International Impact Research Articles

Moderating Effects of Founders’ Role on the Influence of Internationalization on IPO Performance of Listed Companies in Thailand

Previous research suggests that internationalization affects initial public offering (IPO) performance in the short term, but it less is known about the founders’ role in the relationship between internationalization and IPO performance. The objectives of this study were to investigate moderating effects of the founders’ role on the impact of internationalization on IPO performance of newly listed companies. The samples included 80 international firms listed in Thailand stock markets from 2013 to 2020. Multiple regression analysis was employed to test the effects of internationalization on IPO performance, and the PROCESS macro was applied to test the moderating effects. Founder CEO as a proxy of a founders’ role was a moderator variable where internationalization was a predictor variable and IPO underpricing, a proxy of IPO performance, was the outcome variable. The results revealed that internationalization demonstrated no statistically significant effect on IPO underpricing. A non-founder CEO had a moderating effect on the influence of internationalization on IPO underpricing, whereas a founder CEO revealed no moderating effect. Specifically, internationalization had a negative effect on IPO underpricing once an international firm had a non-founder CEO. A decrease in IPO underpricing of international firm is clearly explained by the results of this study.

International resource configuration of product-related services in the digital age – An analysis of its antecedents

PurposeAlthough many manufacturers depend on international sales, and product-related services continue to increase in importance, little is known about how manufacturers should deliver their product-related services across borders. This paper examines the international configuration decision of industrial service offerings across borders by investigating the impact of different service characteristics and the servitization strategy on this decision. Additionally, the paper sheds light on how digitalization and administrative heritage impact this decision.Design/methodology/approach116 industrial goods manufacturers from Switzerland and Germany were surveyed.FindingsServitization leads companies to centralize their service resources in their home countries. However, most service characteristics do not impact decisions regarding centralization, except for knowledge intensity, which leads to more centralization of resources. This implies that the resource configuration does not depend on each service individually but on the overall service strategy. Furthermore, the digital readiness of the host country directly and positively impacts resource centralization. Notwithstanding other variables, larger companies tend to decentralize service resources more than smaller companies.Originality/valueThis paper is among the first to study the international configuration impact of servitization and of individual service characteristics, thereby adding important knowledge regarding the provision of product-related services in the international context. Additionally, different aspects of digitalization are included to analyze its impact on companies and host countries.

Compliance With Cannabis Act Regulations Regarding Online Promotion Among Canadian Commercial Cannabis-Licensed Firms

As global jurisdictions shift toward cannabis legalization, 2 areas of public health importance relate to exposure to youth and to truthful promotion. Although Canada's Cannabis Act specifies many prohibitions related to cannabis promotion, no systematic monitoring or enforcement among licensed firms exists. Compliance with marketing regulations has effects beyond Canadian citizens because of the global outreach of websites and social media. To evaluate compliance among licensed firms with the Cannabis Act and analyze trends among violations regarding promotional material. This cross-sectional study evaluated cannabis-licensed firms after cannabis legalization. Data were extracted from online public platforms, including company websites, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, from October 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020. Descriptive statistics, Poisson regression, and logistic regression were used to analyze the associations of covariates with promotion violations. The primary outcome was characterization of type and prevalence of promotion violations. Secondary outcomes were the role of various covariates (namely, licensed firm characteristics and online platforms) in the frequency and probability of violations. Hypotheses were formulated before data collection. Among 261 licensed firms, 211 (80.8%) had an online platform, including 204 (96.7%) with websites, 128 (60.7%) with Facebook, 123 (58.3%) with Instagram, and 123 (58.3%) with Twitter. Of all licensed firms with an online platform, 182 (86.3%) had at least 1 violation. Compared with websites, the risk of violations was significantly higher on Facebook (rate ratio [RR], 1.24; 95% CI, 1.11-1.39) and Instagram (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.34). The most common violations included lack of age restrictions, brand glamorization, and omission of risk information. With websites as the reference group, lack of age restrictions was approximately 15 times more likely to occur on Facebook (odds ratio [OR], 14.76; 95% CI, 8.06-27.05); the odds of an age restriction violation were also higher on Instagram (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.43-4.32) and Twitter (OR, 4.03; 95% CI, 2.29-7.09). For unsubstantiated claims, the odds of violations were significantly decreased on Facebook (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.11-0.48) and Instagram (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.14-0.57). The odds of glamorization were associated with an increase on Instagram (OR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.72-4.88). In this cross-sectional study, widespread violations were observed in online Canadian cannabis promotion. To protect public health and safety amid legalization, decision-makers should make explicit federal regulation and enforcement regarding promotional activities of cannabis retailers. These results suggest that policy and enforcement of cannabis promotion in Canada would have an international impact, from ease of access to online media and downstream consequences of unregulated promotion.

