International Migration Processes Research Articles

Labor Mobility Networks and Green Total Factor Productivity

Population migration continues to reshape the spatial pattern of China’s population and regional economic development. During this internal migration process, production and consumption patterns often change, ultimately leading to changes in green total factor productivity. This paper, based on the Chinese population census data and 1% sampling survey data from 2005 to 2015, utilizes social network analysis methods to measure the labor mobility network indicators of 284 prefecture-level cities. Further, this paper analyzes the impact and mechanisms of regional network status on green total factor productivity using a panel fixed effects model. We find that as network density increases, the interpersonal connections between regions become closer, and the network exhibits a clear pattern of “concentrated inflows” and “dispersed outflows”, with the trend of forming strong alliances becoming increasingly apparent. Regions positioned centrally either in terms of network in-degree or out-degree exhibit higher green total factor productivity. Among these, the labor mobility network plays a crucial role in enhancing green total factor productivity through the channel of technology diffusion effects, which improve investment efficiency via knowledge exchange and material capital accumulation. The promotive effect of labor network status on green total factor productivity is more pronounced in the eastern regions, where talent quality is higher, and in areas with fewer restrictions from the household registration system.

RESEARCH OF STUDENTS' ORIENTATIONS REGARDING INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

The purpose of the article is to identify and compare the essential characteristics of migration attitudes among Ukrainian and Polish students, and to outline trends in their development in the future. Methodology. The subjects of the research are students of various courses and specialties of the Lviv National Environmental University and the University of Life Sciences in Lublin (Poland). To collect empirical information, an online survey was conducted in October 2023, with 187 Ukrainian and 187 Polish students (n=374) participating. The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions, the results of which will be analysed in this study. The survey results showed that students of both higher education institutions have a rather positive attitude towards international migration processes, both women and men. Possible manifestations of student mobility can be seen as a fact that characterises the social role of modern students. Practical implications. The work is a study of young people's attitudes to migration, i.e., it is prospective, not retrospective. Such research can be extremely useful for the development of an effective socio-economic policy of the country. Since the research results reflect the moods of young people, they cannot claim to be highly predictive. However, a vision of what might happen if people's hypothetical aspirations were to become reality can be a powerful argument for politicians and statesmen in developing migration-related policies, both now and in the future. Value/Originality. Survey data from different age groups of students at two universities allow for a better understanding of their attitudes towards migration, immigration, and mobility and a comparison of these indicators in a peaceful country and in times of war. Possible manifestations of student mobility should be seen as a fact that characterises the social role of modern students. The problem, however, is that there are currently no effective mechanisms for managing these processes. There are also no mechanisms capable of ensuring the systemic effectiveness of communication links between different actors at the intercultural level, with the possibility of meeting their socio-cultural, professional and material needs in the process of socialisation of modern youth, as well as for the adequate reproduction of the intellectual potential of society as a whole. However, student emigration cannot be viewed exclusively from a negative perspective, as a "brain drain", although it is obvious that if students who study and work abroad do not return, the country loses part of its intellectual potential (Adamic, Dyachuk, 2023; Tokar, 2022). If to consider the return and emigration not as a purely territorial movement of students, but as a movement of intellectual resources, one can identify a positive trend: significant intellectual potential in the form of ideas, technologies and professional knowledge is returning to the country.

Industrial Fragmentation, Migration and Live-in Factories in Ahmedabad

This article interrogates live-in factory labour as a distinct feature of informalised industrial structure, an absence of state regulation and an outcome of kinship-based internal migration processes and labour precariousness. It also demonstrates the fallacy of analysing living arrangements of migrant workers as undifferentiated structural artefacts and highlights the underlying social relational dynamics. It argues that suboptimal wages and terms of employment embedded in highly asymmetrical relations between employer and worker mediated through labour contractors and organised on caste, ethnicity and regional lines dictate the persistence of the system of in-factory living of workers. Such a living arrangement represents a distinct configuration of urban employment that allows firms to have greater control over workers’ lives to extract surplus value and determine their relations with the city. Thus, the article posits that migration, informal workplaces and informal labour relations converge together to create certain hyper-precarious occupational niches reserved for workers from particularly marginalised communities. Apart from debt bondage, a phenomenon which has received significant scholarly attention over the years, on-site accommodation is used by employers to keep vulnerable migrant workers in these niches.

