by migrants were rather an exception. The dynamics of interethnic relations development in uyezds had its own peculiarities, however in the Kama-Vyatka region in the post-reform period, it can be described as moderately good-neighborly. Peasants of various ethnic groups exchanged economic and cultural experience.

International students in Russian universities: mass media role in attitude peculiarities formation to them and problems of adaptation

Nowadays, one of the educational strategies is to strengthen international cooperation and attract international students to study in Russian universities. Migration issues currently remain relevant, and of a sensitive debatable nature, and for newsmakers, they are attractive. The study aims to investigate and analyze the presence of a stereotypical image of a migrant student, its content, nature, and orientation in the mass media. As a research method, a questionnaire survey was used to effectively investigate an international student's image studying at a Russian university with residents created by the mass media. The article examines the prevalence and features of stereotypes’ transmission about migrant students, the features of the formation of a migrant’s image in the media, identify the main problems of adaptation, difficulties faced by migrant students. The study's novelty and originality lie in the fact that the importance of the media environment for the management of international students' migration processes is determined for the first time. It is revealed that the most challenging issues for migrant students are: issues related to everyday life, employment, language acquisition, cultural customs, and unusual climatic conditions for them. It is revealed that information about migrant students in the media is not so standard. It is shown that there is more damaging information about migrants on the central channels than on the regional channels. The data obtained in this work can be used in ethnic psychology, social psychology, pedagogy, and age psychology.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ОЦЕНКИ ВЛИЯНИЯ ЭКОЛОГО-КЛИМАТИЧЕСКОГО ФАКТОРА НА ЭТНИЧЕСКИЕ КОНФЛИКТЫ

The deterioration of the environmental conditions of human life, climate change and forced (climate) migration have become part of the most crucial global challenges over the past few decades. This article is devoted to the analysis of contemporary scientific studies of the impact of weakening environmental capacity and climatic changes on ethnic conflicts and their specific features in the world regions. Present paper provides research outlook on the base of comparative studies and country cases overview that define the influence of an unfavorable environment and climate hazards on the intergroup conflicts and ethnic violence. The research overview also focuses on the relationship between the development on research area itself with the contemporary public and political agenda of ecology and climate change. The main focus of attention is directed to the chain of relationships between the environmental changes and forced (climate) migration in relation to the processes of urbanization and internal migration within agricultural regions. Such studies overview geography of the environmental risks and identify countries of East and West Africa, as well as South Asia, as the most exposed to given climate risks. The number of studies on the countries of East and West Africa give the most evident perspective on the link between forced environment-driven migration and conflict. On the one hand, destabilization of inter-ethnic relations and the emergence of inter-ethnic violence are driven by the regional processes of urbanization that form the cities with "double fragility" with undeveloped infrastructure, economic and status inequality of ethnic groups and communities and weakened by the push-pull model of forced (climate) migration. On another — studies of forced agricultural migration in rural areas show the mechanisms of ethno-cultural differences, different status positions and in-group favoritism of the regional authorities as the conditions of ethnic grievance and violence. As a result, it is hard to underestimate the importance of justice as a condition and principle for robust strategies for adaptation to environmental changes and building of inter-ethnic trust.

New Mobility Paradigm and Indigenous Construction of Places: Physical and Symbolic Mobility of Aymara Groups in the Urbanization Process, Chile

In the current global scenario, in which mobility has been strongly impacted, it is relevant to highlight certain mobility experiences of Indigenous Latin American peoples, in which new cultural and geographical elements justify revisiting this phenomenon. In this context, the mobility of the Aymara ethnic group offers an opportunity for such a second look. Although the subject has been approached from the perspectives of internal migration processes and physical movement, as in other Latin American cases, studies have omitted some important aspects for its analysis, such as the practices, meanings, and political implications associated with mobility. Based on the new mobility paradigm, this article seeks to strengthen the perspective on mobility by researching rural-urban mobility practices and their meaning regarding the experiences of Aymara people who migrated from the rural municipality of Putre to settle in the city of Arica from the 1950s. At the same time, it is shown that these Aymara mobility practices imply spatiotemporal dynamics that are key for the construction of place, and allow for a widening of base elements that should be considered in the new mobility paradigm. This research is based on five years of ethnography, including mobile accompaniment and semi-structured interviews. This methodological approach has allowed researchers to explore how elements related to physical and symbolic mobility have constantly constructed relational spaces within the Arica and Parinacota region over time. This shows that mobility does not only refer to physical movement, but to politics, emotions, culture, and memory as well. From these results, the article examines and discusses key elements related to physical and symbolic mobility, and their implications in political and intercultural terms.

