Access To International Market Research Articles

Partisan Impacts and Determinants for Internationalization of Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Products

<i>Background</i>: The pharmaceutical and related commodities manufacturing industry in Ethiopia is long-lived because the country is well-endowed with basic raw materials and local ownership and to some extent with machinery and technological know-how. The pharmaceutical industry, both globally and in Africa, encounters challenges in internationalizing products. In Ethiopia, challenges like regulatory complexities and limited government support hinder international market access for pharmaceutical products. This aim is to explore the barriers and understand why Ethiopian pharmaceuticals struggle to enter global markets. <i>Method</i>: The study adopted a mixed research approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative methods. It focuses on 15 pharmaceutical industries in Ethiopia, particularly those in Addis Ababa and the Oromia Special Zone, using probability and none probability sampling technique. The total study participants involved in the quantitative and qualitative studies were 373 and 15, respectively. Data collection comprises questionnaires, key informant interviews, and observation checklists, supplemented by secondary data from official and theoretical sources. Ethical considerations underscore obtaining verbal consent and ensuring confidentiality. Analysis entails descriptive statistics and qualitative synthesis, with numerical analysis conducted using STATA 14.1 software. <i>Results</i>: Out of the expected 384 study participants, 373 (97.13%) participated in our study, while the entire group of participants proposed in the qualitative study (15) also participated in this study. Key findings include resource constraints, regulatory issues, and biased perceptions against local products, hindering their global recognition. While strong political commitment and effective policy enforcement at the top government level are crucial, inadequate collaboration across government tiers undermines these efforts. Despite existing policies, inadequate implementation and procedural guidance diminish industry interest. There's uncertainty about government support for local pharmaceutical production, with persistent challenges like resource shortages and policy inconsistencies impeding progress. Perceptions vary on the effectiveness of policies promoting local production, and concerns about taxation issues impact the industry. Nevertheless, most respondents’ express confidence in the quality of domestically produced pharmaceuticals. <i>Conclusion</i>: Despite crucial government commitment, weak collaboration across levels impedes progress. Respondents note deficient policy implementation and doubt government support. Persistent issues like resource shortages persist, along with taxation concerns, despite locally produced products being perceived as equal in quality. To advance, better policy implementation, regulatory harmony, financial support, infrastructure enhancement, increased awareness, and improved collaboration are essential.

Phytosanitary cold treatment of cherry tomatoes infested with Bactrocera dorsalis, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, and Zeugodacus tau (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Fruit flies attack numerous crops, including cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme). The potential presence of the immature stages of fruit fly species inside tomatoes during export hinders their international market access. Therefore, phytosanitary treatment must be performed before export to prevent fruit fly species from entering countries where they are not naturally found. We developed a phytosanitary cold disinfestation treatment protocol to eliminate oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel), melon fly (Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett), and pumpkin fruit fly (Zeugodacus tau Walker) concealed inside cherry tomatoes without causing critical damage to the fruit. We determined that the third instar of Z. cucurbitae exhibited the highest cold tolerance among the various development stages of the three fruit fly species. Thus, we performed a small-scale disinfestation test on Z. cucurbitae in two cultivars of tomato. We achieved complete disinfestation after 15 days of cold treatment at 1°C-1.5°C. The confirmatory test revealed the elimination of more than 80,000 treated third instar of Z. cucurbitae in each tomato variety. The developed phytosanitary cold treatment allows the tomatoes to retain their commercial value. This study provides a standard phytosanitary cold treatment protocol for cherry tomatoes, ensuring the disinfestation of fruit flies before their export to international markets.

