International Forums Research Articles

The Analytical Study of Dispute Resolution Methods in Space Regulations

The space sector has emerged as a lucrative market for both states and private entities, driven by unprecedented technological advancements. Private actors have become significant players in this field; however, their role is not adequately reflected in the existing legal frameworks for resolving disputes under international space law, which remain state-centric. This research addresses the gap by examining the procedures for resolving space-related disputes involving states and private entities. Using descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodologies, the study explores national and international conflict resolution mechanisms in space law. It reviews key agreements and initiatives such as the Outer Space Treaty, the Liability Convention, and Dubai’s Court of Space. The research highlights the advantages and limitations of various dispute resolution methods, including those offered by international law and arbitration forums, with a focus on Dubai’s Court of Space as a new and innovative platform. The study concludes that the rapid expansion of the space sector necessitates the development of inclusive and effective mechanisms for resolving disputes. Current frameworks are inadequate for addressing the complexities of modern space activities, often excluding private entities. Dubai’s Court of Space offers specialized expertise, transparency, and the ability to set global precedents, making it a promising solution for future disputes.

Rethinking the impact of water-saving technologies and market incentives: lessons from Mercy Corps’ water innovation technologies program

Abstract In the face of unrelenting water crises, water-saving technologies are increasingly relied upon as a paradigm for managing scarce water resources in the agricultural sector. This approach is gaining momentum in international forums and among development practitioners focused on improving the sustainability and efficiency of their water security interventions. Following this trend, the integration of market incentives to foster the uptake of water-saving technologies (WSTs) is not surprising. However, recent literature on water-saving technologies and related incentives paints an ambiguous picture of the impact these technologies can have. On one hand, there is evidence that supports the efficacy of market incentives in promoting water-saving practices and the adoption of WSTs. On the other hand, there are also concerns about the potential adverse consequences of introducing WSTs, including promoting unsustainable water consumption and exacerbating inequalities. This study focuses on Mercy Corps’ Water Innovation Technologies program in Jordan, a country grappling with severe water scarcity. It specifically examines how market mechanisms played a crucial role in saving approximately 24 million cubic meters of water, equivalent to around 9,500 Olympic-sized swimming pools. Driven by this significant achievement, the study delves deeper into the efficacy of market-based approaches, while also considering their potential limitations. The conclusion offers a critical perspective on how the promotion of WST through market-based approaches can ensure that water savings contribute to both environmental sustainability and human well-being. In particular, Mercy Corps' practitioner perspective advocates for governance reforms that limit and prevent unsustainable consumption, facilitate and ensure equitable access to WSTs, and promote the fair redistribution of water savings across different users.

Anangula before and after: to the 50th anniversary of Soviet-American archaeological expedi-tion on the Aleutian Islands

The purpose of this work is to analyze the events in scientific life that preceded and followed the first Soviet-American archaeological expedition to the Aleutian Islands 50 years ago (1974) and the excavations of the Anangula Site, the materials of which date back to ca. 9,000 years ago. The used sources include various publications by Rus-sian and foreign authors, highlighting the key episodes of international dialogue and the stages of the formation of American studies in the Kunstkamera (St. Petersburg), the Institute of Ethnography (Moscow), and the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy (Novosibirsk), as well as the information on the participation of Russian scientists, with reports, at major international forums, periodicals, and scientific chronicles, freely available archival data, and also records from family collections. The dynamics and forms of academic cooperation between Russian and North American archaeologists and ethnographers (exchanges of visits, conferences, exhibitions, joint projects, publications) are traced during different stages — in the 1900s–1930s, 1950s–1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s. The initial period featured the interest of the American side in the study of materials from Siberia and Northeast Asia in the person of such specialists as A. Hrdlicka, F. Rainey, and W. Laughlin, and the late 1960s period — the institutional, structural, and thematic development of American studies in several scientific centers in Russia. The specifics of changes in the structure of financing, and the role of the grant system (Russian and foreign scientific foundations) since the 1990s are noted. As a result, a number of conclusions have been drawn about the regularity of the ap-pearance and implementation of the project on the Aleutian Islands, the role of Siberian researchers (A.P. Okladnikov, A.P. Derevianko, R.S. Vasilievsky) in the development of such areas as American studies and Pacific archaeology in science and education, the long-term effect of the “Anangula legacy” for the next generations of Russian and North American archaeologists, as well as about the current state of the research in the area.

