International Research Journal Research Articles

Persuasion or Information? Promotion and the Shares of Brand Name and Generic Pharmaceuticals

ECONOMISTS have vigorously debated whether advertising and other messages supplied by sellers to buyers represent the efficient provision of information or the exploitation of buyers' imperfect access to it. Many economists now agree that each view commands some truth. Advertising should convey information efficiently where the buyer can easily verify it. But it may engender inefficient rent-seeking outlays by producers able to hamper buyers' gaining of information from alternative sources. For example, if buyers sample product information randomly, an incumbent can "jam" the channels through which entrants transmit their messages by loading the sampled population with messages of his own. Or the incumbent's messages can reinforce buyers' habits so as to reduce their prior expectations of the value of trying an alternative brand.2 If sales promotion is effective (by whatever means) in causing buyers to shift among competing products, it becomes a form of rent-seeking outlay by which sellers bid for the available customers.3 The problem for empirical research is to determine the extent to which seller-supplied information pursues a rent-seeking goal and thus incurs social costs. Those costs must be set against the efficiency advantage of sellers (relative to buyers or

Vertical Restraints as Contract Enforcement Mechanisms

IT is now generally recognized that there are many cases of vertical restraints that do not fit the standard "consumer free riding on special services" theory.1 For example, the widespread use of resale price maintenance in the marketing of brand name clothing cannot be explained as inducing retailers to supply services such as dressing rooms. It is unlikely that consumers must be prevented from trying on clothing free of charge at a full-service retailer before purchasing the clothing at a discount from retailers who do not supply dressing rooms. A number of authors recently have attempted to correct this deficiency in the standard theory by expanding the type of services that vertical restraints may induce retailers to supply and the corresponding retailer free-riding problems.2 The standard economic analysis of how vertical restraints operate to induce desired retailer behavior has remained essentially unchanged, however. The standard analysis assumes that when it is not feasible for a manufacturer to write explicit, court-enforceable contracts with retailers for the supply of particular services, the only alternative mechanism manufacturers can use to induce the supply of desired services is to increase the direct return retailers receive from consumers when those

Determinants of new product outcome in a developing country: A longitudinal analysis : Jinjoo Lee and Hong-bumm Kim, International Journal of Research in Marketing (No. 3, 1986), pp. 143–156

Determinants of new product outcome in a developing country: A longitudinal analysis : Jinjoo Lee and Hong-bumm Kim, International Journal of Research in Marketing (No. 3, 1986), pp. 143–156

A Time-Series Analysis of Self-Employment in the United States

In the early 1970s the proportion of the nonagricultural labor force self-employed in the United States ceased its downward trend and has been rising ever since. This study provides an analysis of the causes of this change. A general-equilibrium model of self- employment and wage employment is analyzed, and aggregate U.S. time- series data are used to test predictions derived from the model. The empirical analysis indicates that changes in technology, industrial structure, tax rates, and social-security retirement benefits have contributed to the reversal of the previous downward trend, which had persisted for over a century. Copyright 1987 by University of Chicago Press.

Real Wages over the Business Cycle: Evidence from Panel Data

One topic on which Keynes did not disagree with classical economists was the cyclical behavior of real wages. Keynes (1936) as well as various classical writers predicted that real wages should move countercyclically. Quoting the General Theory (p. 17): "in general an increase in employment can only occur through the accompaniment of a decline in real wages. Thus, I am not disputing this vital fact which the classical economists have (rightly) asserted as indefeasible." This prediction is based on the premise of competition and a given short-run capital stock. Increases in employment then correspond to more intensive use of capital and, through diminishing product, lower real wages. For this reason, evidence by Dunlop (1938) and Tarshis (1939) that real wages move procyclically was viewed as paradoxical. Both Dunlop and Tarshis based their findings on an observed positive correlation between real and money wages, which, given the procyclical movement of money wages, implies a positive correlation between

The Impact of Product Recalls on the Wealth of Sellers

What happens to the wealth of shareholders of firms producing defective products? Our answer-for producers of drugs and autos that were recalled from the market-is that the shareholders bear large losses. They are substantially greater than the costs directly emanating from the recall-for example, costs of destroying or repairing defective products. In fact, they are plausibly larger than all the costs attributable specifically to the recalled product; the losses spill over to the firm's "goodwill." They also spill over to competitors. This negative externality may even be larger in the aggregate than the losses to the producer of the recalled product.

