International Indian Ocean Expedition Research Articles

An Indian Ocean Record for Sadaydshia Acroporae Baba (Decapoda, Anomura)

The genus Sadayoshia Baba, 1969 of the family Galatheidae contains five species, all Indo-Pacific. Only one, S. ed ward si (Miers), was previously recorded from the Indian Ocean. Three male specimens, obtained by the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) 1963-1964, provide a new Indian Ocean record for Sadayoshia acroporae Baba known only from the type locality: Ryukyu Islands (Baba, 1972: 43). The specimens at hand agree well with the holotype except in some details which are noted in the following account.

Incursion of the Pacific Ocean Water into the Indian Ocean

Using the data collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition, maps showing the distribution of depth, acceleration potential, salinity and oxyty were prepared for the northeast monsoon for the four potential thermosteric anomaly surfaces: 160, 120, 80 and 60 cl/t. Zonal components of current aong 84°E were computed from the geopotential dynamic heights. From such an analysis, it became clear that low-salinity water from the Pacific intrudes into the western Indian Ocean through the Banda and Timor seas in the upper layers above 100 cl/t surface, while the North Indian Ocean Water penetrates towards the Eastern Archipelago below 100 cl/t surface. The South Equatorial Countercurrent and the Tropical Countercurrent are well depicted on the vertical section of zonal components as well as on the distribution of acceleration potential.

Airmasses upto 500 mb level over the Indian summer monsoon trough area

. Rao and Desai (1973) have indicated the nature of airmasses present over India and neighbourhood during July-typical monsoon month-on the basis of India Met. Dep. Forecast. Manual Part 1-2. "Climatology of India and neighbourhood-Climate of India (1968)". In the publication "Upper Air Atlas of India and Neighbourhood" (India Met. Dep. 1972), are given (i) Normal upper air temperature and contours and (ii) Normal upper winds from which one can draw inferences about airmasses over the area. Ramage and Raman (1972) have given 850, 700 and 500 mb charts for July in Voi. 2, Upper Air Meteorological Atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) from which also inferences can be drawn about airmasses over the area in question. It is seen from India Meteorological Department (1972) upper winds charts and charts of Ramageand Raman(1972) that the axis of the monsoon trough, which extends from near Delhi to Calcutta at the surface and slope southwards with height, has on both sides the air of continental origin while according to Rao and Desai and India Meteorological Department (1972) normal upper air temperature and contour charts, the axis of the monsoon trough at 850 and 700-mb levels has moist air of oceanic origin on both sides.
 The chart showing distribution of rainfall over India during July would not appear to support the inferences about airmasses drawn from charts of Ramage and Raman and India Meteorological Department upper wind charts.

Book reviews: Colborn, J. G. I975: The thermal structure of the Indian Ocean. International Indian Ocean Expedition Oceanographic Monograph 2. Hawaii : University of Hawaii Press (East-West Centre book). I73 pp. $I2.00

Book reviews: Colborn, J. G. I975: The thermal structure of the Indian Ocean. International Indian Ocean Expedition Oceanographic Monograph 2. Hawaii : University of Hawaii Press (East-West Centre book). I73 pp. $I2.00

Larvae of Stenopodidea (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Indian Ocean

Summary First descriptions are given of larvae of five species from samples collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition, and distribution maps are provided for the 11 species of stenopodid larvae recorded from the Indian Ocean. A key is provided for the 21 known species of stenopodid larvae. Only three of these can be definitely linked with known adults, and observations are made on the genera (and, in some cases, species) to which the other larvae may belong.

Halimeda renschii revived, and Halimeda batanensis (Chlorophyta, Siphonales)

Abstract The Halimeda species renschii, described by Hauck in 1886 was considered a form of H. opuntia by Barton in her 1901 monograph of the genus. Since then there has been little apparent reference to the type description or collection of H. renschii, with the result that much of the material in herbaria assigned to H. opuntia f. renschii is not this taxon. During my continuing study of the genus Halimeda I examined the type collection of H. renschii. A comparison with typical H. opuntia revealed differences in habit, ecology and microscopic characteristics such that H. renschii should be considered a distinct species rather than a form. Rijksherbarium specimen 937,277–154 is designated the lectotype. New H. renschii material includes collections from the International Indian Ocean Expedition. The new species Halimeda batanensis W. R. Taylor was included in this study. No significant differences were found between it and H. renschii, and since the name H. renschii has priority, H. batanensis is placed ...

Radio-climatology of the sea areas adjoining the Indian sub-continent

Based on the climatological data. provided by the International Indian Ocean Expedition (1959-1965), radio-climatology of the Sea areas adjoining the Indian sub-continent has, been worked out ill this paper. Monthly and seasonal mean values of radio refractivity are given for the sea level, 850 mb and 700 mb levels. Vertical gradients of radio refractivity are also presented.