The geography of older adults' migration in China: Spatial patterns and driving forces

AbstractChina is ageing rapidly, and its large‐scale internal migration process continues. These two interwoven processes pose serious, yet understudied, challenges for the country. Based on the 1% national population survey conducted in 2015, this study aimed to examine the scale, spatial patterns and forces driving the migration of older adults (over‐60‐year‐olds) in China. The findings reveal that the scale of older adults' migration in China is notably smaller than that of younger people but follows a similar pattern – in that people generally migrate from the central and western regions to the eastern region and are concentrated in few destinations. Generally, older migrants have better health and socioeconomic conditions than their nonmigrant peers. The driving forces behind older adults' migration include family reunions, employment opportunities and the quality of housing, in which family reunions come first. This study not only fills the knowledge gap regarding the geography of older adults in China but also highlights the significance of ‘family‐led migration’, thus supporting the family ties theory in a transitional country with Confucius culture.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION: FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF COUNTRIES UNDER MILITARY FACTORS

The purpose of the article is to analyze the status of international migration and identify the problems of its economic and legal regulation in the context of ensuring financial and economic cooperation of countries in the conditions of increasing the influence of military factors. The results of the study prove that military factors have a dominant impact on the intensification of international migration processes. It is established that international migration is considered to be a complex, unpredictable socio-economic phenomenon that is gaining a global scale, covers a large number of countries, is difficult to regulate at the economic and legal level and periodically intensifies under the influence of factors and dangers of an economic, social, political and military nature. The authors prove a significant increase in the volume of international migration under the influence of the war of russia against Ukraine, which intensified as a result of the mass movement of the Ukrainian population outside the country in order to save their lives and health. The significant problems regarding the economic and legal regulation of international migration in the context of ensuring financial and economic cooperation of countries in the conditions of the increasing influence of military factors are identified, which are manifested in the inconsistency of international law with the provisions of national legislation of the countries of the world. It is found that the growth of international migration processes stimulates destructive changes in the international labour market, and causes an increase in unemployment and a decrease in employment rates at the national level. In the article proposes to review the existing mechanisms of legal regulation of international migration and protection of the rights of migrants outside Ukraine, and formulate an international strategy for harmonizing migration policies of different countries of the world.

Migration Management in the Western Balkan Region: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Introduction. For centuries, the Western Balkan region has been actively involved in international migration processes, mainly generating flows of migrants to other states. The European migration crisis has led to the region has become one of the main hub of transit migration from Asia and Africa to the European Union states. The European Union – a global center of gravity for migrants implement an active migration management policy in the region. The purpose of the article is to identify the impact of European Union policy towards the Western Balkans on the development of the migration crisis in the region as a whole and in Bosnia and Herzegovina in particular. Materials and Methods. The study is based on statistical materials on migration of international and regional organizations. The analysis of the features of political regulation of migration in the region is carried out on systematic approach and content analysis of numerous declarations and treaties, as well as published scientific research. Results. The study revealed that the externalization and securitization of migration policy carried out by the European Union leads to an aggravation of the crisis in the Western Balkans, which are actually turning into a buffer zone for deterring and filtering migrants. The strengthening of migration and border control in the region has led to the diversification of migration flows; as a result Bosnia and Herzegovina has become one of the main centers of transit migration. Discussion and Conclusion. Bosnia and Herzegovina, following the course of joining the European Union, systematically takes all imposed decisions in the field of migration management. However, these deals lead to an increase in migration pressure on the country that it is not prepared due to its internal political and economic problems. Contradictions between the central and regional authorities of the country in fundamental issues of migration policy reinforce the tendencies towards its disintegration. Data on the scale of migration in the region, its analysis and conclusions on the principles of European Union migration policy will be useful to researchers in the field of migration processes, and can be used by government agencies for developing a Russian strategy for managing immigration processes.