On Patents, R & D, and the Stock Market Rate of Return

Empirical work on the causes and effects of inventive activity has had difficulty in finding measures that can indicate when and where changes in either inventive inputs or inventive output have occurred. The recent computerization of the U.S. Patent Office's data base may prove helpful in this context, but there is the problem that a priori we do not know the relationships between patent applications and economically meaningful measures of these inputs and outputs. To help solve this problem, this paper investigates the dynamic relationships among the number of successful patent applications of firms, a measure of the firm's investment in inventive activity (its R & D expenditures), and an indicator of its inventive output (the stock market value of the firm). (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Literacy in Three Metaphors

Although literacy is a problem of pressing national concern, we have yet to discover or set its boundaries. This observation, made several years ago by a leading political spokesman (McGovern 1978), echoes a long-standing complaint of many policymakers and educators that what counts as literacy in our technological society is a matter "not very well understood" (Advisory Committee on National Illiteracy 1929). A dominant response of scholars and researchers to this perceived ambiguity has been to pursue more rigorously the quest for definition and measurement of the concept. Many approaches have been taken (among them, Adult Performance Level Project 1975; Bormuth 1975; Hillerich 1976; Kirsch and Guthrie 1977-78; Miller 1973; Powell 1977), and at least one attempt (Hunter and Harman 1979) has been made to put forward an "umbrella definition." Each of these efforts has identified important parameters of literacy, but none has yet won consensual agreement (for a thoughtful historical and conceptual analysis of shifting literacy definitions, see Radwin [1978]). The definitional controversy has more than academic significance. Each formulation of an answer to the question "What is literacy?" leads to a different evaluation of the scope of the problem (i.e., the extent of illiteracy) and to different objectives for programs aimed at the formation of a literate citizenry. Definitions of literacy shape our perceptions of individuals who fall oh either side of the standard (what a "literate" or "nonliterate" is like) and thus in a deep way affect both the substance and style of educational programs. A chorus of clashing answers also creates problems for literacy planners and educators. This is clearly evident in the somewhat acerbic comments of Dauzat and Dauzat (1977, p. 37), who are concerned with adult basic education: "In spite of all of the furor and the fervor for attaining literacy . .. few have undertaken to say what they or anyone else means by literacy.

Sexual Assault and Harassment: A Campus Community Case Study

EDITORS' NOTE: Howz serious and widespread a problem is sexual harassment in our universities? What means will effectively diminish its incidence without violating the rights of individuals? Each of thefollowing essays answers one of these two questions. In the first, Bernice Lott, Mary Ellen Reilly, and Dale Howard describe the results of a 1979 survey that examined a sample of the entire University of Rhode Island population. Its purpose was to determine how many of the respondents in the sample group had personal knowledge of or had experienced any form of sexual assault, intimidation, or insult; how they had responded to assault; and their beliefs about harassment in general. In the second essay, Judith Berman Brandenburg delineates a response to the problem worked out at Yale University: the establishment of a grievance procedure administered through a specially selected board. The process of this honest search for answers uncovers other questions: Do we have a definition of sexual harassment upon which most people will agree? Is power thefactor that transforms what may be cajolery into harassment? If so, power in what forms? Do these forms make the problem invulnerable to any solution? With these essays we open a dialogue on such questions. We invite your letters in response, in the hope that through the exchange we canfurther advance feminist efforts to analyze-and to overcome-this pernicious form of sexual injustice.