Decapod Crustacea from the International Indian Ocean Expedition: The species ofFunchalia(Penaeidae) and their post-larvae

Decapod Crustacea from the International Indian Ocean Expedition: The species of<i>Funchalia</i>(Penaeidae) and their post-larvae

Spider crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majidae) from the International Indian Ocean Expedition, 1963-1964

Griffin, D. J. G. Spider Crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majidae) from the International Indian Ocean Expedition, 1963-1964. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 182, 35 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables, 1974.—Spider crabs were collected by the RV Anton Bruun from 52 stations in the Andaman Sea, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and western Indian Ocean from Natal to the Gulf of Aden. Specimens from seven stations worked by the Te Vega in the Andaman Sea, Indonesia, and western Pacific, and shore collections made at Madagascar and the islands to the north and at Cocos (Keeling) Island in the eastern Indian Ocean are also dealt with. A total of 56 species belonging to 30 genera are reported on. Fifty-two of the species were collected by the Anton Bruun and the 32 species collected at 28 stations in the western Indian Ocean represent just over one-third of the total number of majid spider crabs from that area. The collections were taken mainly on the upper part of the continental shelf, but six species were collected at depths exceeding 200 meters. Basic references, descriptive notes, and a summary of the geographic distribution are given for each species. Achaeus curvirostris (A. Milne Edwards), new combination, and Hyastenus ovatus (Dana) are shown to be senior synonyms of A. fissifrons (Haswell) and Hyastenus tenuicornis Pocock, respectively, and Naxia mamillata Ortmann, a junior synonym of Naxioides rohillardi Miers. In addition, Doclea tetraptera Walker is confirmed as a junior synonym of D. calcitrapa White, Eurynome longimana Stimpson of E. aspera (Pennant) and PseudocoUodes complectens Rathbun of Inachus dorsettensis (Pennant). Barnard's Macropodia formosa var is identified as M. intermedia Bouvier. These last three species, previously known from the east Atlantic and South Africa, are recorded from east Africa for the first time. Chlorinoides tosaensis Sakai and Majella hrevipes Ortmann, previously known from Japan, and Oncinopus neptunus Adams & White ( = O. aranea auct. in part) and Simocarcinus obtusirostris Miers from the western Pacific are recorded from the Indian Ocean for the first time. The majority of the species collected are widely distributed Indo-West Pacific ones. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5136. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Griffin, D. J. G. Spider crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majidae) from the International Indian Ocean Expedition, 1963-1964. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 182) Supt. of Docs.: SI 1.27: 182. 1. Majidae. 2. International Indian Ocean Expedition, 19623. Crustacea—Indian Ocean. I. International Indian Ocean Expedition, 1962II. Title. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 182. QL1.S54 no. 182 [QL444.M33] 591'.08s [595'.3842] 74-6395 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 • Price 85 cents, GPO Bookstore

Evaporation over the Indian Ocean during the IIOE period

The ship's data collected over the oceanic region bounded by 30oN to 40°S and 20oE to 140°E during International Indian Ocean Expedition (IlOE) period have been machine processed for the computation of various energy parameters of the heat budget across the air-sea interface, An attempt is made to evaluate the evaporation over the region for the months of January, April, July and October 1963 and 1964, Comparison with climatological values of evaporation as well as with earlier studies by other authors show that the evaporation computed for 1963 as well as 1964 is higher.

A historical survey of the appendicularians from the area covered by the IIOE

The present paper shows how our knowledge concerning the appendicularians from the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf has evolved. The different historical steps and their relative importance are discussed, and the contributions, either direct or indirect, of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) are emphasized.

Sea-surface temperature distribution over the Arabian Sea determined from satellite infrared radiation measurements

A composite histogram method is used objectively to derive sea-surface temperature distribution over the Arabian Sea and parts of the Indian Ocean. Nimbus III night-time high resolution infrared data for the first six days in November 1969 were selected to make a set of three-day composite charts. Satellite-derived sea-surface temperature distribution exhibited some thermal structure over. the Arabian Sea which was first noticed during the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Over most of the Arabian Sea region, the observed temperature change was about I degree Kelvin from one three-day period to the next.

Decapod Crustacea from the International Indian Ocean Expedition: the larval development of Heterocarpus (Caridea)

The larval species Atlantocaris gigas Ortmann is shown to be conspecific with Heterocarpus ensifer A. Milne Edwards, while Procletes biangulatus Bate is the larva of Heterocarpus levicarina (Bate). Each species passes through 13–15 zoeal stages and 3–4 megalopal stages. The later zoeal stages are large, have a long toothed rostrum, a carinated carapace and dorsal abdominal spines. The carinae on the carapace are retained in the adult; the rostrum becomes shortened and the abdominal spines modified at metamorphosis. Larval characters support the retention of Heterocarpus in the Pandalidae.New information on the distribution of both species is included.