A gender perspective of climate change perceptions and the intention to migrate in Copán

AbstractIn this intervention, we present preliminary results from field work conducted in six municipalities of Honduras as part of a research project that explores climate change perceptions and the intention to migrate, with a gender perspective. The main goal of the research is to understand to which extent the ways in which people perceive the effects of climate change upon their daily life may urge some more than others to actively start the process of international migration. The project is a mixed method study combining questionnaires and focus groups. In this briefing, we concentrate on the analysis of the focus groups to explain the descriptive results of some of the variables.

Cluster analysis of internal migration processes between federal districts of the Russian Federation

In this article, the author investigated migration processes between the federal districts of the Russian Federation for the period from 2012 to 2016 using the method of cluster analysis and presented the result of the analysis. An open data source was used for the study - the website of the Federal State Statistics Service. Socio-economic indicators of the federal districts of the Russian Federation were selected. A set of selected factors was investigated using correlation analysis to remove multicolliner factors. The processed set was then used for cluster analysis. The class analysis was carried out using machine learning methods using the Python programming language in the Jupyter Notebook development environment. The KMeans algorithm (k-means method) was used for the analysis. To understand how many clusters should be indicated, hierarchical clustering was carried out using the Ward method, in which the distances between clusters are an increase in the sum of the squares of the distances of objects to the cluster centers obtained as a result of their union.It was found that the original set is divided into three clusters. These results were used in the work of the KMeans algorithm, which divided the entire data set into three clusters and assigned a label to each row of data. Next, the average value of each socio-economic indicator in each cluster was calculated. Then, using the RandomForestClassifier classification algorithm, the significance of each factor was evaluated. As a result of cluster analysis, a set of features was obtained - socio-economic indicators of the region that affect the inclusion of the district in one or another migration class. Thus, we have obtained a set of controlling factors that can help to adjust migration flows in the Russian Federation. It was also found that there is a third type of regions, in addition to receiving and "donor" regions.

Socio-Economic Risks of Internal Migration Processes and Their Impact on the Socio-Territorial Mobility of the Population of Kazakhstan

Migration, which is a consequence of the uneven socio-economic development, poverty, and environmental problems of various regions, on the one hand, has significant potential and can help improve economic and social conditions, and on the other hand, it becomes a generator of socioeconomic and other risks, influencing the strengthening inequalities. The purpose of the article is to identify the main forms of socio-economic risks of internal migration of the population of Kazakhstan and assess their impact on the socio-territorial stability of the regional society. To assess the socioeconomic factors affecting the dynamics of internal migration population flows, a systematic approach was applied, and methods of component analysis of the regional standard of living, sampling and grouping of quantitative and qualitative indicators were used. The main directions of the impact of socio-economic risks of migration on the socio-territorial mobility of the population are substantiated. The main forms of socio-economic risks of internal migration of the Kazakhstan population are determined. It is substantiated that the closest relationship exists between the level and quality of life systems and the increase in migration flows. The study concluded that migration is a complex process, which is influenced by the changing socio-economic conditions for the economy and society development and affects the standard of living and lifestyle of the population. This necessitates not only the regulation of migration processes in the country but also the development of mechanisms to reduce the socio-economic risks of migration and their impact on life support systems and livelihoods.

Challenges of international migration in Georgia

In the era of globalization, international migration has become massive. International labor and education markets allow people to study and work in a country of their choice. The right to move freely between countries is an essential human rights element. However, if migration processes are illegal, it can turn into a severe problem. Evaluating the political, cultural, and socio-economic consequences of international migration processes, promoting legal migration, developing a migration policy tailored to the country's interests, and creating the legal basis for its implementation are significant priorities of the state policy in any country. The paper identifies the main challenges of international migration in Georgia and discusses the legislation regulating migration processes. The dynamics of international migration, its positive and negative aspects, and the socio-economic problems of emigration and immigration are analyzed based on statistical-quantitative research methods. Opinions are expressed to perfect migration policy and overcome its challenges.

