International Intergovernmental Organizations Research Articles

Risks of Institutionalization of the Central Asia-China Format for Solidarity and Political Trust in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

The article considers the risks of institutionalizing the format of the Central Asia-China dialogue («C+C5») for solidarity and mutual political trust within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). According to the documents, institutionalization is aimed at transforming the «C+C5» format into a full-fledged international intergovernmental organization with functions that duplicate the existing ones within the SCO. In the current official documents, Russia declares the importance of SCO development and assigns it a special role in the implementation of the «Turn to the East» Policy, the development of the «Greater Eurasian Partnership », and the deployment of the project of «the North-South International Transport Corridor». In this regard, further institutionalization of the «C+C5» format may create restrictions for the realization of these Russian plans and even for the protection of interests in the Central Asian region (CAR). This circumstance, coupled with the active attempts of the West and the United States to force a number of CAR countries to refuse Russia’s assistance in circumventing the sanctions regime is unlikely to be understood in Moscow. This means that it is necessary to think about the ways to overcome the likely limitations by deepening the dialogue with China on the issues of further development of the SCO and increasing its effectiveness. The plans to institutionalize the «C+C5» format may also cause increased opposition from other major global «players» such as the United States, India, the EU and Japan, which have been actively involved in Central Asian Affairs in recent years, developing formats for dialogue between «1 + C5» (CAR countries).

The role of national and international standardization activities in the process of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine

The article analyzes the role of national and international norm-project activities in the process of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. It is proved that in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which is of an aggressive nature on the part of the aggressor, great troubles and destruction have been caused to our people and their state, which have manifested themselves in numerous human casualties, disintegration and destruction of the basic everyday and critical infrastructure of territorial communities, destruction and the actual devastation of large territories, which makes it virtually impossible for a person to exist and function in the relevant territory, limits his opportunities to organize his stable and predictable life cycle, as well as to satisfy existential needs, efforts, and interests. However, the war itself objectifies and actualizes the issue of the post-war restoration of the state and its TG, and this, in turn, puts on the agenda the issues of rule-making by the public authorities of the state and subjects of international relations, including member states of the international community and their associative and structural units - international intergovernmental and intergovernmental organizations, including, first of all, the important stage of norm-making - norm-project activity. It is argued that norm-projecting activity at the national and international levels in the process of post-war recovery of Ukraine plays an important methodological and praxeological significance, because the principles of post-war recovery of Ukraine and its TG: a) quite clearly, clearly, unambiguously reflect and determine the fundamental directions, forms and guidelines of norm-projecting activity public authorities of the state; b) even more, they are aimed at the unambiguous formation and formulation of the rights and obligations of the subjects of social relations that will arise in the process of post-war recovery; c) must be adequately taken into account and reflected in the relevant standard-setting activity of public state authorities, as well as, and this is especially important, in the standard-setting of local self-government bodies; d) they form the foundations of state legal and municipal legal policy in the field of post-war reconstruction. At the same time, the lion’s share of the above principles of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and its TG has a significant impact on the international level - their practical implementation cannot be implemented without significant financial assistance from foreign partners. And this, in turn, actualizes and contextualizes the normative-drafting activity of public authorities of Ukraine (including local self-government bodies) in the field of international contract law, including normative-drafting work in the field of international inter-municipal cooperation, as well as general international cooperation.

