Internal Factors Research Articles

Social addiction or nicotine addiction? The effect of smoking social motivation on inhibitory control under smoking social cues: Evidence from ERPs

IntroductionPrevious studies and theoretical models suggest that the decreasing effect of smoking-related cues on inhibitory control in individuals who smoke is one of the underlying mechanisms of smoking behavior. However, many studies have overlooked the effects of other types of smoking-related cues, such as social cues. Moreover, previous studies have lacked investigation into whether this decreasing effect is influenced by internal factors. The present study aims to integrate behavioral and electrophysiological indicators to investigate the effect of smoking social cues on inhibitory control in individuals who smoke, as well as the moderating role of social motivations. MethodIn Experiment 1, a visual Go/NoGo paradigm with four types of backgrounds (neutral, neutral social, smoking object, and smoking social backgrounds) was used to record the error rates and reaction times of 32 participants who smoke. In Experiment 2, the Go/NoGo paradigm with two types of backgrounds (smoking object and smoking social backgrounds) was used to record the error rates, reaction times, and amplitudes of the N2 and P3 event-related potentials among 30 participants who smoke with varying degrees of primed smoking social motivation. Results(1) Individuals who smoke had higher commission error rates and larger P3 amplitude under smoking social background than under smoking object background; (2) individuals who smoke with primed high smoking social motivation, rather than low motivation had higher commission error rates and larger P3 amplitude under smoking social background than under smoking object background. ConclusionsSmoking social cues have a greater capacity to decrease inhibitory control in people who smoke than smoking object cues, and this decreasing effect is bolstered by smoking social motivation.

Digital tools for territory branding

Territory branding is actively used for the deve­lopment and promotion of villages, towns, cities, regions, and countries in the modern world. And if earlier traditional marketing tools were enough for effective branding and promo­tion, today it is mandatory to use digital mar­keting methods and tools. The aim of the article is to substantiate and systematize digital ma­rketing methods and tools for territory branding. When conducting the research, general scientific and special methods were used: dialectical, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparative analysis, grouping, structural-logi­cal, logical generalization of results, as well as graphic. The essence, the principles and func­tions of territory branding have been determi­ned. Segments of the target audience for the promotion of territory brands have been identi­fied, such as: investors, entrepreneurs, the popu­lation, tourists. The brand development direc­tions of Ukraine and its territories are outlined. The internal and external factors of the marke­ting environment of territories are highlighted and the concept of territory branding in the digi­tal environment has been given. Digital chan­nels, methods and tools of territory branding are substantiated and systematized.

Mediating role of relational capital in the influence of organizational culture on international project performance for construction enterprises

PurposeThis study investigates the influence of market and hierarchy organizational cultures on international project performance and examines the mediating role of relational capital.Design/methodology/approachIn-depth interviews and a cross-sectional questionnaire survey were conducted to collect primary data within international projects. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses based on data collected from 62 respondents.FindingsThe results reveal that both market and hierarchy cultures affect international project performance positively. Additionally, communication, cooperation and trust help enhance project performance; however, commitment is not. This study also proves the mediating role of relational capital between organizational culture and project performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis study selected only two types of organizational culture represented by Chinese construction enterprises. Future studies can explore the mediating role of relational capital between other varieties of organizational culture and project performance.Originality/valueGiven the high complexity and risks faced by projects abroad, both organizational culture, the internal environmental factor and relational capital being the external resource, are crucial for project success. This study clarifies the relationship between organizational culture, relational capital and project performance overseas. Empirical evidence to enhance international project performance for construction enterprises is provided. This study also makes contributions to international contractors who want to implement projects in developing countries.

Efektivitas Pembimbingan Kemasyarakatan Terhadap Anak Pelaku Pelecehan Seksual di Balai Pemasyarakatan Kelas I Denpasar

Sexual harassment is a criminal offense that can cause harm in the form of trauma or embarrassment to the family or society. Children as perpetrators of criminal acts of sexual harassment who are still underage, need to receive serious attention from all walks of life.This is done to improve the mindset of the perpetrators, teach the perpetrators to do good and help the perpetrators meet the prevailing standard of living. This study uses empirical legal research methods. There are internal, external, and other factors that contribute to children committing sexual harassment offenses. External factors include emotional power and age, external factors consist of education, environment, alcohol and drugs, economy, and the internet. Meanwhile, other factors that support children to commit crimes of sexual harassment are children's low understanding of religion and the absence of parental oversight. The study's findings indicate that, in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations, social counseling for child sexual harassment perpetrators has been working well and effectively. The absence demonstrates this repetition of criminal acts or recidivism. This happens because the process of guiding and supervising children who commit crimes of sexual harassment by social counselors has been running according to the rules that apply.