Peran Diplomasi Maritim Indonesia sebagai Poros Maritim Dunia

This paper discusses the role of Indonesia's maritime diplomacy in realizing its vision as the Global Maritime Fulcrum (Poros Maritim Dunia - PMD). Indonesia’s maritime diplomacy focuses on strengthening maritime security, enhancing maritime infrastructure connectivity, sustainable marine resource management, and promoting maritime culture. Through active participation in international forums such as IORA and cooperation with G20 countries, Indonesia aims to strengthen its strategic position as a global maritime trade hub. This study highlights how maritime diplomacy supports the achievement of the five pillars of PMD, solidifying Indonesia's role in the Indo-Pacific region and enhancing the country's global influence.

Historical Relationship Between Indonesia and Türkiye

This paper examines the historical relationship between Indonesia and Türkiye, tracing its evolution from the Ottoman era to the present. Despite geographical and cultural differences, both nations share a legacy of Islamic heritage and anti-colonial struggles. Early interactions began in the 16th century with the Ottoman support for the Aceh Sultanate against European colonial powers. The rise of nationalist movements in the early 20th century further strengthened their ties, particularly as Indonesia drew inspiration from Türkiye's modernisation efforts under Atatürk. Following Indonesia's independence in 1945, formal diplomatic relations were established, leading to cooperative dynamics during the Cold War despite ideological differences. In the contemporary era, economic, political, and cultural exchanges have intensified, highlighted by collaboration in international forums and shared interests in regional stability. However, challenges remain, influenced by differing foreign policy stances and domestic political changes. This overview underscores the historical foundations and potential for a robust partnership between Indonesia and Türkiye, rooted in mutual interests and a shared legacy. The significance of Ottoman archives for Asian countries like Indonesia is profound, particularly in understanding historical, political, and cultural dynamics. These archives serve as vital resources that illuminate the connections between the Ottoman Empire and Southeast Asia, shedding light on a range of topics.

Settlement of Investment Disputes Based on the Bilateral Investment Treaty through Arbitration of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (Case Study of Rafat Ali Rizvi vs. the Republic of Indonesia)

This study discusses foreign investment disputes involving Indonesia in international arbitration forums, particularly under the jurisdiction of ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes). The main focus of this study is on the interpretation of the provisions of Article 2 paragraph (1) in the Indonesia-UK Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), which regulates the conditions for the entry of foreign investment in Indonesia. In the Rafat Ali Rizvi case, the arbitration panel decided that the process of entering investment that does not comply with the provisions of the Foreign Investment Law (UU PMA) cannot be included in the scope of the BIT. This study provides important recommendations for Indonesia in re-evaluating the provisions in each BIT involving Indonesia, as well as conducting further studies on ICSID arbitration decisions to understand the interpretation of BIT articles related to jurisdiction and the subject matter. Thus, this study aims to strengthen Indonesia's position in facing investment disputes at the international level