Internal migration and displaced persons in Ukraine: Governing policies and protections by the administrative courts

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that Ukraine is in a state of military conflict, which has caused an increase in the number of internal migrants, as well as the need to update the current legislation to regulate their status in accordance with the new realities of life. The purpose of the study was to study the main provisions of the state policy regarding internal migrants in Ukraine, the basics of legal regulation of the status of this category of population, the determination of the potential and consequences of internal migration for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine, as well as its development trends and reasons for its spread at the current stage, highlighting the features of internal migration on based on the conducted analysis. In accordance with the set goal, the task of the research was to study the general positions on the settlement of disputes in Ukraine on the protection of the rights and freedoms of internal migrants in the aspect of administrative and procedural law. General methods (analysis, synthesis, dogmatic, dialectical) and special methods (formal-logical, legal hermeneutics) were used during the research in order to achieve its goals and objectives. In addition to the methods of scientific knowledge of the theoretical orientation, empirical methods of research (description, comparison) were used. The result of the study was the substantiation of the proposition that the analysis of the general dynamics of the legal regulation of administrative responsibility for violations of migration legislation indicates the existence of two most common trends: the strengthening of punishments for offences in the context of armed aggression against Ukraine, as well as the systematic criminalization of acts, an increase in the number of administrative offences and crimes. The conclusion of the study was the argumentation of the position that internal migration in Ukraine at the current stage has a hybrid nature, caused by a combination of factors of different directions, a combination of military, economic and social factors, which must be taken into account when reforming the policy of public administration in the specified area. The practical significance of the research is that there is currently a military conflict in Ukraine, which causes complex processes of internal migration, and its results are effective for use in developing practical recommendations for updating legislation in the specified area in order to reduce or eliminate the negative consequences that may be caused by internal displacement of the population.

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Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the development of large international companies and migration. An equally important task is to improve the direction of financial and economic cooperation between exporting countries and countries receiving migrants. Theoretical framework: The process of globalization caused by the accelerated development of production and technology is chaotic. At the same time, migration processes can create economic conditions aimed at improving socioeconomic, cultural, and political development in countries. Methodology: The study uses general scientific and special research methods, namely the method of dialectical cognition, the method of induction and deduction, the method of scientific abstraction, the method of system analysis, the index system and evaluation method, the causal method, and the comparative method. Findings: The article proves that the financial and economic interests of countries should be taken into account when cooperating with migration and other international policies. This direction of development is ensured by increasing the efficiency of the management of large international companies and improving the mechanisms of financing international migration processes. At present, the efficiency of management of large international companies is enhanced by creating a trilateral mutually beneficial situation when the immigration process has a positive impact on the country of origin, the country of destination, and the migrant. Practical & Social implications: The positive impact of immigration is that immigrants use their rights in the host country to find work, develop skills and earn money, some of which they can transfer to their country of origin. The advantage of the destination country is that it can attract workers from unpopular countries who find jobs there. Originality: The article proves that the positive effect is ensured by an increase in remittances and is seen as a new source of additional financing for economic development. Through remittances, migrants make a direct contribution to reducing poverty in their country of origin. In addition, the positive impact is also reflected in social communication, which is manifested in the flow of information, ideas, values.

Improving the Efficiency of Management of Large International Companies for the Development of Financial and Economic Cooperation Between Countries, Given Migration

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the development of large international companies and migration. An equally important task is to improve the direction of financial and economic cooperation between exporting countries and countries receiving migrants.
 
 Theoretical framework: The process of globalization caused by the accelerated development of production and technology is chaotic. At the same time, migration processes can create economic conditions aimed at improving socioeconomic, cultural, and political development in countries.
 
 Methodology: The study uses general scientific and special research methods, namely the method of dialectical cognition, the method of induction and deduction, the method of scientific abstraction, the method of system analysis, the index system and evaluation method, the causal method, and the comparative method.
 
 Findings: The article proves that the financial and economic interests of countries should be taken into account when cooperating with migration and other international policies. This direction of development is ensured by increasing the efficiency of the management of large international companies and improving the mechanisms of financing international migration processes. At present, the efficiency of management of large international companies is enhanced by creating a trilateral mutually beneficial situation when the immigration process has a positive impact on the country of origin, the country of destination, and the migrant.
 
