International Electrotechnical Commission Standards Research Articles

Enhanced authentication and device integrity protection for GDOI using blockchain

AbstractRecent device‐level cyber‐attacks have targeted IoT critical applications in power distribution systems integrated with the Internet communications infrastructure. These systems utilize group domain of interpretation (GDOI) as designated by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) power utility standards IEC 61850 and IEC 62351. However, GDOI cannot protect against novel threats, such as IoT device‐level attacks that can modify device firmware and configuration files to create command and control malicious communication. As a consequence, the attacks can compromise substations with potentially catastrophic consequences. With this in mind, this article proposes a permissioned/private blockchain‐based authentication framework that provides a solution to current security threats such as the IoT device‐level attacks. Our work improves the GDOI protocol applied in critical IoT applications by achieving decentralized and distributed device authentication. The security of our proposal is demonstrated against known attacks as well as through formal mechanisms via the joint use of the AVISPA and SPAN tools. The proposed approach adds negligible authentication latency, thus ensuring appropriate scalability as the number of nodes increases.

Trends in Measuring Instrument Transformers for Gas-Insulated Switchgears: A Review

Voltage and current measurements in high-voltage substations are fundamental for stable operation. Conventional instrument transformers (ITs) face challenges in gas-insulated switchgears (GISs), such as size, weight, accuracy limitations, and behavioral instability at abnormal voltages and currents. Non-conventional instrument transformers (NCITs) have emerged to address these issues, complying with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards and providing millivolt-level signals, enabling downsizing of GIS bays. The transition to digital substations, as mandated by IEC 61850-9-2, requires a shift from the conventional 110 V/5 A outputs to levels ranging from millivolts to volts. Electronic instrument transformers (EITs), compliant with the IEC 60044-7 and 8 standards, offer alternatives to conventional ITs with smaller sizes and wider frequency ranges. However, issues remain with EITs, including limited adoption, the necessity of separate power sources, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference. Recent standards, transitioning to IEC 61869, focus on low-power instrument transformers (LPITs). Low-power voltage transformers (LPVTs) and low-power current transformers (LPCTs), designed with passive components, present potential solutions by directly connecting to merging units (MUs) for digital signal transmission. This review outlines the current status of various IT standards, covering conventional ITs, EITs based on IEC 60044-7 and 8, and LPITs based on IEC 61869-10 and 11. Advancements in sensor technology relevant to these standards are also explored. The paper provides insights into the evolving landscape of instrument transformers, addressing challenges and offering potential pathways for future developments in digital substations.

Secondary neutron dosimetry for conformal FLASH proton therapy.

Cyclotron-based proton therapy systems utilize the highest proton energies to achieve an ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) for FLASH radiotherapy. The deep-penetrating range associated with this high energy can be modulated by inserting a uniform plate of proton-stopping material, known as a range shifter, in the beam path at the nozzle to bring the Bragg peak within the target while ensuring high proton transport efficiency for UHDR. Aluminum has been recently proposed as a range shifter material mainly due to its high compactness and its mechanical properties. A possible drawback lies in the fact that aluminum has a larger cross-sectionof producing secondary neutrons compared to conventional plastic range shifters. Accordingly, an increase in secondary neutron contamination was expected during the delivery of range-modulated FLASH proton therapy, potentially heightening neutron-induced carcinogenic risks to thepatient. We conducted neutron dosimetry using simulations and measurements to evaluate excess dose due to neutron exposure during UHDR proton irradiation with aluminum range shifters compared to plastic rangeshifters. Monte Carlo simulations in TOPAS were performed to investigate the secondary neutron production characteristics with aluminum range shifter during 225MeV single-spot proton irradiation. The computational results were validated against measurements with a pair of ionization chambers in an out-of-field region ( 30cm) and with a Proton Recoil Scintillator-Los Alamos rem meter in a far-out-of-field region (0.5-2.5m). The assessments were repeated with solid water slabs as a surrogate for the conventional range shifter material to evaluate the impact of aluminum on neutron yield. The results were compared with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards to evaluate the clinical acceptance of the secondary neutronyield. For a range modulation up to 26cm in water, the maximum simulated and measured values of out-of-field secondary neutron dose equivalent per therapeutic dose with aluminum range shifter were found to be and , respectively, overall higher than the solid water cases (simulation: ; measurement: ). The maximum far out-of-field secondary neutron dose equivalent was found to be ( ) and ( ) for the simulations and rem meter measurements, respectively, also higher than the solid water counterparts (simulation: ( ) ; measurement: ( ) ). We conducted simulations and measurements of secondary neutron production under proton irradiation at FLASH energy with range shifters. We found that the secondary neutron yield increased when using aluminum range shifters compared to conventional materials while remaining well below the non-primary radiation limit constrained by the IECregulations.