Features of Great Britain's participation in international migration processes: European comparative studies

Features of Great Britain's participation in international migration processes: European comparative studies

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the regional structure of international migration flows

Introduction. International migration is a global process that has affected the populations of all countries and continents. Today, there is a new additional barrier for the world economy and for migrants – the COVID-19 pandemic, which has dramatically affected all forms of human mobility. The pandemic is the crisis of today and is the main problem of international migrants in combination with its consequences: threat to human life, global economic decline, declining migration flows, the crisis of medicine; and governments face additional challenges: finding solutions to compensate economic recession. In addition, international migration processes during the COVID-19 crisis are characterized by the following features: weak demand for labor, declining employment; strict travel restrictions; declining income. In addition to migrant-workers, other categories of international migrants, such as refugees and asylum seekers face problems. Wars, cataclysms, natural disasters and other catastrophes happen, but due to the pandemic, the recipient countries have stopped accepting migrants. This situation creates an economic threat to both migrant donor countries and migrant recipient countries and changes the regional structure of migration flows. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of fundamental provisions of crisis theory, international migration theory, the world systems theory of migration, as well as modern concepts of post pandemic development. The solution of the set tasks was carried out by using a set of general scientific research methods: analysis of scientific literature, method of analogy and comparison, theoretical synthesis, classification, methodological generalization, economic and statistical analysis: correlation-regression analysis and the corresponding regression model, cluster analysis; expert assessments and scientific abstraction.The purpose of research – is to analyze the COVID-19 impact assessment on the recipients of international migration flows and define the impact of the pandemic on the regional structure of international migration flows.Results. The research proved that the consequence of the pandemic is a large-scale and radical blow to the global economy. In research defined the Corona Crisis concept in the theory of world crises. In research discover the COVID-19 impact assessment on the recipients of international migration flows. The research result suggests that the volume of international migration flows has a significant impact on the economy of the host country, but other factors influencing the change in GDP should be taken into account, that is fully explained by preventive measures against the COVID-19 pandemic and recipient country. In research defined the impact of the pandemic on the regional structure of international migration flows. Cluster analysis of the world regions classification by the volume of international migrants and the trend of their growth during the pandemic showed such results: clusters are distinguished by common features – the number of international migrants in the region in 2020 and trends of growth/decline of their volumes, which occurred during 2019-2020.Prospects. The results of the research discover the COVID-19 impact assessment on the recipients of international migration flows and define the impact of the pandemic on the regional structure of international migration flows. The prospect of further research is to apply the impact of the pandemic on the regional structure of international migration flows for the development of domestic migration policy.

Main indicators of population migration in the Russian Federation and their dynamics

The dynamics of internal and international migration processes in the Russian Federation in 2015–2019 is studied. The results of a comparative statistical study carried out for three process indicators and 120 factors are presented. The indicators for 2020 are not included in the comparative analysis, as they are not typical for Russia and are caused by the pandemic.

ГЕНЕЗИС НОВІТНІХ ВИКЛИКІВ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

The article examines the latest challenges in the global labour market and considers their impact on international migration processes, proposes a vector for solving these challenges. The current challenges in the world labour market such as digitalization, globalization and regionalization, neoprotectionism, urbanization, climate change, population aging, the tendency to reduce working hours due to new technologies, robotics, special attention is paid to the latest problems, including quarantine restrictions, provoked by COVID-19 pandemic. The above trends lead to the fact that the most profitable investments at the moment (and probably in the future) are investments in the human capital. This article is a part of a study of the impact of international labour migration on the new geoeconomic area formation.