The importance of intercultural communicative competences in English classes on the context of current migration waves

The study of intercultural communicative competences (ICC) in the exercise of teaching a foreign language has turned into a vibrant line of research in recent years. It is relevant to promote ICC in English classes to develop awareness, acceptance and respect among members from other cultures and backgrounds, especially on the context of current migration waves around the world, due to the impact of globalization and internationalization in education. Scholars have been talking about intercultural competences and their importance: why it is worth reflecting on their inclusion of ICC in the EFL classroom and the way they are conceived, as well as their contributions to the human being’s development. This paper focuses on a literature review of the definition of intercultural competencies and the conceptions of some scholars who have hardly worked on them and made contributions for teachers of English. Due to the strong relationship between teaching a foreign language and intercultural communicative competences in the EFL classes, it is relevant to clarify the notion of culture, intercultural competence and intercultural communicative competence; all of these concepts are presented in order to clarify their impact in the classroom.

From the Editor of Sexuality and Disability: Reflection

An editorial is presented on the Sexuality and Disability. The article discusses that Sexuality and Disability has pushed for pragmatic knowledge to have international impact on education, research, and practice;and Sexuality and Disability makes available original impact articles addressing the mental health and medical healthcare aspects of sexuality in relation to rehabilitation.

The Impact of Board Internationalization on Real Earnings Management: Evidence From China

In this article, we examine the impact of board internationalization on real earnings management. Using the annual data of 2,899 Chinese listed non-financial firms with 16,638 firm-year observations over the period from 2008 to 2017 for empirical analysis, we find robust evidence that higher proportion of foreign directors on corporate boards reduces real earnings management. Results support the hypothesis that foreign directors increase boards’ effectiveness in monitoring the management and, consequently, lead to less earnings management by corporate executives. Our results are robust to alternative measures of board internationalization, instrumental variable analysis, and adding additional control variables. We further observe that foreign directors are more effective in reducing earnings management in firms with local directors with foreign experience and in Chinese provinces with developed institutional environment. Moreover, Chinese firms complement accrual and real activities–based earnings management, and board internationalization is effective in reducing both types of earnings management. Overall, our findings imply board internationalization improves the quality of reported earnings to outside shareholders.

The impact of ownership and internationalization on sustainable firm performance

This study aims to explore the growth of publications by focusing on firm performance through internationalization and the impact of ownership on firm performance, and finally firm performance will ultimately determine the sustainability of the industry. The study was conducted based on data from the Scopus website from 1971 to 2020. Data analysis was performed by grouping and comparing the growth of published articles. After that the analysis continues by looking at the journals that most publish this topic and the quality of the journal. An analysis of the countries of the authors who contributed the most to this research along with the most productive authors was also presented. And the next analysis is to explore the keywords in the research, an analysis is made of the interrelationship of the research that has been done which conducted based on bibliographic coupling technique and present the opportunities for topics that are still rarely examined in this field.

An Outcome of Decoupling and De-globalization? The Weakened Impact of Internationalization on Innovation of Chinese Firms Since 2016

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Saudi-Iran Conflict: Role of International Factors and Impacts on the Muslim Region

Saudi-Iran Conflict: Role of International Factors and Impacts on the Muslim Region

Ludwig's angina in Nigeria: The disease of the poor and health inequality!