 Practical & Social implications: The positive impact of immigration is that immigrants use their rights in the host country to find work, develop skills and earn money, some of which they can transfer to their country of origin. The advantage of the destination country is that it can attract workers from unpopular countries who find jobs there.
 
 Originality: The article proves that the positive effect is ensured by an increase in remittances and is seen as a new source of additional financing for economic development. Through remittances, migrants make a direct contribution to reducing poverty in their country of origin. In addition, the positive impact is also reflected in social communication, which is manifested in the flow of information, ideas, values.

Внутренняя миграция как последствие региональной дифференциации в современной России

The article deals with the contradictory consequences of the processes of globalization and socio-economic modernization in the context of regional differentiation in modern Russia. The authors conclude that these pro-cesses destroy the established socio-economic order and people’s habitual way of life. First of all, it affects the so-called provinces – rural population and residents of small towns. Large metropolitan areas and industrial centers are becoming points of attraction. However, in the strategies for socio-economic and spatial develop-ment, the main directions of the social policy of modern Russia, scientific and practical discourses, small towns invariably remain in the shadow of large urban agglomerations. In this regard, it seems highly relevant to study the causes and consequences of internal migration processes in the country, as they are, in fact, a response to regional socio-economic differentiation. The most active, migration-mobile and statistically significant socio-demographic group is young people. Pilot study of the migration behavior of this age group of the small town population, conducted by the authors, allows to analyze the factors and causes of migration; to actualize the need to implement social state and regional programs that are aimed at reducing the territorial mobility of young people.

ENSURING ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY FOR VIOLATION OF THE LEGISLATION ON CITIZENSHIP OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

In recent years there has been a tendency of growth in migration processes in Uzbekistan. Of course, this situation is directly related to a number of factors. Such factors include social, economic and other similar ones. According to the State Statistics Committee, 758,046 people immigrated to the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2015-2020. At the same time, 870,113 people left the country for permanent residence abroad . These figures confirm that the processes of internal and external migration in the country have intensified. The need to guarantee the rights of migrants, including their rights to citizenship, has increased.

Analysis of the Impact of International Migration on the Financial and Economic Cooperation of Countries

Purpose: The aim is to study the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of the analysis of international migration and identify its impact on the financial and economic cooperation of countries. Theoretical framework: The development of cryptocurrencies by banking institutions operating in the online environment provides for the purchase and sale of cryptocurrencies on stock exchanges, not on crypto exchanges, allowing the use of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment and investment. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological basis of the study is built on general and special methods of economic analysis and scientific cognition, namely: system analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction, comparison, analogy, statistical analysis, functional-systemic approach, graphical and tabular methods, generalization, systematization, grouping, k-means clustering method. Findings: The obtained results of the study allowed us to establish that in today's conditions the processes of international migration have significantly aggravated and have a significant impact on the formation of the basic principles of financial and economic cooperation of countries. The largest migration flows from Ukraine to European countries have been identified, which is due to the intensification of the financial, economic, humanitarian, and socio-political crisis caused by Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. It has been proven that the greatest destructive impact of international migration is experienced by such countries as Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Hungary, where the largest number of refugees and socially vulnerable populations is concentrated. Research, Practical & Social implications: A significant level of financial support to Ukraine from highly developed countries has been established. This is manifested in the provision of significant amounts of credit and grant assistance. It has been suggested to strengthen interstate cooperation between countries in the field of migration to overcome the crisis. Originality/value: proposals have been made to form a set of measures to regulate migration flows and balance the international labor market.

The Influence of Migration Patterns on Regional Demographic Development in Germany

Political decision-making related to future challenges, for example in the fields of medical care, the housing market or education highly depend on valid estimates of the future population size and structure. However, such developments are usually heterogeneous throughout a country making subnational projections necessary. It is well-known that these regional differences are highly influenced by both internal and external migration processes. In this paper, we investigate the consequences of different migration assumptions on regional development in Germany using a spatial dynamic microsimulation. We find that migration assumptions have a strong direct influence on the future population and composition at the regional level and, therefore, require special attention. Depending on the scenario selected, very different socio-demographic trends may emerge in specific districts or even district types. We also demonstrate that migration assumptions affect non-demographic indicators such as the participation rate, albeit to a lesser extent. The findings are relevant to understanding the sensitivity of population projections to migration assumptions both on the national and regional level. This also paves the way to analyze how potential political interventions behave under those assumed future migration processes.