Kebijakan Hukum Dalam Menghadapi Lesbian, Gay, Biseksual dan Transgender (LGBT) Sebagai Suatu Penyimpangan Perilaku di Indonesia

Deviant behavior in the form of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) seems unavoidable. This behavior can target children, teenagers and even adults. With this phenomenon, it has negative impacts on community life. The problem is getting stronger when the phenomenon is published through social media and television shows. At least there are perpetrators of LGBT couples and other LGBT actions in Indonesia. This study uses a research method that is a normative legal research type. In normative legal research, the data used is secondary data. The secondary data contains primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Then the materials that have been collected are analyzed using a statute approach and a case approach. This study answers a problem, namely first. The implications of LGBT behavioral deviations in Indonesia can have an impact on the health, social, education and security of the Indonesian state. The factors can be caused by internal factors originating from oneself and the family environment and external factors originating from the external environment and social media and television or community groups and second. In the provisions of the existing laws and regulations, there are limits for LGBT, although they are not regulated concretely and explicitly, and future regulations will regulate deviant behavior for LGBT groups who intentionally commit sexual harassment in public, but there is still a need for comprehensive regulations that regulate LGBT.

The Effects of Various Internal and External Factors on the Movement of the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

This study analyzed several factors that affect the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index. The use of the inflation-currency rate, the availability of money, and the BI rate were all internal factors considered in this study. Meanwhile, the external factors used in this study were international gold and oil prices. The Engle-Granger Error Correction Model was used to analyze time series data in this study. The research used the monthly period started from May 2013 until January 2022. The long-term results of the research variables that could influence the exchange rate, total money supply, world oil prices, and world gold prices were all dependent on the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index. Meanwhile, the factors that influence the short-term movement of the ISSI exchange rates were inflation, and the BI rate variables.

Struggling for Islamic Caliphate in a Changing Malay Society

Despite being banned by the government, HTI continues to struggle for Islamic caliphate as a clandestine movement. This study is aimed to explain factors resulting in the relatively successful penetration of caliphate ideology in a changing Malay society, as represented by Bangka Belitung Archipelagic Province. It employed a qualitative approach through the library study of both offline and online data sources in order to gain a holistic comprehension of HTI’s success. The research results elaborate HTI’s mobilization strategies as the internal factor and the context of changing Malay society and the dysfunction of moderate socio-religious organizations as the external factor contribute to HTI’s success in the changing society. Mobilization strategies comprising the intensive implementation of religious learning and preaching, publication, public demonstration, good relation and network with local important figures, and the competent use of communication and information technology become effective in the context of changing Malay society reconstructing identity and seeking solutions to its social and economic problems. In addition, the dysfunction of moderate socio-religious organizations producing a theological vacuum accentuates HTI’s relative victory. Thus, the performance of HTI depends on its internal capabilities and external context and the function of socio-religious organizations in society.

Intercultural Communication in Adaptation Process to Minimize Culture Shock

Malang City has evolved into a prominent hub for students. Embracing this new role, it has become a sought-after destination for learners from outside Java who wish to pursue their education at local universities. The influx of international students brings a vibrant intercultural dynamic to the city, affecting both the local community and the students themselves. As these students undergo the adaptation process to integrate and thrive in their new environment, they often face challenges such as culture shock, which arises from insufficient preparation and knowledge about their new surroundings. Culture shock can be minimized in the process of student adaptation by the application of intercultural communication, which can bridge the constraints of understanding in society. This research aims to examine the impact of intercultural communication on the adaptation process of Hindu students in Malang City, focusing on how it can reduce the incidence of culture shock. Employing a qualitative-interpretative approach, the research gathers data through comprehensive and interactive interviews based on the informants' personal experiences. Informants are selected using purposive sampling, and data is analyzed using the Miles and Huberman framework, which involves data collection, reduction, and interpretation. The outcomes highlight that culture shock among Hindu students in Malang City is influenced by internal factors, including personal abilities, insufficient factual information, and experiences in intercultural social interactions. While external factors include language, food, customs, and climate. The phases of culture shock development in the adaptation process include the optimistic phase, cultural phase, recovery phase, and adjustment phase. The duration for students to transition from experiencing culture shock to achieving adaptation ranges from one month to a year. Effective intercultural communication plays a crucial role in this adaptation process, helping to reduce the impact of culture shock by facilitating stages of convergence, divergence, and maintenance.