Enhancing Canada’s Beef Exports and Competitiveness in the Global Market

Alberta reports the highest revenues among all provinces in beef cattle ranching and farming,but there is still considerable potential to maximize profits by expanding international trade.In 2022, Canada exported 0.78 million head of cattle and 430,000 metric tonnes of beef, for atotal trade value of C$5.2 billion. That same year, Canada ranked eighth globally in the volumeof beef exports, sixth in the value of beef exports and fourth in the aggregate value of live cattleand beef exports.This study aims to provide a policy brief on Canada’s beef and cattle production and exports,and international market access and conditions. Trade barriers are identified and evaluated, andthe implications of non-tariff measures (NTMs) are examined. These include, for example, the banimposed by the European Union and the United Kingdom on the importation of peroxyacetic acid(PAA)-treated and hormone-treated beef, and the United States’ political/legislative attemptsto invoke the mandatory country-of-origin labelling (CoOL) standard for Canada’s beef exports.This study also discusses the benefits and limitations of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) forCanada’s beef exports, such as the Canada-U.S.-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA); the Canada-EUComprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA); and the Comprehensive and ProgressiveAgreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The study concludes by exploring theopportunities to increase Canada’s beef exports and competitiveness in international markets.The analysis indicates that the Canadian cattle/beef sector would benefit from pursuing generalstrategies to increase its competitiveness in foreign markets by promoting its beef, raisingproduction efficiency and reducing production costs, tackling labour shortages, alleviatingregulatory constraints and integrating novel technologies in beef production and processing.The Canadian cattle/beef sector must increase its competitiveness in international markets anddiversify export destinations while maintaining access to the U.S. market. Canada is a major playerglobally, but it needs to increase its competitiveness in, for example, China, Japan, South Korea,Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Taiwan and the United Arab Emirates as these markets currently relyheavily on beef imports from Australia, Brazil and the U.S., among other countries.It would be critical to encompass strategies tailored to the market characteristics/conditions ofdestination countries, raise the effectiveness of PTAs and stimulate bilateral business/marketingnetworks. This study emphasizes the importance of sustaining market access to the U.S.,enhancing market access to other foreign countries and pursuing pronounced diversificationstrategies in beef exports to mitigate risks and uncertainties in international markets. It alsounderlines the basic requirement of raising competitiveness vis-à-vis other beef-exportingcountries in various international markets. In this context, trade preferences may not necessarilylead to significant increases in Canada’s beef exports to foreign markets when preferential accessis more pronounced for beef exported from other countries. Also, cost reductions should berelatively significant to effectively compete with other beef-exporting countries and realizeincreases in Canada’s beef exports to international markets.

Impact of Trade Policies, Tariffs, and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Regulations on International Livestock Trade and Market Access for Livestock Producers in Brazil

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate impact of trade policies, tariffs, and sanitary and phytosanitary regulations on international livestock trade and market access for livestock producers in Brazil. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: it's evident that trade policies, including tariffs and non-tariff measures, significantly influence bilateral trade flows in livestock products. Reductions in tariffs generally lead to increased trade, while increases in tariffs have the opposite effect, demonstrating the importance of tariff liberalization for stimulating trade and enhancing market access. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Theory of comparative advantage & new trade theory may be used to anchor future studies on impact of trade policies, tariffs, and sanitary and phytosanitary regulations on international livestock trade and market access for livestock producers in Brazil. Enhance capacity-building initiatives and technical assistance programs for developing countries to improve SPS compliance and facilitate trade in livestock products, thereby promoting inclusive trade practices. Negotiate comprehensive regional trade agreements (RTAs) that address trade facilitation measures, infrastructure development, and regulatory harmonization to maximize the benefits of market integration for the livestock sector.

Digital Marketing Development Strategy of Cocoa Products

Purpose: In the context of the issue regarding the implementation of digital marketing strategies for cocoa businesses in West Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, there is a need for an analysis to develop effective solutions. This research aims to analyze the appropriate digital marketing strategies for cocoa product businesses to access a broader market, including the international market. Method: This research employed a qualitative exploratory approach, gathering data through in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. We adopted the Miles and Huberman model, which is commonly utilized in the data analysis process for qualitative research. Result and Conclusion: The research findings reveal three primary approaches to developing digital marketing strategies for international market access: (1) Enhancing the readiness of business actors in formulating strategies through digital platforms, such as utilizing websites and social media; (2) Aligning the appropriate international marketing mix, including innovation and creativity in presenting products; (3) Designing a digital marketing framework that aligns with web-based Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Research Implications: These findings enhance cocoa product business operators' understanding of what is required to implement digital marketing strategies and appropriate international marketing mix in the global market. Originality/value: This study introduces a novel, more intricate model compared to previous research. It emphasizes the necessity of reassessing the international marketing mix within the current landscape of digital transformation. Additionally, it addresses a research gap by focusing on antecedents preceding the adoption of digital marketing, while also exploring the post-adoption experiences of digital marketing, a facet that has received limited attention in prior studies.