Political Constraints on Educational Reform for Development: Lessons from an African Experience

Previous articleNext article No AccessPolitical Constraints on Educational Reform for Development: Lessons from an African ExperienceY. G-M. LulatY. G-M. Lulat Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 26, Number 2Jun., 1982 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/446292 Views: 11Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1982 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Kennedy Ngwende Msusa, Taonaziso Chowa Establishing a strategic thinking approach at the University of Zambia, International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no.55 (Sep 2020): 307–317.https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i5.828Diane Brook Napier African socialism, post-colonial development, and education: Change and continuity in the post-socialist era, (Mar 2015): 369–399.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3679(2010)0000014017Y. G.-M. Lulat Confronting the Burden of the Past: The Historical Antecedents of the Present Predicament of African Universities, (Jan 2003): 595–667.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0137-3_11George Psacharopoulos Why educational reforms fail: A comparative analysis, International Review of Education 35, no.22 (Jan 1989): 179–195.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598437Y.G-M. Yulat Education and national development: The continuing problem of misdiagnosis and irrelevant prescriptions, International Journal of Educational Development 8, no.44 (Jan 1988): 315–328.https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(88)90018-1L. H. Kaluba Education in Zambia: the problem of access to schooling and the paradox of the private school solution, Comparative Education 22, no.22 (Jan 1986): 159–169.https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006860220207Diane Brook Napier Implementing Educational Transformation Policies: Investigating Issues of Ideal Versus Real in Developing Countries, (): 59–98.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3679(04)06003-7

The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Smoking

We examine the impact of three sets of government regulations on the demand for cigarettes by teenagers in the United States. These are: (1) the excise tax on cigarettes, (2) the Fairness Doctrine of the Federal Communications Commission, which resulted in the airing of anti-smoking messages on radio and television from July 1, 1967 to January 1, 1971,and (3) the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1970, which banned pro-smoking cigarette advertising on radio and television after January 1, 1971.Teenage price elasticities of demand for cigarettes are substantial and much larger than the corresponding adult price elasticities. The teenage smoking participation elasticity equals -1.2, and the quantity smoked elasticity equals -1.4. It follows that, if future reductions in youth smoking are desired, an increase in the Federal excise tax is a potent policy to accomplish this goal. The contention of the proponents of the advertising ban that the Fairness Doctrine failed in the case of teenagers is incorrect. According to our results, the doctrine had a substantial negative impact on teenage smoking participation rates. Extrapolations suggest that the advertising ban was no better or worse a policy than the Fairness Doctrine.

Persuasion or Information? The Economics of Prescription Drug Advertising

THE economic and welfare effects of advertising have been extensively studied over the last half-century. However, these efforts have not led to a consensus either as to the effects or the value of advertising. Economists continue to reach polar conclusions that appear to be derived mainly from preconceptions of the social desirability of advertising. On the one hand is research that emphasizes promotion's ability to create "artificial" product differentiation and thereby produce informational confusion.1 This line of research stresses the empirical association of extensive advertising with high concentration and high accounting profits-evidence judged to support increased market power and entry barrier effects.2 A contrary body of research emphasizes the value of advertising in providing information and, hence, in promoting competition.3 The empirical findings most consistent with this view are that prices paid by consumers in (selected) markets are lower with advertising than without it.4

A Review of: “ Finite generalized Markov programming”. By P. T. WEEDA. (Mathematical Centre, 1979.) [Pp. 127.

"A Review of: “ Finite generalized Markov programming”. By P. T. WEEDA. (Mathematical Centre, 1979.) [Pp. 127. ]." THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH, 19(1), p. 109

Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social Problem Solving.Charles E. Lindblom , David K. Cohen

<i>Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social Problem Solving.</i>Charles E. Lindblom , David K. Cohen

Empirical Determinants of Manufacturing Direct Foreign Investment in Developing Countries