Aimhighlight the health inequality and identify opportunities to improve the care delivered to the patients who suffer from Ludwig's angina which could have national and international clinical impact. Materials and methodsData was collected from three major oral and maxillofacial centers, in Nigeria including Benin, Lagos and Kano. A protocol was developed for data collection which included demographic details, socio-economic status, management of the air way, the associated morbidities and mortalities. ResultsForty-nine were managed in Benin, 57 in Lagos and 66 in Kano. Diabetes was the most prevalent underlying systematic condition, affecting 21% of the Ludwig's angina patients in Lagos. Poverty was a common denominator, 90% of the patients from Kano were unemployed compared to 23% and 8% from Lagos and Benin respectively. For most of the patients, the airway was monitored. Incision and drainage were carried out in most of the cases at Benin and Lagos, but it was only considered in 50% of the cases in Kano. Mortality ranged from 4% in Benin to 12% in Lagos and it was as high as 19% in Kano. Conclusionpoor access to oral healthcare, unemployment and low socio-economic status are important predisposing factors of Ludwig's angina.

Pandemics and protectionism: evidence from the \u201cSpanish\u201d flu

The impact of COVID-19 on recent tendencies towards international isolationism has been much speculated on but remains to be seen. We suggest that valuable evidence can be gleaned from the “Spanish” flu of 1918–20. It is well-known that the world fell into a protectionist spiral following the First World War, but scholars have almost exclusively ignored the impact of the pandemic. We employ a difference-in-differences strategy and find that the flu had a significant impact on trade policy, independent of the war. In our preferred specification, a one standard deviation increase in excess deaths during the outbreak implied 0.022 percentage points higher tariffs subsequently, corresponding to an increase of one third of a standard deviation in tariffs. Health policy should aim to avoid the experience of the interwar period and consider the international macroeconomic impact of measures (not) taken.

The Relationship between Extent of Internationalization and Firm Performance (Taiwan 1992–2017)

The purpose of this study was to discuss the impact of the extent of internationalization on firm performance measured for firms with a high Tobin’s Q (firms with good operating performance), a median Tobin’s Q (firms with average operating performance), and a low Tobin’s Q (firms with poor operating performance). In addition to discussion on the impact of internationalization on firm performance, this study also discussed the impact of corporate proprietary assets (using assets, R&D, marketing, and management-related variables as moderating variables) and control variables (scale of company, debt-asset ratio, firm age, board structure, and proportion of pledged shares by directors) on firm performance. The research results showed that there is an S-shaped relationship between extent of internationalization and firm performance. However, further discussion found that there is an S-shaped relationship between extent of internationalization and performance for firms with a high Tobin’s Q but a slight decline in the middle of the S-shaped curve, as well as a general linear negative correlation between extent of internationalization and performance for firms with a median Tobin’s Q and an inverted U-shaped correlation between extent of internationalization and performance for firms with a low Tobin’s Q.

International Trade in the High-Tech Sector—Support or Obstacle to Start-Up Processes at the Macro Level in European Union Countries?

High-tech internationalization touches on two aspects impacting entrepreneurship: openness of the economy and its level of innovativeness. Both of them might positively or negatively affect the process of new company creations, as suggested by the concept of entrepreneurial regime with creative destruction or by the concept of routinized regime with creative accumulation. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of high-tech internationalization on the start-up process of new company creation. Cluster analysis and panel modeling for European Union countries in 2009–2018 were conducted. The research results distinguish clusters of European Union countries with a different level of high-tech internationalization. The impact of high-tech internationalization on start-up rates is significant in the case of both clusters; however, it is stronger in the cluster of countries with a relatively higher level of high-tech international openness. The high-tech intra-EU import and extra-EU high-tech export negatively affect the rate of new enterprise creation in both clusters. Additionally, extra-EU import in clusters with a relatively higher level of high-tech internationalization also negatively impacts start-up rates. The only aspect supporting the start-up process is the level of intra-EU export in clusters with higher levels of high-tech internationalization. The results suggest that in European Union countries, creative accumulation is the dominant phenomenon.