Shaping the future of AI: balancing innovation and ethics in global regulation

Abstract This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape of artificial intelligence (AI) regulation, examining the diverse approaches adopted across different global regions and the multifaceted ethical challenges presented by rapid AI advancements. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is explored as a benchmark for data protection and privacy in AI, contrasted with the USA’s more decentralized and sector-specific approach and the varied strategies of Asian countries like China and Japan that blend State-led direction with market-driven innovation. Key ethical challenges in AI are discussed, including bias and discrimination in AI systems, the complexities of AI algorithms leading to a ‘black box’ phenomenon, and the crucial need for accountability and transparency in AI operations. The article also delves into the role of international bodies and forums in shaping AI regulations and emphasizes the importance of multi-stakeholder involvement, including academia, industry, and civil society, in developing effective AI policies. The article proposes detailed recommendations for achieving harmonized international AI regulations. It advocates for the integration of ethical considerations into AI development, the adoption of flexible and adaptive regulatory frameworks, and the promotion of multi-stakeholder engagement. Enhancing AI literacy and public engagement and facilitating international cooperation on AI are also highlighted as crucial steps. The article concludes by underscoring the critical role of policy-makers and international bodies in guiding AI development to ensure it progresses in a way that maximizes societal benefits, mitigates risks, and addresses ethical considerations comprehensively.

When, where and how should we assess professionalism in undergraduate medical education? Practical tips from an international conference roundtable discussion

The assessment of professionalism in healthcare disciplines is a challenging and nuanced topic in medical education. The literature, although continually emerging, remains in its infancy in regards to the role of the assessment of professionalism, appropriate timing for assessment, methods to assess professionalism and the benefits and implications of assessment of professionalism. With emergence of healthcare professionalism in both undergraduate and postgraduate curricula and increasing awareness of professionalism’s pertinent role in developing as a healthcare practitioner, the concept of assessing this topic is being discussed regularly in international fora, but as yet there is no consensus decision in how best to proceed. The authors have over a decade of experience researching, promoting and delivering healthcare professionalism education. They presented a roundtable discussion to an international panel of medical educators at an international conference. The attendees represented multiple healthcare disciplines. Breakout rooms and pre-determined introductory questions were used to explore the international consensus on current thinking about assessment in healthcare professionalism. This paper presents these findings as practical tips for educators who are considering introducing or extending their assessment of undergraduate professionalism, all of which were taken from the main themes of the discussion. The aim of the paper is to support educators to think about their stance on this often divisive issue, consider their approaches and focus future research to clarify the remaining unknowns.

Navigating the Seas of Diplomacy: ASEAN's Role in Shaping the Indo-Pacific Outlook

The Indo-Pacific region has become essential for global trade and security, with its significance increasing due to the emergence of China and India. ASEAN, as a regional organization consisting of ten Southeast Asian countries, plays a vital role in shaping the region's outlook by fostering regional cooperation, economic integration, and security. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities ASEAN faces in shaping the Indo-Pacific outlook and seeks strategies for ASEAN to effectively navigate diplomatic waters. Through a normative legal method, it is found that ASEAN encounters challenges such as conflicts involving major powers, potential disputes over member sovereignty, and the necessity to respond assertively to external pressures. ASEAN's inclusive and consensus-based approach is appreciated by many regional actors. The ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) emphasizes inclusivity and cooperation, aligning with the interests of both major powers and smaller states. To navigate diplomatic challenges and shape the Indo-Pacific outlook, ASEAN can actively participate in regional and international forums, promote dialogue and cooperation, and utilize its existing mechanisms and networks.

A new reading of the relationship between financial development, trade openness, vulnerability and economic growth in Africa: New perspectives from method of moment’s quantile regression

One of the most frequently debated subjects in international forums is economic growth, which is regarded as a global priority. Consequently, researchers have turned their attention from conventional economic growth at a single average coefficient to divisible economic growth at levels of its value. Although the existing literature has discussed several determinants of economic growth, our article contributes to examining the sources of economic growth in African countries during the generations of reforms from 1990 to 2019 and in the context of economic vulnerability. The variables used in the analysis are gross domestic product, trade openness, financial development, and economic vulnerability. The study uses a quantile regression econometric model to examine these variables at different stages of reform. Quantile regression (QR) estimates for quantiles 0.05 to 0.95 showed mixed results: financial development is favorable to African economic growth at all quantile levels. However, economic vulnerability is a major impediment to economic growth at all quantile levels. In addition, it was found that a high degree of trade openness has a detrimental effect on African economic growth from quantile 0.5 of the dependent variable. Finally, another important result proves that financial development is a remedy for decision-makers against economic vulnerability.