Nearly all developing countries actively seek capital and technology from the advanced countries. Although private direct foreign investment (mainly in the form of multinational enterprise) is viewed with ambivalence by many developing countries, it is nonetheless true that direct investment remains a substantial source of capital and is sometimes the only source of specific technologies. Indeed, given the slow growth in official external assistance, developing countries are becoming more, not less, dependent on direct foreign investment. While disbursements of official development assistance by the OECD countries rose 43% from 1961 through 1970, direct investment flows rose almost 90% over the same period. In the later year, the flow of direct investment was more than two-fifths of all official assistance, $3.2 billion compared to $7.8 billion.1 Furthermore, the United States and other major capital exporting countries would prefer, for economic as well as ideological reasons, to channel more of their capital outflows to developing countries through private investment. It is highly probable, therefore, that developing countries will continue to rely on direct foreign investment in the foreseeable future to carry out their development programs. It is against this background that the present study seeks to identify the empirical determinants of direct foreign-investment flows in the manufacturing sectors of developing countries. Our purpose is to select from the many economic, social, and political features of a developing country those features that are critical to making that country attractive or unattractive to private foreign investors. Available empirical studies are limited

The behavioral and brain sciences (an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary). Edited by Stevan Hornard, 171 pp (640 per year), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, August 1978. $17 per issue (quarterly)

The behavioral and brain sciences (an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary). Edited by Stevan Hornard, 171 pp (640 per year), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, August 1978. $17 per issue (quarterly)

On Pierre BourdieuReproduction in Education, Society and Culture.Pierre Bourdieu , Jean-Claude Passeron , Richard NiceOutline of a Theory of Practice.Pierre Bourdieu , Richard Nice

On Pierre Bourdieu<i>Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture.</i>Pierre Bourdieu , Jean-Claude Passeron , Richard Nice<i>Outline of a Theory of Practice.</i>Pierre Bourdieu , Richard Nice

An Empirical Analysis of Compulsory Schooling Legislation, 1940-1960

Previous articleNext article No AccessAn Empirical Analysis of Compulsory Schooling Legislation, 1940-1960Linda Nasif EdwardsLinda Nasif Edwards Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Law and Economics Volume 21, Number 1Apr., 1978 Sponsored by The University of Chicago Booth School of Business and The University of Chicago Law School Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/466917 Views: 9Total views on this site Citations: 22Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1978 The University of Chicago Law SchoolPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Olivia G. Carr Promoting priorities: Explaining the adoption of compulsory schooling laws in Africa, International Journal of Educational Development 88 (Jan 2022): 102523.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102523James R. Muir Against the Sophists: The First Virtues of the Educator and the Limits of Education, (Jun 2022): 91–134.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00971-6_4Ainoa Aparicio Fenoll, Zoë Kuehn Immigrants move where their skills are scarce: Evidence from English proficiency, Labour Economics 61 (Dec 2019): 101748.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101748Ainhoa Aparicio Fenoll, Zoë Kuehn Compulsory Schooling Laws and Migration Across European Countries, Demography 54, no.66 (Oct 2017): 2181–2200.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0615-xStephanie M. Noble, Kang Bok Lee, Russell Zaretzki, Chad Autry Coupon clipping by impoverished consumers: Linking demographics, basket size, and coupon redemption rates, International Journal of Research in Marketing 34, no.22 (Jun 2017): 553–571.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2016.08.010Emily Rauscher Does Educational Equality Increase Mobility? Exploiting Nineteenth-Century U.S. Compulsory Schooling Laws, American Journal of Sociology 121, no.66 (May 2016): 1697–1761.https://doi.org/10.1086/685443Gregory A. Gilpin, Luke A. Pennig Compulsory schooling laws and school crime, Applied Economics 47, no.3838 (Mar 2015): 4056–4073.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1023944Emily Rauscher Hidden Gains, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 36, no.44 (Dec 2014): 501–518.https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373714527787Melvin Stephens, Dou-Yan Yang Compulsory Education and the Benefits of Schooling, American Economic Review 104, no.66 (Jun 2014): 1777–1792.https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.6.1777Peter McHenry The relationship between schooling and migration: Evidence from compulsory schooling laws, Economics of Education Review 35 (Aug 2013): 24–40.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.03.003Gregory Gilpin, Luke Pennig Compulsory Schooling Laws and In-School Crime: Are Delinquents Incapacitated?, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2037842Stephen J Appold Research parks and the location of industrial research laboratories: an analysis of the effectiveness of a policy intervention, Research Policy 33, no.22 (Mar 2004): 225–243.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00124-0 Adriana Lleras‐Muney Were Compulsory Attendance and Child Labor Laws Effective? An Analysis from 1915 to 1939 Lleras‐Muney, The Journal of Law and Economics 45, no.22 (Jul 2015): 401–435.https://doi.org/10.1086/340393Daron Acemoglu, Joshua D. Angrist How Large Are The Social Returns To Education? Evidence From Compulsory Schooling Laws, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2000).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.237472Kamal P Upadhyaya, Jeannie E Raymond, Franklin G Mixon The economic theory of regulation versus alternative theories for the electric utilities industry: A simultaneous probit model, Resource and Energy Economics 19, no.33 (Aug 1997): 191–202.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-7655(96)00010-3Joshua D. Angrist, Alan B. Krueger The Effect of Age at School Entry on Educational Attainment: An Application of Instrumental Variables with Moments from Two Samples, Journal of the American Statistical Association 87, no.418418 (Jun 1992): 328–336.https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1992.10475212Joyce A. Lanning, Michael A. Morrisey, Robert L. Ohsfeldt Endogenous hospital regulation and its effects on hospital and non-hospital expenditures, Journal of Regulatory Economics 3, no.22 (Jun 1991): 137–154.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140955Michael A. Morrisey, Douglas A. Conrad, Stephen M. Shortell, Karen S. Cook Hospital rate review, Journal of Health Economics 3, no.11 (Apr 1984): 25–47.https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(84)90024-9Ronald S. Warren Maximizing models of legislative choice, Public Choice 42, no.33 (Jan 1984): 287–294.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00124947James D. Adams Daylight Savings: An endogenous law, Public Choice 36, no.22 (Jan 1981): 345–349.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123791John E. Craig Chapter 4: The Expansion of Education, Review of Research in Education 9, no.11 (Jun 2016): 151–213.https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X009001151Claudia Goldin, Lawrence F. Katz, David Eltis, Frank D. Lewis, Kenneth L. Sokoloff Why the United States Led in Education: Lessons from Secondary School Expansion, 1910 to 1940, (): 143–178.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511605390.007