Disentangling the relationship between internationalization, incremental and radical innovation, and firm performance

AbstractResearch SummaryThis study examines the impact of firm internationalization on incremental and radical product innovation, and the effects of these innovation facets on sales growth. We use a sample of 1,064 Spanish manufacturers over the period 2008–2014. We find a positive relationship between higher international scope and greater ex‐post radical innovation output, and an inverted U‐shape relationship between export intensity and both innovation forms. We also find a positive relationship between incremental innovation and sales growth for performance leaders, and negative for performance laggards. Conversely, radical innovation boosts performance laggards' sales growth, but reduces that of performance leaders. The study supports and qualifies the learning‐by‐exporting effect, by identifying some firm‐specific factors that shape the relationship between internationalization, innovation, and firm performance.Managerial SummaryIn this study, we examine the effect of a more intense and more geographically spread out international expansion in a firm's incremental and radical innovation performance. We argue that more internationalized firms may benefit from new knowledge and learning, which they may leverage to increase their incremental and radical product innovations. In turn, we posit that incremental product innovation may be beneficial for performance leaders, but useless for a turnaround of performance laggards. Conversely, radical innovation may be useful for performance laggards, but may disrupt the current position of performance leaders and lead to reduced sales growth. These results point to the importance for exporters to use their new knowledge and capabilities to develop innovation forms that are consistent with their position in the market.

A national standard that will influence global efforts to protect antibiotics

Though the infectious diseases (ID) pharmacy specialty has been in existence for many years, recent issues have raised the profile of ID pharmacists within the healthcare system. First, antimicrobial resistance rates have reached a crisis point and gained the attention of international organisations.1 Second, and in large part due to antimicrobial resistance, recognition of the suboptimal use of antimicrobial agents has led to the rapid expansion of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in many parts of the world.2-4 Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of leadership that understands that practical aspects of antimicrobial pharmacotherapy can rapidly synthesise emerging literature and gain consensus through collaboration to produce local standards. All of these require expertise in antimicrobial therapies, and consequently the need for ID pharmacists has grown. The SHPA Standard of Practice (SOP) in Infectious Diseases for Pharmacy Services sets important national expectations and guidance for pharmacist practitioners wishing to practice ID. We believe that this document espouses the mission of the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP), which is to advance infectious diseases pharmacotherapy and lead antimicrobial stewardship to optimise the care of patients with infections. Both of us have served as President of SIDP and we see parallels between this SOP and the mission of SIDP. The SOP highlights the important contributions (in both depth and breadth) to direct patient care by ID pharmacists in varied practice settings including inpatient hospital care, people living with HIV, antimicrobial stewardship, rural and regional health services, community-based parenteral antibiotic therapy and emerging practices in primary care and aged care facilities. The standard also emphasises essential components of ID pharmacy practice beyond front-line patient care and operations: education quality and safety improvement, policy and protocol development, and research. This includes the importance of regional, national, and international collaborations to advance the science and to act as a mechanism that shares knowledge and best practices. The latter is especially pertinent for pharmacists practicing in settings without the benefit of colleagues in the specialty, including ID physicians. Perhaps more important is that this SOP also sets a standard for ID practice to include pharmacist practitioners in key clinical and administrative roles. The latter is not a standalone section but rather woven into all aspects of ID pharmacy practice. The standard also highlights the collaborative nature of infectious diseases practice and specifically mentions the important role of microbiology and infection prevention working together with the ID team to achieve optimal patient care. Highlighting the role of ID pharmacists in hospital leadership throughout the antimicrobial use process is key. Although written for Australia, this SOP has the potential for international impact. Pharmacy practice in other countries may come to mirror best practices described in documents such as this one. At the invitation of the authors, the two of us reviewed and provided input on a draft of this standard with this in mind. They are congruent with positions on pharmacist roles in the leadership of ASPs taken by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties and by SIDP.5-7 The SOP takes a big step forward and sets a standard that acts as a set of goals for pharmacists practicing in ID. These goals will likely change as practices evolve and ID pharmacists find new and innovative ways to improve the care of patients. With these standards as the starting point, ID pharmacists can further the vision of ensuring safe and effective antibiotics for now and the future. The authors have no conflicts of interests to declare.

Environmental and Economic Recovery Post-Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster: Isotope Characteristics and the Recovery of a Crippled Fisheries Industry

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and subsequent tsunami had a catastrophic effect on the aquaculture industry of the North-East Japanese coast. Ten years on, this paper examines the environmental and economic impacts of this disaster within the context of the Fukushima nuclear meltdown. Following structural damage to the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Daiichi plant, fisheries and aquaculture industries were suspended, given the initially high radio caesium output into the coastal water column. Daily radiation testing began on all fisheries products, with tentative industry resuming within the Fukushima prefecture once radiation had dropped below the 50 Bq/kg, as stipulated by the Fukushima Fisheries Association. Routine testing continues biweekly (at least until March 2021). As of May 2016, 73 fish species were passed for consumption. The rapid functional recovery of the fisheries industry has been mediated by two factors, the sedimentation characteristics of the caesium isotopes and deposition of isotopes out to sea in an Easterly direction, given the interaction of oceanic currents. While the aquaculture industry may have recovered and food reduced to safe radiation levels, the disaster continues to exert a domestic and international economic impact given the stigma of Fukushima radiation.