Dynamics and Structure of International Labor Migration: Global Trends

The article is devoted to the analysis of the process of international labor migration, the definition of factors affecting its scale, geographical directions and quality component. It was revealed that negative demographic trends in developed countries (birth rate decline, aging of the population) generate disproportions in their national labor markets, turning migration into the most important and, actually, the only source of labor force replenishment. In Western Europe, workers of foreign origin make up 18.4% of the total workforce, in Australia, Canada, and the United States it is about 20%. The effective functioning of some sectors of the economy in developed countries is already dependent on the labor of migrants. The trend to increase the share of foreign labor in the labor markets of these countries will grow. On the other hand, under the influence of scientific and technological progress, the needs of the labor market are being transformed, the demand for highly skilled and skilled labor is increasing. Through preferential migration regimes, countries are trying to attract foreign specialists, including potential (foreign students), thereby increasing the role of educational migration in the migration flow, its scale is growing, the flows of highly qualified specialists are intensifying, contributing to a change in the qualitative component of labor migration.

Approach to population estimation in Ukraine using mobile operators’ data

Estimating the size and places of residence of the population of Ukraine has been this country’s problem for the past decade, and is related to the lack of census data for the 2010 round, large-scale processes of external and internal labour migration, and Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine that started in 2014. This already disadvantageous situation has been significantly exacerbated by Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine which began on 24th February 2022. Conducting statistical surveys, especially surveys regarding the population, turned out to impossible under war circumstances. Therefore, the task of developing effective approaches to estimating the population size using data from existing sources, in particular the data of mobile operators regarding the number, location and mobility of subscribers, has become even more pressing. The article highlights the results of a study on the use of data from mobile operators, data from administrative registers, and the results of a special population sample survey on the use of mobile communication for the purpose of estimating the population. It also provides the results of experimental calculations of the population size in Ukraine as a whole and in particular regions. The study moreover showed that the size of Ukraine’s population in November 2019, unlike the official estimate of 41,940.7 thousand people, was probably about 37,289.4 thousand people. The developed approaches can be used to estimate the number and location of the population of Ukraine during the intercensal period or significant population movements due to environmental disasters or military conflicts.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНИЙ ДИСКУРС МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ТРУДОВОЇ МІГРАЦІЇ: ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ ВИМІР

The dominant channels of globalization of the labor market, as one of the determining patterns of its modern structural transformation, are, on the one hand, the convergence of individual subsystems of national labor markets and the elimination of legal, national-ethnic, cultural-humanitarian and other barriers between them, and on the other – international labor migration. Due to its economic nature and the driving forces of development, the cross-border movement of labor resources is an extremely complex process capable of exerting a powerful transformational influence on both the scale and structure of national labor markets, as well as the demographic, professional-qualification, educational, gender, and age composition of the population of states and entire regions. It is no accident that issues related to the regulation of international labor migration processes have become an integral component of global economic policy and the adoption of various political decisions regarding interstate cooperation in recent decades. In this regard, the substantiation of the conceptual design of the global theory of labor migration based on the generalization of its theoretical arsenal and taking into account the most constructive elements of existing theories and concepts acquires significant theoretical and methodological importance. And to generalize the theoretical discourse of international labor migration processes, let us emphasize the following: each of the theories and concepts of cross-border labor movement, having its competitive advantages and methodological flaws, performed an important ontological function in the formation of scientific views on its essence, driving forces, vector orientation, organizational-economic and institutional-regulatory formats, as well as the mechanisms of the impact of migration on global employment and the functioning of national labor markets. Their key methodological principles make it possible to adequately understand the key patterns of the development of international labor migration at various stages of global economic development, to forecast their prospective trends, as well as to develop effective migration policies of states and regional groups. Despite the fact that various aspects of the classical concepts of labor migration to some extent lose their relevance in modern conditions, they are still actively used by states and regional groups to solve a wide range of strategic goals and tasks of competitive development.