Access to the UK Financial Market After the UK Withdrawal from the EU: Disruption, Design, and Diffusion

This article examines the setting of the legal regime governing third country access to the UK financial market, in light of the political, market, and legal disruption associated with the UK withdrawal from the EU. It considers the UK reform context and the priority being given to securing UK financial market competitiveness, identifies a related and significant liberalization of the third country regime, and examines the implications for the UK, the EU, and for international financial market access.

HPR112 International Market Access Strategies for Artificial Intelligence-Based Medical Devices: Can We Standardized the Process to Faster Patient Access?

HPR112 International Market Access Strategies for Artificial Intelligence-Based Medical Devices: Can We Standardized the Process to Faster Patient Access?

Workshop and International Company Visit: Export Opportunities for Aceh's Creative Economy Products

Collaboration with Faculty of Economics and Business Lecturers, Research Center for Communication Marketing, Tourism & Creative Economy at Syiah Kuala University, Business Indonesia Singapore Association (BISA), and Cloud Retail PTE Ltd aims to overcome constraints in international market access, global understanding, and building robust business networks. Through training at Syiah Kuala University and a company visit to Cloud Retail PTE Ltd in Singapore, participants gain profound insights into product packaging, export licensing procedures, and distribution channels. The holistic training method, combining theory and practical experience, empowers participants to optimize their business potential in the creative economy and access the global market. Evaluation indicates enhanced participant understanding and readiness, with recommendations for strengthened collaboration, ongoing training, business network development, monitoring and evaluation, and advanced program development.

International Market Access Strategies for Artificial Intelligence–Based Medical Devices: Can We Standardize the Process to Faster Patient Access?

The reimbursement of artificial intelligence (AI)–based medical devices (MDs) is a complex and challenging issue, depending on national market access pathways. We aim to analyze these pathways and propose recommendations for standardized market access processes. In the USA, companies sell AI-based MDs to each health insurance provider separately. In Europe, Germany is a pioneer in digital MD reimbursement, followed by France. However, it varies markedly without specific pathways in other European countries. In Asia and Australia, health insurance reimburses them. Despite important variations in assessment policies, reimbursement restrictions, and a lack of transparency in decision-making processes, collaboration among health technology assessment agencies at an international level can enhance evidence-based coverage decision-making. Regarding current barriers to market access standardization, understanding each country’s needs and building high-quality evidence are mandatory. Solutions to promote standardized market access pathways are as follows: (1) accelerating approval; (2) standardizing health technology assessment; (3) generating health economics evidence; and (4) expanding insurance coverage. These perspectives aim to change paradigm from market access to patient access through a standardized assessment of AI-based MDs.

Ghana

Large external shocks have exacerbated pre-existing fiscal and debt vulnerabilities, resulting in a loss of international market access, increasingly constrained domestic financing, and reliance on monetary financing of the government. Decreasing international reserves, Cedi depreciation, rising inflation and plummeting domestic investor confidence eventually triggered an acute crisis. The authorities have taken steps to tackle these deep challenges, including by accelerating fiscal adjustment. The government has also launched a comprehensive debt restructuring to address severe financing constraints and the unsustainable public debt.