Analisis Penerapan SAK EMKM Pada UMKM Fantastic Phone Gadget and Computer di Gunung Kidul

This research aimed to analyze the application of Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small, and Medium Entities (SAK EMKM) in Fantastic Phone Gadget and Computer MSMEs in Ngawen District, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta. This study used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data was collected using observation, documentation, and interview techniques. Data analysis was then carried out using descriptive analysis techniques which began by describing the phenomena experienced by the research subjects, then analyzing using existing theories. The findings showed that Fantastic Phone Gadget and Computer has not prepared financial reports by SAK EMKM; they only prepared income and out cash records. The inhibiting factors for implementing SAK EMKM on Fantastic Phone Gadget and Computer consist of internal and external factors; some of the internal factors that become obstacles are the lack of understanding of accounting by the finance department, the lack of trained human resources, and time constraints. Meanwhile, the external factor is the absence of training or guidance on implementing SAK EMKM from the MSME service.

Factors Affecting the Development of Handicrafts Products at Donkeo Village, Luang Prabang City

The purpose of this research were to study the overall situation of producers in Donkeo village, and analyze factors affecting the handicraft products development of Donkeo village, Luang Prabang City. Quantitative methods were used, 40 questionnaires were delivered to the weavers, and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used as analyses. The results showed that environmental factors overall using SWOT analysis were at a high level ( = 3.81). The five forces analysis showed overall was at a high level ( = 3.80). The degree of factors affecting the level of handicraft product development overall was high level ( = 4.00). The PEST analysis showed that overall was at a high level ( = 3.86). The factors affecting the level of handicraft product development overall were high level ( = 3.78). Environmental factors were affected by the results of the handicraft product development of Donkeo village in Luang Prabang City consisting of opportunity X3 (b=0.209). The competitiveness forces factors were affected by the results of the handicraft product development of Donkeo village in Luang Prabang City consisting of the threat of substitution (b=0.259), and competitive rivalry (b=0.259). Internal forces factors affected the results of the handicraft product development of Donkeo village in Luang Prabang city consisting of characteristics (b=0.204), and the external factors affected the results of the handicraft product development of Donkeo village in Luang Prabang city consists of economic (b=0.329).

Studies on the Preparation of a Microemulsion Formulation of Matricaria Recutita Essential Oil and the Treatment of 2,4-Dinitro-Chlorobenzene- Induced Eczema in Mice by Inhibiting Inflammation.

Eczema, an inflammatory skin disease causing intense itching, is a function of a range of internal and external factors, impacting individuals of all ages and leading to economic loss. Inflammation is the most important manifestation of eczema, and Matricaria recutita essential oil (MREO) extracted from Matricaria recutita possesses excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, Matricaria recutita microemulsions were prepared by the trans-phase emulsification method and their stability was determined by evaluating the relevant indexes. Establishment of 2,4-dinitro-chlorobenzene-induced AD model in mice. Detection of serum indexes of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α, and on pathological tissue sections, the HE staining, toluidine blue staining, immunohistochemistry, and observation were performed. The study obtained optimal conditions for the preparation of microemulsion formulations of Matricaria recutita. Through quality evaluation, it was found that the microemulsion increased stability, reduced irritation, and retained anti-inflammatory activity and therapeutic effects on eczema compared to Matricaria recutita essential oil (MREO). Studies have demonstrated that microemulsion formulations of Matricaria recutita and Matricaria recutita significantly down regulate the proinflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-6. It was shown by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining that both Matricaria recutita essential oil (MREO) and Matricaria recutita microemulsion (MRME) improved the inflammatory status of eczematous skin tissues in mice. The number of mast cells expressed in the tissues was decreased in the surface-treated group, as shown by toluidine blue staining. Additionally, the number of mast cells expressed in the tissues in the surface-treated group was reduced, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed that MREO and MRME have immunomodulatory effects on the tissues. The study showed that microemulsion formulations of Matricaria recutita may serve as a novel remedy for eczema.

The Use of Simulation in Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Follow-Up Survey.