Resolving labour disputes within african international organizations

The article describes the internal mechanisms for resolving labour disputes between staff and administration within african international intergovernmental organisations, such as: African Union, Southern African Development Community, Economic Community of West African States. It is indicated that within the African Union there are informal and formal stages of dispute resolution – an appeal for review to the chairperson or competent authority of any other body and an appeal to the Administrative Tribunal. It is noted that the Administrative Tribunal is competent to consider applications for violations of the Staff Rules and Regulations; non-observance of contracts of employment and any other acts of employment; and, in certain cases, complaints about disciplinary sanctions. It is emphasised that the feature of protection of labour rights of the African Union staff is the provision enshrined in the Staff Rules and Regulations, according to which a staff member may, under certain circumstances, appeal to the African Court of Justice and Human Rights. It is stated that the Southern African Development Community Administrative Tribunal has jurisdiction to hear and resolve labour disputes between the Community Secretariat and any of its institutions. The Tribunal has two levels: First Instance and Appeal Board. It is noted that the system of internal labour dispute resolution of the Economic Community of West African States provides for the submission of an application for review, hierarchical recourse, and referral of the case to the Committee for Conciliation of Staff and Dispute Resolution. An Inter-Institutional Appeals Committee is established to deal with disciplinary appeals in relation to the application of the Staff Regulations, to which employees or their next of kin can apply. It is stated that the staff of any institution may apply to the Court of Justice of the Community after the staff member has exhausted all appeal procedures available to the official under the ECOWAS Staff Rules and Regulations.

Concepts and signs of international human rights institutions

The article analyzes various approaches to the interpretation of the concept of an international human rights institution. The author’s definition of the concept of an international human rights institution is proposed, which should be understood as an international association endowed by the relevant states and (or) other entities with its own international legal personality, based on an international treaty or other document provided for by the norms of international law, the purpose of which is achieving goals related to the protection of the rights and freedoms of a person, and which, as a rule, has its own system of bodies acting on a permanent basis. It was noted that in the process of forming the institute of international organizations, the main attention of the states was focused on the creation of international intergovernmental organizations, which have executed and continue to execute a significant influence on the course of world events. International interstate organizations are one of the three important institutions through which interstate cooperation is carried out. Created in accordance with special international treaties, they have international legal personality and a clearly defined organizational structure, reflect the main goals, tasks and competence and act in accordance with the norms of international law. Despite the fact that international human rights institutions have a subsidiary character to national protection bodies, they provide considerable influence by making appropriate decisions based on the results of consideration of individual appeals from victims whose rights and freedoms are violated. The process of applying for the protection of rights and freedoms to international human rights institutions is a kind of one of the forms of activity of the relevant legal entity. The article highlights the main characteristics of international human rights institutions, which include: 1) contractual basis, 2) existence of defined goals, 3) appropriate organizational structure, 4) existence of independent rights and obligations, 5) possibility of considering applications from victims of rights violations and freedoms and the adoption of relevant decisions (conclusions, recommendations), 6) the possibility of influencing the defendant state, which violates the rights and freedoms of a person, 7) the permanent nature of the activity.

International Legal Approaches to the Issue of Admissibility of the Use of Genomic Technologies in Medicine

The purpose of the paper is to determine the main international standards and positions of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations regarding the use of genomic technologies in medicine, which are reflected in their documents. At the universal level, there is no international treaty containing uniform rules in this area, but there are many documents of international organizations (such as WHO, UNESCO) that set out the relevant standards. At the regional level, the experience of the Council of Europe in the field of legal regulation of genomic medicine plays a significant role. National approaches to the legal regulation of genomic medicine vary. In such conditions, the practice of international non-governmental organizations in the field of biomedicine and genetic technologies plays a significant role. They set standards and represent the positions of the biomedical community.Based on the analysis of international acts, it can be concluded that the general position of the international biomedical community is that genome editing technologies can be widely used for therapeutic and scientific purposes, provided that there is no criterion for transmitting genes to descendants. Genome editing should be carried out in accordance with international professional and ethical standards, including the principles of benefit over harm and informed consent. Discussions about the admissibility of hereditary genome editing continue. The prevailing approach of international organizations is that there are currently no reasonable standards for the safety and effectiveness of this technology, while research itself is encouraged.