Distribution of marine cladocerans in the Indian Ocean

Cladocera of the Indian Ocean have been studied, on the basis of samples collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE). Out of a total of 1927 samples, 552 contained Cladocera. Although the distribution of this group is mainly coastal, one species, Evadne tergestina, has been found in oceanic waters also, where it may establish seasonal populations. Evadne spinifera was recorded off the Australian and South African coasts in the southern hemisphere, and in the Northeastern part of the Arabian Sea coastal waters in the northern hemisphere. Podon polyphemoides was reported from a single station in South African waters. Penilia avirostris was found in coastal waters throughout the Indian Ocean. Short-term distribution patterns of E. tergestina and P. avirostris are discussed. The possible value of this group as food for pelagic fishes has been indicated. This work makes clear that adequate sampling in space and time is required along the Continental Shelf of the Indian Ocean in order to obtain more comprehensive information on this group.

Note on the equivalent barotropic level in the Indian tropical regions

Parameters computed for the winter and summer monsoons from the mean 1963 and 1964 radiosonde data for the International Indian Ocean Expedition period for Indian stations show (i) the equivalent barotropic level appears to be around 400mb in the winter and (ii) no such level seems to exist in the troposphere during summer monsoon.

Decapod Crustacea from the International Indian Ocean Expedition The species of Thalassocaris (Caridea) and their larvae

Plankton collections from the Indian Ocean contain adults and larvae of three species of Thalassocaris: T. lucida (Dana), T. crinita (Dana) and T. obscura sp.n. The new species was previously confused with T. crinita by Borradaile and with T. lucida by Kemp.Larvae of Thalassocaris are described for the first time. In each species there are 10–13 zoeal stages. The cephalothorax is very broad and shallow, the maxilla has only one coxal endite, and exopods develop on legs 1–4. T. crinita is a shallow‐water species with a wide distribution in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific. T. lucida and T. obscura are open ocean species. T. lucida is most common in the eastern Indian Ocean (and probably in the western Pacific) and is not recorded from the Arabian Sea. T. obscura is most common in the Arabian Sea and is not recorded from the south‐eastern Indian Ocean or from the Pacific.Larval characters do not support the inclusion of Thalassocaris in the Pandalidae. Recognition of the family Thalassocarididae, comprising the genera Thalassocaris and Chlorosocoides, is advocated.

Cloud distributions over equatorial Indian Ocean as revealed by satellites

The paper gives some satellite evidence to show that the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean (east of about 6O0E) experiences greater clouding than its western counterpart throughout the year, With a view to suggesting a possible explanation for this difference between the two parts of the ocean, the distribution of mean ocean surface temperature and barometric pressure for the period of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE, 1963-64) was examined. The finding a suggest a semi-permanent vertical circulation cell with equatorial westerlies below, equatorial easterlies above, ascending branch over equatorial eastern Indian Ocean and descending branch over equatorial western Indian Ocean, Possible mechanisms for the formation of cloud clusters and cloud bands are briefly, discussed.

The tectonics of the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and the petrography of the solid rocks of its rift zones

The structure of the Mid-Indian Ridge has been studied by many authors. Especially active investigations relate to the period of activity of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960 to 1965), and results of this work are well known from numerous papers cited in bibliographical list edited by Fox (1967), especially those by Matthews (1966), Vine (1966), Cann (1968), Cann &amp; Vine (1966), Laughton (1966), Fisher (1965) and Engel &amp; Fisher (1969). Russian expeditions in the area of the Mid-Indian Ridge (figure 1) paid particular attention to the correlation between different geophysical and geological features of the rift zone. These results are not so well known for language reasons and because there are few publications.

Decapod crustacean larvae collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Families Raninidae and Homolidae

Decapod crustacean larvae collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Families Raninidae and Homolidae

A discussion on the structure and evolution of the Red Sea and the nature of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Ethiopia rift junction - The evolution of the Gulf of Aden

Marine geological and geophysical data from the International Indian Ocean Expedition, especially from cruise 16 of R. R. S. Discovery , have made it possible to prepare new charts of the bathymetry and the magnetic anomaly field which, together with other data, enable the evolutionary history of the Gulf of Aden to be worked out. Over the past 10 Ma the theory of seafloor spreading can account satisfactorily for the features of the Sheba Ridge and provides evidence of spreading rates in the direction of the fracture zones varying from 0.9 cm a -1 per limb in the west to 1.1 cm a -1 per limb in the east. Between the initial creation of the Gulf and 10 Ma ago, the evolution is less certain, although the geophysical evidence indicates that the crustal structure of the Gulf outside the Sheba Ridge is oceanic.