The Impact of a “National Green Export Review” on Competitiveness: Empirical Evidence for Ecuador’s Fish Exports

Fish products comprise more than 20% of total Ecuadorian exports. Ecuador introduced the “National Green Export Review” (NGER) in 2015, which aims at making Ecuador’s fishing industry more sustainable to improve the international market access to Ecuador’s fish products. Has this policy achieved its goal? In order to answer this question, this article applies the local projection approach to explore the dynamic impact of the NGER on Ecuador’s share of fish exports in the world fish market. Contrary to expectations, the results are consistent with the view that the NGER does not enhance Ecuador’s competitiveness. The NGER is also not able to compensate for the fall in Ecuador’s share in the world fish market, which has been induced by a change in consumer preferences for tuna and shrimp, Ecuador’s main fish products. The concluding section of the paper provides policy advice on how to make the NGER more effective in achieving its goal.

Recent advances in Chinese patent medicines entering the international market.

As an indispensable part of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Chinese patent medicines have played an important role in preventing and treating diseases in China. Since they are easy to use, easy to store, and cost-effective, Chinese patent medicines have been generally accepted and widely used in Chinese clinical practice as a vital medical resource. In recent years, as TCM has developed and it has been accepted around the world, many Chinese patent medicine companies have gained international market access and successfully registered several Chinese patent medicines as over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription drugs in regions and countries that primarily use Western medicine such as the EU, Russia, Canada, Singapore, and Vietnam. Moreover, several Chinese patent medicines have been obtained the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval conducting phase II or III clinical trials in the US. The current work has focused on several Chinese patent medicines that have been successfully registered or that have been submitted for registration abroad. Summarized here are recent advances in the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of these Chinese patent medicines to treat respiratory infectious diseases (Lianhua Qingwen capsules, Jinhua Qinggan granules, and Shufeng Jiedu Capsules), cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (Compound Danshen Dripping Pills, Huatuo Zaizao pills, and Tongxinluo Capsules), cancers (a Kanglaite injection and a Shenqi Fuzheng Injection), and gynecological diseases (Guizhi Fuling Capsules). The hope is that this review will contribute to a better understanding of Chinese patent medicines by people around the world.

Ecuador

Economic recovery is ongoing. Real GDP is expected to expand by 2.7 percent in 2022, slightly lower than expected in the last review due to the protests-related disruptions in June and slower growth in trading partners. Inflationary pressures have risen, driven by higher food and transport prices and non-tradeable services, with the headline inflation expected to reach 3.8 percent yoy at end-2022. Tighter financing conditions for all EMs, and an increasingly challenging domestic political environment sharply increased spreads and postponed international market access. The government remains committed to the Fund-supported program under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) of SDR 4,615 million (661 percent of quota, about $6.5 billion) that was approved by the IMF Executive Board on September 30, 2020. Upon completion of the Sixth and final Review under the EFF-supported program—the first IMF program Ecuador will have completed in more than two decades— an additional SDR 497 million (about $700 million) would be made available.

Ocean and Marine Stewardship in Africa: The Marine Stewardship Council Certification in Namibia and The Gambia

Ocean and marine stewardship activities across different geographical areas contribute to global sustainability efforts, management, and conservation of ocean resources. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), through its sustainability standards and market-based mechanisms, rewards best practices for wild-caught seafood. To date, very few fisheries in Africa have participated in the MSC’s full assessment and obtained its certification. This paper explores the MSC certification scheme in the African continent by examining two case studies: the Namibian hake (Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus) trawl and longline fishery and The Gambian sole bottom set gillnet fishery (Cynoglossus senegalenis and Synaptura cadenati). Drawing on document analysis, institutional ethnography, and extensive collaborative research with actors in these fisheries, we utilize three stewardship dimensions, i.e., Care-Knowledge-Agency, to qualitatively analyze how the MSC program provides an opportunity of actors to design ocean stewardship tools and promote fisheries sustainability in Africa. The Namibian fishery demonstrates a large-scale fishery with the adequate agency, technical knowledge, and interest in self-design improvements and stewardship, compared to The Gambian fishery, a small-scale fishery motivated to achieve certification but depends largely on external support to coordinate improvements and stewardship activities. The key motivation for Namibia and The Gambia actors to participate in the MSC’s assessment is the interest in increasing their international market access while ensuring ecosystem-based management and sustainability of the fisheries. Successful engagement with MSC requires establishing good governance structures, involvement of local actors, technical knowledge, and sufficient financial resources. The paper demonstrates the need for practitioners, government/market-actors, and academia to encourage sustainable seafood management in Africa by promoting various national and regional sustainability campaigns, environmental awareness programs and ocean stewardship initiatives.