The history of the establishment of organs for fact-finding in the resolution of international disputes

The paper traces the historical background of the formation and development of the institution of international fact-finding. As a result of the progressive development of international law, the institution of international investigation emerged at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, first receiving its international legal consolidation in the Hague Convention on the peaceful settlement of international disputes of 1899. The history of establishing fact-finding bodies by states, which acted as parties to disputes based on factual issues, both at the universal and regional levels, is examined. The practice of resorting to investigation procedures within international intergovernmental organizations such as the League of Nations, the UN, ILO, ICAO, the World Bank, the EU, and others is considered. In the modern period of international law, the fact-finding procedure has gained quite extensive use and is implemented in a more primitive form, especially within the activities of the United Nations. The UN establishes international commissions (composed mainly of individuals who are not citizens of the parties to the dispute or participants in the situation) authorized, as often happens, not only to establish facts (conduct investigations) but also endowed with broad competence to provide conclusions on legal issues and recommendations for dispute resolution or situation. The UN also uses the international investigation procedure in conjunction with other international mechanisms for dispute resolution. Referring to international bodies for fact-finding, as one of the means of peaceful settlement of international disputes, was first provided for by the Hague Conventions on the peaceful settlement of international disputes of 1899 and 1907. Therefore, the existence of various nature international investigating commissions - from "pure" fact-finding in the Tigre case to investigations regarding the Red Cross and the Letellier and Moffitt case, which were close to arbitration.

International cooperation and its role in ensuring everyone’s right to health care and medical assistance

The article states that the right to health care and medical care is a guarantee of the right to life. To the state in accordance with Part 2 of Art. 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine is entrusted with the duty to affirm and ensure human rights and freedoms, including the right of everyone to health care and medical assistance. Such a duty of the state is defined as the main one among its other duties. For its implementation, Ukraine must create an effective mechanism for ensuring the above-mentioned right. The Covid-19 pandemic, Russia’s aggression against Ukraine and, as a result, Russia’s temporary occupation of part of the territory of Ukraine, the commission of crimes in such territories that fall under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and testify to violations of human rights in the field of health care, have actualized the issue of the specifics of international cooperation of states in the field of health care under conditions of military occupation, pandemics, etc. and its role in ensuring the above-mentioned right of every person. The doctrinal approaches to defining the concepts of «cooperation», «international cooperation», and international treaties on human rights are analyzed. It has been established that diametrically opposite points of view are expressed in the scientific literature: from the declaration of cooperation as a duty of states to the complete denial of the legal force of this principle. The author’s definition of the concept of international cooperation in the field of health care is formulated - it is a complex of legal means, methods and institutions that are the result of joint multilateral or bilateral activities of states and which they use to achieve common goals of sustainable development in the field of health care in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms of international law. Attention is focused on the fact that the result of international cooperation are international standards of human rights in the field of health care, which are adopted by international organizations of a universal and regional nature, and which are implemented in national legislation, but such standards are the result of the cooperation of states, albeit within the framework international intergovernmental organizations, since these organizations are not endowed with special competence by nature, but are endowed by states by defining it in the charter of such organizations.

SEEIIST – a new research facility for tumor treatment and biomedical investigations with proton and ion beams

PurposeA project for the establishment of an international intergovernmental scientific organization in the region of South East Europe (South East European Institute for Sustainable Technologies - SEEIIST) is currently in progress. SEEIIST is an intergovernmental effort supported by nine countries from the region (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo (This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.), Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia, while Switzerland is an observer). The main goals of the project are to establish a unique research infrastructure and to form a research nucleus in the region of South-East Europe, to boost the technology transfer from European laboratories like CERN and others, to promote collaboration between science, technology, and industry, to mitigate tensions between countries in the region, and to provide platforms for the development of education.MethodsThe research infrastructure will include a powerful next-generation accelerator that will provide proton and ion beams for tumor treatment and biomedical research. The center will comprise of three rooms for patient treatment and two large experimental halls.ResultsA wide pre-clinical and clinical research program in the fields of radiobiology, medical physics, medical imaging, biophysical modeling and planning of patient treatment, design and investigation of new materials, production of isotopes for diagnosis, and treatment of patients are envisaged.ConclusionsThis infrastructure is unique for Europe and will attract researchers from all European countries to perform their investigations.