Classroom Management: A Rule Establishment and Enforcement Model

Previous articleNext article No AccessClassroom Management: A Rule Establishment and Enforcement ModelPamela K. Buckley, and James M. CooperPamela K. Buckley Search for more articles by this author , and James M. Cooper Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Elementary School Journal Volume 78, Number 4Mar., 1978 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/461109 Views: 18Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1978 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Kemefasu Ifie, Sahar Mousavi, Junyi Xie Enforcement of service rules by frontline employees: A conceptual model and research propositions, Journal of Business Research 154 (Jan 2023): 113339.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113339Anna Bullo, Lyne H. Zen-Ruffinen, Peter J. Schulz Effects of Perceived School Rule Enforcement on Traditional and Cyber Victimization: A Panel Study among Early Adolescents, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no.1616 (Aug 2022): 10218.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610218Ryan R. Kapa, Jeremy Luke, Dorothy Moulthrop, Belinda Gimbert Teacher Victimization in Authoritative School Environments, Journal of School Health 88, no.44 (Mar 2018): 272–280.https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12607Ryan Kapa, Belinda Gimbert Job satisfaction, school rule enforcement, and teacher victimization, School Effectiveness and School Improvement 29, no.11 (Nov 2017): 150–168.https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2017.1395747Johannes Habel, Sascha Alavi, Doreén Pick When serving customers includes correcting them: Understanding the ambivalent effects of enforcing service rules, International Journal of Research in Marketing 34, no.44 (Dec 2017): 919–941.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2017.09.002Robert Thornberg A categorisation of school rules, Educational Studies 34, no.11 (Feb 2008): 25–33.https://doi.org/10.1080/03055690701785244Robert Thornberg Inconsistencies in everyday patterns of school rules, Ethnography and Education 2, no.33 (Sep 2007): 401–416.https://doi.org/10.1080/17457820701547609

The International journal of research, management

The International journal of research, management