Prof. G Srinivasa Acharya: A guiding light and a skilled practitioner

Abstract This article aims to shed light on the substantial contributions made by renowned visionary Dr. G. Srinivas Acharya in the field of Ayurveda. Dr. Acharya’s journey has been characterized by dedication, hard work, and a relentless pursuit of knowledge. With a strong grounding in Ayurvedic principles, he has been instrumental in bridging the gap between ancient wisdom and modern science. Dr. Acharya’s expertise in treating a wide range of diseases is truly remarkable. From autoimmune disorders to cancer, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, skin conditions, neurological disorders, stress management, rejuvenation therapies, and more, he has made a lasting impact on the lives of countless patients. His expertise in employing Rasayana Chikitsa for the treatment of challenging cases has been particularly noteworthy. Beyond his clinical practice, his tireless efforts in promoting Ayurveda at international forums and establishing collaborations with leading universities and institutions have played a significant role in raising awareness about this ancient medical system. By sharing his knowledge and inspiring others, he has contributed to the growth and recognition of Ayurveda on a global scale. His dedication to the field of Ayurveda, coupled with his innovative approach and expertise in treatment, has earned him a place of prominence among the visionaries who have dedicated themselves to this ancient science.

Article: The Contribution of the Canadian-European Partnership to the Integration of Sustainable Development Issues into the Multilateral Trading System

In their influential roles within the World Trade Organization (WTO), Canada and the European Union (EU) demonstrate a strong commitment to sustainable development and multilateralism, navigating challenges and opportunities. Plurilateral negotiations, particularly the Joint Statement Initiatives (JSI), underscore their dedication to addressing issues like services regulation and fostering inclusive trade. The institutional framework of their Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) provides a structured mechanism, with specialized committees like the one on Trade and Sustainable Development, to ensure transparency, regulatory cooperation, and trade promotion aligned with sustainable development goals. However, challenges persist in achieving consensus on binding commitments. The temptation of unilateralism, exemplified by the EU’s carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), raises concerns about its compatibility with WTO principles and the potential prioritization of sustainability over economic development. Despite these challenges, Canada and the EU continue to champion sustainable development in various international forums, emphasizing the importance of the WTO as the primary platform for reconciling trade and sustainability. The forthcoming thirteenth WTO Ministerial Conference in 2024 presents a crucial opportunity for these leaders to demonstrate a significant commitment to a balanced approach between economic development and sustainability in international trade.

A Front for ‘Humanity’ Greek and Greek Cypriot Orthodox Advocates Between Anti-colonialism, Self-determination and Enosis (1950–1960)

During the 1950s, the Greek Cypriot Archbishop Makarios was the first to associate political claims for the annexation of Cyprus to Greece (Enosis) with the international anti-colonial claims for self-determination. Makarios alleged that British authorities had violated human rights and pressurised the Greek government to back the Cypriot population. As soon as armed conflict broke out in 1955, Greek Orthodox prelates and civil society actors, led by Makarios, launched an international ‘illumination campaign’ to expose the British authorities. This article investigates the Greek-based human rights activism arising from within the Greek and Greek Cypriot Orthodox Church, with the parallel support of right-wing civil society advocates. It therefore aims to shed new light on British decolonisation through the lens of religious humanitarian networks that spread in the Global South, international church forums and international humanitarian organisations. The study contends that these advocates put forward their own irredentist version of a ‘conservative human rights revolution’. Moreover, the article shows how Greek humanitarian and child welfare organisations borrowed nationalist arguments from these activists. Ultimately, ecclesiastical lobbying for human rights impacted the outcome of Cyprus’ decolonisation, inheriting ethno-nationalist arguments against federalisation since the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus in August 1960.