International Legal Framework for the Protection of Cultural Objects

Introduction. For thousands of years, historical and cultural monuments have been damaged or destroyed as a result of armed conflicts and acts of vandalism. Given the role that these sites play in the development of humanity, international humanitarian law (IHL) establishes the basis for the international legal protection of religious, cultural and scientific sites. At the beginning of the 20th century. the situation was complicated not only by the absence of a universal international treaty that would be devoted exclusively to the international legal protection of these objects, but also by an international intergovernmental organization that would develop appropriate norms and standards. These problems led to the creation in 1945 of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Thanks to the activities of this specialized UN agency, as well as the activities of a number of non-governmental international organizations, it was possible to form an international legal regime for the protection of cultural property both in peacetime and during armed conflicts.As a result of changes in the strategy of conducting armed conflicts, as well as improving the methods and means of conducting them in the 21st century, cultural objects are in great danger. In this regard, the analysis of current international legal norms and principles for the protection of cultural property in the context of international humanitarian law is of particular relevance.Materials and methods. As for the materials, we were talking about legal acts, Russian and cultural information based on the cultural traditions of international law. methodological basis based on scientific methods of lysis and synthesis, comparative legal method, scientific method of delivery.Research results. The evolution of the system of international legal protection of cultural property and world cultural heritage allows us to draw a conclusion about the comprehensive level of such protection, applied both in peacetime and in armed conflicts. The international legal responsibilities of states in this area are associated, first of all, with assessing the significance of cultural objects and giving them the appropriate legal status through national legislation or inclusion in the registers of international organizations.Discussion and conclusion. At the same time, the activities of states and international organizations related to the special designation of cultural objects in armed conflicts, the training of civilian and military personnel, and taking into account the specifics of the placement and maintenance of such objects are of particular importance. The general body of knowledge and skills for the protection and protection of cultural objects is formed by UNESCO as a specialized agency of the United Nations, which strives to preserve the universal heritage as the highest achievements of art and science.

СПЕЦІАЛЬНІ МІСІЇ МІЖНАРОДНИХ МІЖУРЯДОВИХ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ТА ПРАКТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ

The article is devoted to the theoretical and practical aspects of the functioning of special missions of international intergovernmental organizations at the present stage. It is noted that diversification of international relations contributes to the expansion of interactions between subjects of international law in various forms. It is actualized that international intergovernmental organizations, in exercising the right of foreign relations, are increasingly using ad hoc diplomacy or special missions. The author emphasizes that the trend in the development of the institution of special missions is the practice of their implementation by international intergovernmental organizations on various issues at different levels. At the same time, the author underlines that there is no regulatory framework for all aspects of their functioning. Particular attention is paid to the activities of individual special missions of international intergovernmental organizations in Ukraine. It is established that the diplomatic temporary missions of the UN, OSCE, EU and in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war are carried out in accordance with the provisions of the 1969 Convention on Special Missions, customary law and are additionally regulated by relevant agreements and memorandums. Considering the long existence of the institution of special missions, the practice shows and in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war, the form of diplomatic activity of the IMO not only occupies an important place in the process of international communication, but also dynamically develops and improves, which in the future will require additional international legal regulation. Key words: ad hoc diplomacy; customary international law; European Union; human rights protection; international law; international intergovernmental organizations; law of external relations; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe; Russian-Ukrainian war; special missions; United Nations