Does Climate Change Affect Rapeseed Production in Exporting and Importing Countries? Evidence from Market Dynamics Syntheses

Globally, non-cereal crops such as vegetable oils and their associated products will surpass cereals in demand by 2050, according to the World Bank (WB). Despite being considered an energy-efficient food crop, the production and supply capability of rapeseed is mostly influenced by climate conditions. Aiming in this context, the study explored how temperature and rainfall patterns influence rapeseed production, as well as how rapeseed prices in major trading countries may influence production and consumption patterns in developing countries. To do this, a supply and demand model approach has been employed for major exporting (Canada) and importing countries, i.e., China, the United States (U.S.) along with Bangladesh, a developing nation. The baseline study period was considered from 1991 to 2018, and simulations were performed up to 2040. The findings revealed that the most important effect on rapeseed yield is directly related to changes in temperature, which are positively related to the growing season but negatively related to the maturity stages of rapeseed in all studied countries. Rapeseed exports from Canada are expected to rise by 2040, while imports from China and the U.S. will rise simultaneously. In Canada, the per capita consumption of rapeseed oil is expected to increase from 16 to 24 kg per year between 2019 and 2040. Over the projection period, oil per capita consumption has steadily increased in China, the U.S., and Bangladesh. The relative demand for rapeseed oil is projected to increase by 2060, according to representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Therefore, it is necessary to determine market prices considering the probable climatic effect and increasing market demand for rapeseed to sustain the international market access of trading nations.

International capital markets and domestic employment: Evidence from worldwide publicly listed large firms

AbstractWe study how access to the international capital market affects domestic employment. Using a large firm‐level panel data set that covers over 60 countries between 1982 and 2014, we find that access to the international capital market positively affects firm‐level employment, and the magnitude of this impact is economically significant. This causal effect is identified through a generalised triple‐differences identification strategy that exploits variations in both external financial dependence and the progress of capital account openness. We also show that there are substantial heterogeneous effects across countries and firms; the effect is more pronounced for firms in industries that depend more on external finance and those in countries with weaker employment protection legislation. In addition, financially constrained firms respond more positively to international capital market access. Overall, our findings suggest that a strategy of gradually opening international capital markets will support employment.

Does participation in knowledge networks facilitate market access in global innovation systems? The case of offshore wind

This article explores how knowledge networks function as structural couplings in global innovation systems (GIS). Based on a unique dataset we investigate the effects of Norwegian offshore wind firms' participation in different knowledge networks on international market access. The results show that international knowledge networks facilitate access to market resources in a GIS under certain conditions. First, participating in pilot and demonstration projects positively affects firms’ access to international markets. Second, participation in R&D projects has only a positive effect on international market access when R&D collaboration involves international partners. This effect is stronger when collaborators come from countries with a domestic market. Our results show that knowledge networks can function as one type of structural coupling (between a country and the GIS), which can facilitate another type of coupling (between knowledge and markets). The extent of coupling depends on the innovation mode and geographic scale of the knowledge networks. An implication for policy is that knowledge resources can be leveraged through incentives for international collaboration, and support for pilot and demonstration activities.

Pest Incursions Pose a Serious Threat To Food Security and the Kenyan Economy

Although Kenya has a well-developed phytosanitary system to regulate introduction of plant and plant products, several pest incursions have been reported in the last two decades. The incursions have culminated in devastating impact on agriculture, biodiversity and the entire Kenyan economy. The objective of this review is to consolidate information on the pests involved, their distribution, estimate the economic losses associated with them and management measures in place. A total of 11 major pests and diseases namely Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Bactrocera dorsalis, Banana xanthomonas wilt (BXW), Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), Fall army worm (FAW), Maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND), Papaya mealybug (PMB), Parthenium hysterophorus, potato cyst nematode (PCN) and tomato leaf miners (Tuta absoluta) have been reported in the last two decades. Some of the pests are persistent, invasive, vicious and fast spreading. For instance, the FAW has now spread to nearly all maize growing areas in Kenya in one year after the pest was first reported in 2017. The incursion pests are a major threat to food security, expensive to control and are a barrier to international market access. Integrated measures including improvement of diagnostic potential, increased pest and disease surveillance, improvement in rapid response and pest containment are needed in view of the dangers posed by incursion pests to the entire Kenyan economy whose mainstay is agriculture. Key words: Bactrocera dorsalis, maize lethal necrosis disease, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tuta absoluta