FEATURES OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL MECHANISMS FOR BUILDING TRUST IN ECONOMIC RELATIONS (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE DISCOURSE OF INTERNATIONAL FORUMS AND STATEMENTS BY TOP OFFICIALS OF STATES)

The purpose of the study. The article discusses indicators and indicators that determine the effectiveness of social mechanisms for building trust in economic relations, within the framework of research “Social mechanisms for building trust in transforming economic relations”. At the beginning of the work, the principles, rules and tools for building trust relations in the economy are considered on the example of the discourse of international forums and statements by top officials of states. At the same time, it is noted that in domestic politics, top officials of states recommend managers to use digital technologies to build trust, for example, during the electoral process. The criteria and indicators of trust in economic relations are analyzed, which stimulates the economic development of society, improves the interaction of market participants and contributes to the general well-being of society. As various studies show, today the following general criteria of trust can be distinguished in domestic and foreign practice: reliability of an individual, organization, state; the development of the individual and the organization; the absence of deception; goodwill; understanding and respect for the feelings of partners; fulfillment of promises for further cooperation. Conclusions. Based on the conducted research, the criteria and indicators that determine the features of trust formation in economic relations have been identified. The authors conclude that in an unstable and nonlinearly expanding society, a universal way to assess the effectiveness of trust-building mechanisms is necessary. As such a method, a universal technology can be proposed, which is implemented at the institutional and personalistic levels and involves considering criteria and indicators formed at the intersection of information-reflective, value-normative, communication-interpretative and activity mechanisms in one social field.

BRAZIL X PORTUGUESE AFRICA: RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION, GEOPOLITICS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE LUSOPHONE COMMUNITY

For many years, Brazil has held a strategic position on the international stage, with recognition of its important role as a mediator of conflicts and as a political partner for the emergence of new actors with crucial weight in the international community. With a focus on the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and the BRICS, the country has been able to rise to the level it has occupied over the last decade, playing a direct role in the geopolitical agenda and participating in decision-making regarding the directions that the planet will follow in the coming years. However, with the internal change in management, the country has suffered losses in terms of conducting its international policy, weakening Brazil's participation in important international bodies, such as the United Nations. The position now occupied, including the absence of the President of the Republic from participating in important international forums, requires new approaches to place Brazil once again on the international geopolitical stage. One such strategy is to strengthen international relations with Portuguese Africa, in order to strengthen the bonds of the Portuguese-speaking community and to make the right to self-determination of peoples effective. Each African country, in line with its own history, demands different Brazilian approach strategies so that interactions can in fact be increased. This article, therefore, aims to highlight possible alternatives for increasing these relations in contemporary times, according to what appears to be most advantageous and promising for Brazil in relation to Portuguese Africa.

A AMÉRICA INVERTIDA DE TORRES-GARCÍA: DO BOLIVARIANISMO DE CHÁVEZ AO SUL GLOBAL DE LULA

This article analyzes the relationships between Torres-García's work "Inverted America" and its use as a didactic element in the contexts of Bolivarian Venezuelan integrationism (Pátria Grande) and the most recent Brazilian diplomacy, anchored in the concept of the Global South. The discursive and conjunctural comparison of Bolivarianism and Brazil in international forums, referencing the motto of the Escuela del Sur de Torres-García, "Nuestro Norte es el Sur", allowed us to conclude that there is a gradual abandonment of the motto above by post-Chavismo. Hugo Chávez and a rising and striking presence of the Uruguayan artist's integrationist utopia in the Brazilian argument in defense of the voices of the South. Another conclusion is the adaptability of Torres-García's most famous work, which, although originated with artistic and cultural purposes, adapts to different foreign policies, such as those of Brazil and Venezuela. The didactic aspect of Torres-García's work enables the transition from the Escuela del Sur maxim in the context of Bolivarianism to the reaffirmation of the Brazilian presence in international debates on integration.