История международного наблюдения за выборами

This paper addresses some of the gaps in the contemporary study of development of institution of international election observation. In most literatures, only modern period of development of international election observation has attracted considerable scholarly attention. Activities of particular international organization also limit the scope of study in this field. To provide an alternative viewpoint, this paper develops a comprehensive study of international election observation history since its origin in the context of historical conditions and evolution of political regimes. The role of objective and subjective factors in the development of this phenomenon has been revealed. The primary sources of the study are documents of international organizations, media materials and memoirs of statesmen. The paper distinguishes the following three historical forms of the international election observation: 1) International observation as a means of making up for the deficit of state sovereignty during elections in dependent, disputed or postconflict territories (emerged in 1857); 2) International observation as a means used by the governments of sovereign states to further legitimize elections and the existing political regime (emerged in 1962); 3) International observation as a mechanism for democratizing the electoral process (emerged in 1990). In accordance with this approach, a periodization of the history of the international observation is proposed. The paper concludes that these historical forms of election observation did not replace each other, but continued to exist in parallel after emergence of new forms. The spread of the third historical form was predetermined by the fall of the communist regime and the shift to the paradigm of democratic transition. Election observation became a tool to ensure the success of the democratic transition. The international intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations became the most significant conductors of election observation. In the 21st century the international election observation gained the universal acceptance and became an international norm. The crisis of this institution in the 2010s is explained by its inability to ensure the transition to the liberal model of democracy. In these conditions, there is a confrontation between two historical forms of international observation: some developing countries revive and try to spread the form of election observation that serves not to democratize the electoral process, but to ensure the legitimacy of the election results and political regime.

Регулирование “облачных сервисов” как инструмент международной конкуренции: опыт США и Китая

The international cloud services industry represents an arena of global economic competition and has the potential to become a field for political rivalry among various actors. States remain the primary actors in this competitive landscape, with the U.S. and China actively enhancing their positions through various regulatory measures. The article examines government regulation strategies, categorising them into ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ as well as ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’, with examples provided for each. A thorough analysis of national strategies from official U.S. and Chinese documents reveals their conceptual approaches to cloud services regulation. The documents of international intergovernmental organisations and global governance institutions through which countries implement (both individually and in their collaborative participation) their strategies for regulating cloud services were examined in detail. Commonalities and differences in the regulatory policies of the U.S. and China are highlighted, both in their national strategies and in principles articulated at the international level. The study confirms the hypothesis that cloud services regulation serves as a tool for international political influence. Key factors in the evolution of the international regulatory system for cloud services are identified, including their further technological development and shifts in the global order. The primary scenario axis is identified as the U.S.–China competition for dominance in the Global South. Based on these findings, the author presents a scenario forecast for the future of international cloud services regulation. Two potential outcomes are considered: the confrontational one leading to increased political competition, bearing risks of Internet fragmentation, divergence in technical standards, and a higher likelihood of destructive actions, including military use of cloud services; and the consensual one, resulting in international convergence on all aspects of cloud services regulation, including technical standardisation, legal norms, economic rules, fundamental principles of personal data protection and respect for national interests of all states.

War in Ukraine and the role of international non-governmental organizations in ensuring international cooperation of states in the field of health care

The purpose of this scientific article is to identify the role of international non-governmental organizations in ensuring international cooperation of states in the field of health care.
 The article focuses on the role of such international non-governmental organizations during the war in Ukraine: the Red Cross Committee, the World Medical Association, the International Pharmaceutical Federation, etc.
 International cooperation of states in the field of health care is a complex of legal means and institutions that the subjects of international public law - states - use to achieve common goals in the field of health care, which is implemented in the forms of multilateral and bilateral participation and is carried out accordingly to generally recognized principles and norms of international law. It can be carried out with the participation of both states and international intergovernmental organizations, but not international public organizations.
 The subject of international legal relations in the field of health care can only be that international organization that is endowed by its member states with special competence, defined in its charter. The term “international intergovernmental organization” is not synonymous with the term “international public organization”.
 The participation of non-governmental legal entities in activities in the field of health care does not contradict the norms of international law, however, they are not subjects of international legal relations in the field of health care, because they are not endowed by the states with special competence, which would be determined in their statute.