Comparative Assessment of the Potential of the Regions of the Zone of Influence of the Great Silk and Tea Road

This article proposes a new approach to assessing the economic potential of the regions affected by transport corridors as part of the implementation of the Great Silk and Tea Road initiatives. The proposed methodology is based on the calculation of an integral indicator, which includes five indexes of subpotentials: industrial, labor, food, innovation and financial. To calculate these indices, we used indicators of economic development, such as the volume of gross regional product per capita, the volume of gross value added under the heading “Manufacturing production”, “Agriculture”, “Financial activity” per capita, population density, economically active population, average monthly wage, number of research and development staff. In calculating the indices, their weights were taken into account, defined on the basis of the probability approach using the matrix of paired preferences. The methodology was tested in 28 regions of China, Mongolia, Russia, and Kazakhstan in the context of five alternative transport corridors: three routes of the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor, the corridor "Western Europe - Western China", corridor "Dostyk-Alashankou - Mikhailovka-Uba". Prospects for the implementation of transport corridor programs are largely determined by the economic potential of the regions of the zone of influence, the efficiency of its use and the existing economic conditions. Assessment of the economic potential of the regions as a cumulative ability to carry out production and economic activities, meet the needs of the population will reveal promising areas of development, identify the problem points of implementation of programs. The effective development of transport corridors will contribute to increase international and interregional trade, including E-commerce, and investment; plays a pivotal role in integrating economies across regions. It's results in reducing the costs of transportation, both within and across regions, improving international market access, increasing income, and reducing poverty

Animal welfare in GLOBALG.A.P.'s integrated farm assurance standard for livestock: an industry perspective and example of a private and globally acting quality assurance system.

In recent decades, animal welfare in livestock production has been elevated to a topic of global interest. To meet growing requirements from consumers and society, governments have emphasised animal welfare in legislation. Retailers have integrated this topic into their quality assurance systems for the management of their supply chains. The challenge is to avoid conflicts between applicable national legislation and industry standards for quality assurance of livestock production with regard to animal welfare requirements. Where possible and applicable, private schemes refer to local animal welfare legislation, and offer the possibility to integrate animal welfare criteria that go beyond the legislation. Where animal welfare legislation is not in place, the private schemes set the rules. One of the main purposes of private schemes is to grant international market access to certified livestock producers. This paper presents the GLOBALG.A.P. integrated farm assurance (IFA) standard for livestock production and the GLOBALG.A.P. livestock transport standard as examples of private and globally acting quality assurance systems. Both standards integrate food safety, traceability, sustainability and animal welfare criteria. Animal welfare criteria are a fundamental part of IFA and, on average, account for 35% of the control points applicable to livestock. In the livestock transport standard, this accounts for 61% of the control points. Defined processes for accreditation and standard setting safeguard the reliability, feasibility and integrity of accredited third-party certification schemes. The GLOBALG.A.P. system also includes voluntary animal welfare add-on standards to demonstrate compliance with higher animal welfare requirements than those contained in the basic IFA standard. The possibility to customise products to the demands and requirements from specific markets and supply chains increases market access. Market access for producers irrespective of size is possible via single producer or group certification. Group certification offers the best opportunities for smallholders. For local supply chains the Primary Farm Assurance standard, based on parts of the GLOBALG.A.P. IFA standard, is a capacity-building tool. It is preferred by customers who do not require the full IFA standard because of local conditions, or because they source from producers who cannot immediately achieve full GLOBALG.A.P. certification.