Cyprus and Africa in the Makarios Era: Igniting the ‘Hot’ Solidarity Against Western Imperialism

ABSTRACT This paper examines a relatively understudied topic in the literature of Cypriot political history, namely the relations between Cyprus and African countries during the Makarios era. Drawing upon the official archives of the UN, USA, UK, and the Republic of Cyprus (specifically the Press and Information Office, PIO, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MFA), as well as Cypriot newspapers, this research is grounded in historical analysis. The main findings of the paper suggest that Makarios perceived the Zurich-London status quo in Cyprus as contrary to principles such as self-determination, democracy, independence, and sovereignty, prompting him to engage in an international struggle for change. Makarios’s attitudes towards Cyprus aligned with African countries’ collective struggle under frameworks such as AAPSO, the Non-Aligned Movement, and G-77, both for themselves and the rest of the world. In various international forums, notably the United Nations, Cyprus and African nations provided mutual support against Western imperialism. Their collaboration extended beyond the Cyprus Problem to encompass the rights of people struggling for independence against colonialism all around the world and those seeking democracy in the face of racist regimes in Southern Rhodesia and South Africa.

International reputation and the Voice to Parliament referendum

ABSTRACT During the Voice to Parliament referendum campaign, ‘yes' advocates argued that a failed referendum would harm Australia's international reputation. To what extent did this occur? This article examines how the Voice to Parliament spoke to Australia's international reputation and why it matters for foreign policy. It maps the global producers of reputation narratives and theorises about which, when and why specific audiences might matter for how reputation affects foreign policy. Using a unique combination of materials collected from Meltwater and Global NewsBank databases, it tracks how the Voice to Parliament campaign and its results were interpreted by various international audiences, with a specific focus on global media. The implications for foreign policy are likely to be mixed while the result may be weaponised by other states and limit Australia's ability to make credible moral claims in international fora, geopolitical considerations are likely to reduce its overall effect on Australia’s international agenda.

Why is it necessary to screen for periodontal disease in diabetic patients?

Periodontal diseases include gingivitis (inflammation of gingiva caused by the bacterial biofilm) and periodontitis involving loss of the supporting structures around the teeth, respectively cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Diabetes increases the risk of periodontal diseases; the plausible mechanisms are: alterations in the immunoinflammatory response of bacteria, increased bone loss, the decrease in matrix-producing cells to maintain the periodontium, microvascular changes and alteration in collagen synthesis and metabolism. Treatment of periodontitis influence glycemic control in diabetic patients and intervention trial suggests that this can generate a reduction of circulating inflammatory markers and improves metabolic control in diabetic patients. International forums recommend oral examination as a component of medical care for diabetic patients. Our review summarizes current information on the association of diabetes with periodontal disease.

"Data Free Flow with Trust": Japan's struggle to integrate democracy and human rights into digital trade policy.

A powerful regime for regulating trade, the Group of Seven (G-7) has increasingly negotiated its digital trade through bilateral and preferential trade agreements, including with non-member states in the Global South. Focusing on the dominant concept shaping these agreements, Japan's "Data Free Flow with Trust" (D.F.F.T.), we trace its discursively contested emergence and meaning within a national ("Society 5.0") vision for Japan's digital transformation, and its subsequent transnationalization in international fora and institutionalization in global digital trade policy. Drawing on our interviews with Japanese government ministers, business elites, and legal experts who contributed to the processual development of D.F.F.T., as well as diverse additional primary sources, we find that the D.F.F.T. has become more than a trade policy, covering a wider range of social and geopolitical issues. In particular, we show that contention over "data localization measures" has restructured international relations of trust, especially across the Global North/South divide. Ultimately, this research report contributes to our understanding of how D.F.F.T. poses threats to human rights, democracy, and the global knowledge economy that may undermine its goals of enhancing innovation capacity and economic growth.