Basic Conditions for Application of Necessity as a Circumstance that Precludes Bringing to International Legal Responsibility

The article examines a situation of necessity as a circumstance that precludes bringing to international legal responsibility. The relevance of the article is due, on the one hand, to the growing crises in modern international relations, and on the other hand, the lack of comprehensive studies of necessity in the Ukrainian science of international law. The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of the international legal grounds for states and international intergovernmental organizations to apply to the state of necessity, as circumstance that precludes bringing to international legal responsibility. The article uses general philosophical, general scientific, special scientific and legal methods of research, in particular: dialectical, formal-logical, analysis and synthesis, comparative-legal, and logical-legal. The article analyzes Art. 25 of the draft articles on the responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts prepared by the UN International Law Commission and submitted to the UN General Assembly in 2001 (UNGA resolution 56/83 (A/RES/56/83) of December 12, 2001). The relevant practice of a number of international courts and arbitrations was analyzed, in particular: the International Court of Justice, the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The main conditions for the lawful use of necessity are identified, and a forecast of the areas of its further application is given.

ASEAN competence in the field of human rights

The article is devoted to consideration of the competence of ASEAN in the field of human rights. Human rights are universal values agreed by the countries of the world. The main pillars of the international system of promotion and protection of human rights are regional mechanisms for the protection of human rights. The most prominent subregional organization in the Asia-Pacific region in terms of recent human rights developments is ASEAN. ASEAN is an international intergovernmental subregional organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. The ASEAN Charter enshrined human rights as a fundamental principle of ASEAN and created a mechanism to promote and protect the human rights and fundamental freedoms of ASEAN citizens. Respect for fundamental freedoms, the promotion and protection of human rights, and the promotion of social justice are among the general principles binding on member states. To ensure the implementation of the provisions of the Charter in the aspect of human rights protection, the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights was established, which later adopted the ASEAN Declaration of Human Rights. But despite quite significant progress in the aspect of legal support of ASEAN's competence in the field of human rights, practical problems still exist today. In particular, one of the problematic issues that still exists within the Association is the provision of human rights in the region. After all, guided by the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states, ASEAN does not pay attention to events related to the violation of human rights in the territories of its member states. In addition, ASEAN does not have judicial bodies to consider cases of human rights violations by member countries, as European countries do. The ASEAN Commission itself does not have the authority to make binding decisions, consider cases or conduct investigative visits. The absence of such functions and the absence of mandatory requirements regarding the independence and experience of AICHR members lead to debate. At the same time, the provision concerning the scope of powers to make decisions only by consensus is subject to the most criticism. After all, every state can reject any criticism of its human rights by way of veto.

Fundraising as a Means of Raising Financial Resources for Project Activities

The main goal of fundraising is to attract funds for the implementation of a project or idea that can help solve a certain problem or satisfy a certain need. In addition, fundraising can be an effective tool for popularizing the project and attracting attention to its goals. Purpose: The main aim of the article is to study the theoretical and applied aspects of fundraising and its main instruments. Design / Methodology / Approach: Theoretical methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalisation were used for the theoretical and practical study of fundraising and its tools, retrospective analysis of fundraising capitals, and development of recommendations. Empirical methods of surveys and observations were used to study the current situation with fundraising in the centres, analyse activities and needs, and interpret the results. Findings: The research delved into the correlation between an organization’s strategic objectives and the imperative need to procure resources. It examined the foundational theories underpinning fundraising tools while assessing their efficacy. Subsequently, a fundamental fundraising strategy was devised to gather funds for project undertakings. The study revealed that to ensure sustainable development, initiative groups need to be provided with the necessary tools and information resources. This facilitates a transition from disorganized management practices toward establishing a framework for long-term planning. This necessitates maintaining a steady financial income and possessing diversified tools for their acquisition. Originality / Value: The effective execution of a fundraising strategy will pave the way for emerging centres to embark on sustainable development trajectories, enabling a concentrated effort towards accomplishing strategic objectives and missions. This successful implementation will provide consistent backing for youth initiatives, fostering their continued advancement and further growth. Moreover, it will empower other small-scale centres to embrace and tailor this experience to suit their unique needs and projects. Practical Meaning: Successful implementation of a fundraising strategy will help new branches embark on a path of sustainable development and allow them to focus on achieving their strategic goals and mission; ensure stable support for youth initiatives, their further development and additional growth of the branch, and enable other small branches to adopt this experience and adapt it to their needs and projects. Further Research: Developing cooperation with Ukrainian and international intergovernmental organisations and foundations will help achieve strategic goals and ensure additional growth in fundraising activities.