Performance of China's journals indexed in SCIE: An evaluation based on megajournal metrics

AbstractThe Chinese government has issued a series of policies and measures in recent years to enhance the international impact of its academic journals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of such support measures on the overall performance of China's Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE)‐indexed journals. We aggregated China's SCIE journals together into a virtual, multi‐disciplinary ‘megajournal’, which we call Mega China. Based on Journal Citation Reports from 2015 to 2019, we compared Mega China with the two largest real megajournals, Scientific Reports and PLoS ONE, in terms of journal output and citation performance. The number of SCIE‐indexed journals in China and their impact factors have increased continuously every year. The total citations and h‐index of Mega China reached 489,036 and 247 in 2019, respectively. The immediacy index and impact factor of Mega China have gradually increased, in contrast to those of Scientific Reports and PLoS ONE, and reached 0.735 and 2.601, respectively, in 2019. Our analysis, by viewing all China's SCIE journals as one megajournal, provides evidence that their performance has improved under the Chinese government's new policies. Further improving China's academic journals will require fundamental reforms of the traditional Chinese publishing system.

ESP STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES AND MOTIVATION BEFORE AND AFTER CROATIA JOINED THE ERASMUS PROGRAM

Results of our research study conducted before Croatia joined the Erasmus program in 2010 suggested that the experience of internationalization might affect ESP students’ attitudes, learning priorities and motivation. To establish whether generations that participated in academic mobility programs differ from their pre-Erasmus peers, we repeated our original study from 2009: Business and economics students’ attitudes to English, L2 motivation and invested effort were measured using the same questionnaire based on sociolinguistic and L2 motivation research rooted in social psychology. The same attitudes and motivation scales were used to compare the two groups. To ensure comparability, the data from the original and the present study were submitted to Coarsened Exact matching, which resulted in two subsets (N=98 each). T-test and correlational analyses revealed significant differences between the two groups, but the findings somewhat disappointed our previous expectations regarding the impact of university internationalization.

Cross-sectional analysis of the Parkinson\u2019s disease Non-motor International Longitudinal Study baseline non-motor characteristics, geographical distribution and impact on quality of life

Growing evidence suggests that non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) have differential progression patterns that have a different natural history from motor progression and may be geographically influenced. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1607 PD patients of whom 1327 were from Europe, 208 from the Americas, and 72 from Asia. The primary objective was to assess baseline non-motor burden, defined by Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) total scores. Other aims included identifying the factors predicting quality of life, differences in non-motor burden between drug-naïve and non-drug-naïve treated patients, and non-motor phenotypes across different geographical locations. Mean age was 65.9 ± 10.8 years, mean disease duration 6.3 ± 5.6 years, median Hoehn and Yahr stage was 2 (2–3), and 64.2% were male. In this cohort, mean NMSS scores were 46.7 ± 37.2. Differences in non-motor burden and patterns differed significantly between drug-naïve participants, those with a disease duration of less than five years, and those with a duration of five years or over (p ≤ 0.018). Significant differences were observed in geographical distribution (NMSS Europe: 46.4 ± 36.3; Americas: 55.3 ± 42.8; Asia: 26.6 ± 25.1; p < 0.001), with differences in sleep/fatigue, urinary, sexual, and miscellaneous domains (p ≤ 0.020). The best predictor of quality of life was the mood/apathy domain (β = 0.308, p < 0.001). This global study reveals that while non-motor symptoms are globally present with severe NMS burden impacting quality of life in PD, there appear to be differences depending on disease duration and geographical distribution.

International Impact of Colonial Rule in Korea, 1910-1945. Edited by Yong-Chool Ha

International Impact of Colonial Rule in Korea, 1910-1945. Edited by Yong-Chool Ha