THE REGULATORY SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION

In the context of globalization, all world economies unite, interact and develop in a single system of production. However, the world economy largely depends on the formation and development of the world labor market. Thus, migration is one of the main mechanisms and factors affecting individual countries and the world economy as a whole. With the intensification of globalization processes, the demand for staff of different levels of qualification in the labor market is met by the supply of workers, regardless of the country in which they live. This phenomenon leads to international labor migration. Despite the fact that the migration of highly qualified personnel leads to intellectual decline and lack of educated population in the country from which workers migrate. Instead, the uncontrolled migration of low-skilled personnel in the host country can lead to a sharp rise in unemployment among the local population, criminal offenses, social discontent of citizens, which will negatively affect the authority of the state in the world. Therefore, the study of the system of regulation of migration processes and the introduction of ways to improve it will help harmonize the socio-economic situation in the world and make migration more profitable and safe for countries and its citizens. The article reflects the main modern trends in international migration processes: the directions of external labor migration, the scale of the departure of labor migrants to different countries, determined the reasons for such tendencies. In the course of the research, the methods by which these processes are regulated to improve the economies of countries and the safety of labor migrants are considered. The article also describes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mobility of Ukrainian citizens and methods of overcoming the consequences of this impact. The activities described in the article related to migration and population mobility will mitigate the long-term impact of the pandemic, help strengthen the protection of Ukrainian citizens abroad, as well as expand the opportunities for their socio-economic integration into local communities.

FEATURES OF ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESSES OF FORCED MIGRATION ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONS

Forced migration processes, which started in Ukraine with the collapse of the Soviet Union, have taken new forms and reached their peak with the aggression of the Russian Federation in 2014. Since then, the problem of determining the impact of these processes on the development and security of the country's regions has been particularly relevant. In this regard, the article considers existing methods and international experience of a quantitative assessment of the impact of migration phenomena on the socio-economic development of regions. In addition, the author pays special attention to the identification and justification of the features inherent in internal migration processes, which directly impose restrictions on the quantitative assessment of the impact of these phenomena on the socio-economic development of regions and the obstacles researchers face in this field. Several critical features are determining the requirements for the choice of quantitative methods for assessing the impact of migration processes on regional socio-economic development, i.e., the complexity of establishing a direct relationship resulting from displacement is completely separated from the general societal changes; the impact of displacement will vary depending on several key factors; a high level of subjective judgements and estimations; the research results are sensitive to the level of initial data aggregation, their homogeneity and comparability; the lack of statistical information must be taken into account. A retrospective analysis of existing domestic and foreign approaches to overcome these problems has been carried out. Moreover, their advantages and disadvantages are pointed out. Based on the obtained results, it has been proved that the linear paradigm, which is superior to the classical economic and mathematical methods, is not always applicable. At the same time, the possibility of using modern non-linear approaches such as the theory of open systems, the theory of chaos has been proposed and justified. Furthermore, relevant conclusions have been made, and prospects for further research have been outlined.

Международная миграция и рынки труда в пандемию COVID-19

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, international migration was a global process with multilateral population movements between states. Migration provided countries with significant opportunities for development, providing an influx of intellectual capital, labor, and financial resources. For example, in some developing countries, remittances from migrant workers have been comparable to, and in recent years even exceeded, FDI and aid. According to the UN in 2020, every seventh inhabitant of the Earth was a migrant. In fact, migration has become a global factor in the development of societies and economies. The COVID-19 pandemic has made significant adjustments to international migration, and has also significantly transformed both international and national labor markets. In relation to the international labor market, the pandemic can be seen as a negative externality, and the result of its negative impact was the failure of the economy in general and the labor market in particular. The failure of the labor market was expressed in the instability of supply and demand, which led to a change in working conditions and employment, an increase in structural imbalances in terms of compensation for work and the distribution of labor resources across sectors of the economy, as well as a decrease in the importance of professional forms of organization of the workforce. With regard to the processes of international migration, one can state the formation of the phenomenon of the “post-COVID syndrome”, which refers to the restoration of the scale of migration flows after a pandemic, accompanied by a transformation of the factors and structure of migration. Due to the high importance of migration flows for national economies and the world economy, these changes will be able to significantly transform the international and national labor markets, in which migrants occupied significant niches. In this regard, the issue of monitoring and improving the mechanisms for managing migration in crisis and post-COVID conditions at the international and national levels is being updated.