Strengths and Constraints of International NGO Involvement in Social Assistance

In recent years, as a result of frequent political unrest and catastrophic events caused by natural disasters, there has been a growing international demand for objects capable of participating in social relief. In addition to most sovereign states and intergovernmental international organizations, international non-governmental organizations are also active in social relief, and they have made outstanding contributions to the defense of human rights, refugee relief, the prevention of infectious diseases, and other related relief work. Therefore, this paper analyzes the advantages and limitations of the participation of international non-governmental organizations in social relief by means of literature review and theoretical analysis. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can provide targeted help to countries in trouble in different aspects. However, due to their own problems, including becoming a political tool for some countries, and a lack of funds, they have also caused some negative impacts on the relief activities of international NGOs. NGOs need to recognize these concerns and find a balanced solution.

International legal regulation of the circulation of dual-use biotechnologies

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the vulnerability of each country, regardless of the economic well-being and health system development, highlighting the need for further rethinking of the global security and human security concepts. The need to sustain the spread of infectious diseases, as well as the treatment of life-threatening diseases, determine the relevance of scientific research on all key aspects related to the development of technologies, both by states and non-state actors. In view of the efforts made over the past decades, significant advances have been made in the field of biotechnology, which allows to detect the vulnerability of viruses, as well as to influence the genes responsible for the development of diseases. Such trends not only contribute to ensuring the human right to health and the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress, but also bring humanity closer to executing Sustainable Development Goals. The reverse side of the scientific research increase is the expansion of the availability of scientific data, as well as the simplification of the reproduction of various technological solutions, which leads to the risk of their use for military and terrorist purposes. The development of technologies, the use of which can not only counteract life-threatening diseases, but also create new threats to human security, has influenced the formation of the term “dual-use technologies” in the scientific literature and documents of international organizations. The article presents a systematic analysis of biotechnologies impact on the formation of “human security” concept, as well as the definition of “biological security” concept. The authors consistently consider international treaties, as well as documents of international intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations in the field of regulating the circulation of technologies that pose a threat to state security. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the features of control over the spread of biological agents in the context of the activities of the European Union, as well as ensuring the implementation of the national security strategy of the Russian Federation.

The role of parliamentarians in international intergovernmental organizations

The role of parliamentarians in international intergovernmental organizations

Legislative basis for assurance of measurement uniformity

An overview of the legal framework of metrology at the international level, in particular, the activities of the intergovernmental International Organization of Legal Metrology, is given. The establishment of the International Organization of Legal Metrology has had an impact on the consolidation of the regulatory framework for metrology at the regional level, especially in the European Union. The reliability, comparability and traceability of measurement results are ensured by international regulatory documents developed by countries in the field of activity of seven international organizations. For international recognition of measurement and test results of any country. There is a need for a system of normative instruments that ensure international law. Strategically, it is necessary to create a legal framework so that it is possible to move from regional politics to global politics. The role of legal metrology at the regional level and the formation of the legislative framework of fundamental metrology in the world are described. The article presents a database of basic documents for solving scientific problems of ensuring the uniformity of measurements at the international level and the main milestones in the history of the formation of the legal framework of the measurement system in Russia for two centuries. The creation of the metrological service of the USSR, and then the state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements determined new approaches to improving legislation in the field of metrology. Harmonization of the language of measurements and approaches to solving the problems of metrology will ensure the uniformity of measurements not only in individual countries and regions, but also on a global scale.