This study investigates changes in the prevalence and practice of simulation in communication sciences and disorders (CSD) education. It is a follow-up to a 2015 survey on the same topic. Given the changes in program certification standards and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical education programs across the United States, re-examination of simulation in CSD is warranted. An online questionnaire was developed to survey university programs accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. University program directors and clinical directors received recruitment e-mails using QuestionPro, an online survey platform. The recruitment e-mail contained the purpose of the study and a link to the online questionnaire along with instructions to forward the survey to the appropriate designee. The consent form was then embedded in the questionnaire. The results of this survey indicated changes in patterns and the use of simulation in clinical education for CSD. Results indicated an overall increase in the use of simulations, specifically in computer-based simulations. Distance simulation as a hybrid technology proved a major addition to clinical education programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. External and internal factors affecting the use of simulations in CSD were identified. The use of simulation to supplement clinical education in CSD has evolved in recent years. These changes are likely due in part to changes in certification standards in the profession, an increase in awareness and training, and reliance on distance simulation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Sosial Instagram Terhadap Pemahaman Akhlak pada Mahasiswa PAI Angkatan 2021 di Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor

Understanding morals is one of the important components that students must have in an effort to deepen their knowledge and values ​​of Islamic teachings as the basis of a Muslim's knowledge. There are two factors that can influence each individual's understanding of morals, namely internal factors and external factors. Internal factors come from within students such as thought patterns, attitudes and self-motivation. Meanwhile, external factors include family, school, social environment and social media. Support for achieving understanding of student morals through the social media Instagram can be obtained if students have the ability to act and behave critically, carefully, wisely, think objectively and appreciate the diversity of Islamic information obtained. This research aims to find out whether there is an influence of the use of Instagram media on students' understanding of Islam at Ibn Khaldun University, Bogor. The research method used is a quantitative method. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires and documentation. The analysis technique used by researchers is an inferential statistical analysis technique with an analysis stage in the form of an analysis prerequisite test stage consisting of a normality test and linearity test, hypothesis testing consisting of a simple linear regression analysis test and a t test with the help of the SPSS version 27 application. Results from Research shows that there is an influence of the use of social media on the understanding of morals of PAI students class of 2021 at Ibn Khaldun University, Bogor. The magnitude of the influence that social media has on Islamic understanding shows a figure of 17.9%. Social media has an influence in shaping students' understanding and behavior regarding morals. Students who have good personalities and are not easily influenced by anything can determine their understanding of the information received via Instagram social media.

Pengaruh Influencer Review dan Product Ingredients Terhadap Perilaku Konsumen pada Product Hydrasoothe Azarine Sunscreen Gel di Surabaya

This study aims to analyze the influence of influencer reviews and product ingredients of Hydrasoothe Azarine Sunscreen Gel in Surabaya. This type of research is associative using a quantitative approach. The population is users who are familiar with the influencer review “Tasya Farasya” and use product ingredients in Hydrasoothe Azarine Sunscreen Gel products in Surabaya, with a sample of 120 respondents. The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling approach, while the data collection technique was carried out through a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression. The results of the analysis show that both independent variables have a positive influence on consumer behavior. Simultaneously, influencer review and product ingredients have a significant effect on consumer behavior. In addition, it is partially stated that influencer reviews on consumer behavior have a significant effect and product ingredients partially have a significant effect on consumer behavior. Internal factors that can influence consumer behavior on Hydrasoothe Azarine Sunscreen Gel products in Surabaya are that the majority are female, the age range is 15-24 years old who live precisely in West Surabaya, income < Rp 1,000,000, senior high school, and have perceptions because the sunscreen is quality. This states that the importance of influencer reviews and product ingredients in shaping consumer opinions and perceptions of a product.

A nondestructive technique for the sex identification of third instar Cochliomyia macellaria larvae.

Forensic entomology plays an important role in medicolegal investigations by using insects, primarily flies, to estimate the time of colonization. This estimation relies on the development of the flies found at the (death) scene and can be affected (and sometimes corrected) by external factors, such as temperature and humidity, and internal factors, such as species and sex. This study leverages infrared (IR) spectroscopy combined with machine learning models-Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting trees Discriminant Analysis (XGBDA)-to differentiate between male and female Cochliomyia macellaria larvae, commonly found on human remains. Significant vibrational differences were detected in the infrared spectra of third instar C. macellaria larvae, with distinct peaks showing variations in relative absorbance between sexes, suggesting differences in biochemical compositions such as cuticular proteins and lipids. The application of PLS-DA and XGBDA yielded high classification accuracies of about 94% and 96%, respectively, with female spectra consistently having higher sensitivity than males. This non-destructive approach offers the potential to refine supplemental post-mortem interval estimations significantly, enhancing the accuracy of forensic analyses.

Strategi Bauran Pemasaran Bisnis Digital “Ngiklan Aja” dalam Meningkatkan Volume Penjualan

This research aims to determine the marketing strategies used by Ng Advertising Aja to increase its sales volume. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method, using data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation. In-depth interviews were conducted to obtain information regarding the 7P marketing mix strategy, namely Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process and Physical Evidence. which is used to find strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats using the SWOT analysis method. The results of this research are categorized into IFAS (Internal Factor Analysis Summary) and EFAS (External Factor Analysis Summary). The resulting score from internal factors was 3.02; with a strength of 2.58 and a weakness of 0.44. Meanwhile, the score obtained from external factors was 3.48; with an opportunity of 2.66 and a threat of 0.82. Thus, it is known that Ng Advertising Aja is in quadrant I position, which supports the creation of an aggressive strategy by using its internal strengths to make the most of existing opportunities.

Penetapan Izin Poligami melalui Pengadilan Agama dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif di Indonesia

Basically everyone wants to get married only once in their life, but there are several reasons why people commit polygamy or get married two or three or four times. The causal factors referred to are internal factors from the family which resulted in the husband choosing to remarry, as regulated in positive law in Indonesia, that polygamy must go through a procedural procedure in a religious court and must fulfill certain reasons and conditions so that the religious court judge can grant the proposed polygamy permit.. This research is qualitative research with a normative juridical type of research, using a library research approach. The results of this research show that the case examination process in this research has been carried out in accordance with the provisions, and in legal fact the wife gave written permission to the husband to carry out polygamy so that the judge gave permission to the husband to carry out polygamy with his second wife.

The influence of the fear of failure on women pursuing entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom

ABSTRACT Boosting women’s entrepreneurship is a key issue in improving the economies of countries worldwide, and while there is no objective reason why women’s ventures should perform less well than men’s, considerable barriers have been reported. Using qualitative interviews of nascent women entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom, we found that there are both internal and external contributory factors affecting fear of failure that we classified into five main areas. Many of these issues are related to gender, as interviewees felt the entrepreneurial ecosystem was male dominated, and also that women entrepreneurs had a habit of “hedging” by working on a plan B in case their venture failed, diluting their efforts. While generally seen as negative, fear of failure did encourage the women entrepreneurs to work harder and be more determined to succeed. We conclude by suggesting what can be done to overcome these barriers at different stages of the entrepreneurship process.

Strategi Pemasaran dalam Meningkatkan Penjualan pada UMKM Zuana Rasa

Zuana Rasa's income experiences increases and decreases or fluctuates. This fluctuating income is caused by the lack of implementing appropriate marketing strategies at Zuana Rasa. In order to increase her income, Zuana Rasa must have the right strategy. Zuana Rasa can determine the right marketing strategy by using SWOT analysis so that internal and external factors can be identified which are strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Therefore, a SWOT analysis is really needed to reduce the obstacles that occur by using the opportunities that exist at Zuana Rasa. The aim of this research is to analyze Zuana Rasa's strengths and weaknesses, so that it can identify opportunities and avoid threats from other competitors. This research uses SWOT analysis with qualitative descriptive research methods. Research data was obtained from primary and secondary data. The results of the research show that the Zuana Rasa Store is in quadrant I supporting an aggressive strategy with an environmental opportunity value of 1.4 and internal strength of 1.8, so the strategy that must be implemented is market growth, market development, product development and market penetration through innovation and development products, promotional development and implementing integrated strategies.

Analisis Swot dalam Menentukan Strategi Pemasaran pada Toko Nadhifa Cake Karawang

Nadhifa Cake cake shop is one of the cake shops operating in Karawang. This research aims to determine and analyze the marketing strategies used by the Nadhifa Cake cake shop, as well as to determine the position of the Nadhifa Cake cake shop using SWOT analysis. The first analysis was carried out through IFAS and EFAS analysis contained in Nadhifa Cake. Next, use the SWOT matrix to analyze Nadhifa Cake's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The results of this analysis are used to determine the position of the Nadhifa Cake quadrant.The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative to analyze internal and external factors using the SWOT matrix. Data was obtained from interviews with the owner and a survey of 6 consumers using Google Form to get an assessment.The research results show that Nadhifa Cake is in quadrant II. This means that Nadhifa Cake has sufficient internal strength to face external threats. The right strategy for Nadhifa Cake is a diversification strategy, namely utilizing its internal strengths to develop products that can meet the needs and desires of a wider range of customers.