Healthcare Providers’ Readiness to Address Medical Device Cybersecurity within the Irish Healthcare System

Medical devices that can diagnose and treat critically ill patients have become sophisticated and complex. Device manufacturers have been developing these systems to meet market requirements as technology evolves. Combining medical devices and ICT into a distributed medical device IT system can be a solution to incorporating continuous monitoring from the patient bedside to interoperability with a clinical information system. These technology innovations aim to manage patient data and configure medical devices into networked systems that can provide functionality and safety. The implementation of a medical device network solution allows a healthcare provider to take advantage of managing the flow of information to improve clinical work practices and implement a system that can be interoperable with other clinical information systems. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 80001-1 was developed to assist healthcare providers in identifying and managing the risks associated with medical devices sharing the same IT network with other systems and software. This standard defines roles, responsibilities, and activities in relation to the management of risk with medical devices on an IT network. This study aims to determine if the standard International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 80001-1 is being implemented and determine familiarity with regulations and appropriate standards and guidance for an effective medical device security risk-management program with Irish healthcare providers. A literature review highlighted the restrictions healthcare providers face in adopting and implementing IEC 80001-1 and the security threats and risks present when integrating medical devices and IT networks. The study research was conducted with clinical engineering members of the Biomedical and Clinical Engineering Association of Ireland (BEAI). This survey targeted BEAI members due to their wealth of experience, knowledge, and skill level in supporting complex medical device systems. An online anonymous survey was created to determine knowledge, awareness, and familiarity with IEC 80001-1 and other medical device security risk-management guidelines. The study research results revealed low knowledge, awareness, and familiarity among research participants with IEC 80001-1 and guidelines on medical device security risk management. These results were consistent with the literature review that a key to the success of standard adoption is collaboration between stakeholders and a multidisciplinary approach to compliance.

Pathways to IEC Standards for Heliostat Design Qualification and Site Acceptance in Central Receiver CSP Applications

This paper surveys the existing landscape of standards relevant to heliostats, identifies their gaps, and proposes a path forward to a comprehensive set of heliostat guidelines, technical specifications, and standards under the framework of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) TC 117. Gaps in existing guidelines and standards are surveyed using a three-tiered taxonomy: component-level, heliostat-level, and field-level. At each level, the gap analysis is followed by a proposal for a coordinated path forward on the development of standards. At the component level, advances in the understanding of wind loading should inform a technical specification for drives and structures. Reflectors require consolidation of measurement guidelines into existing standards documents. Communications & controls require technical standards to inform their selection and secure implementation. At the heliostat level, IEC 62817 (solar trackers) adequately characterizes drive systems, structures, and electronics, but requires adaptation to heliostats’ use patterns, operating modes, and expected life cycles. IEC 62817 does not address heliostat beam quality and pointing accuracy, but the process for determining both is elaborated in the SolarPACES Guideline for Heliostat Performance Testing. This SolarPACES document requires two main modifications: adaptation to IEC language and inclusion of testing after heliostats which have undergone accelerated weathering and mechanical cycling (to understand performance degradation). At the field level, IEC 62862-4-2 addresses the function and control of heliostat fields but does not cover the statistically rigorous testing of heliostat groups, or field performance factors like security and soiling. The addition of documents under IEC-62862-4 is proposed to address this gap.

A novel approach for oil-based transformer fault identification in electrical secondary distribution networks

Oil-immersed transformers are mostly installed equipment in electrical power networks. Thus, ensuring the reliability of these equipment is paramount. Fault identification is one of the measures taken to ensure the reliability. Concerning fault identification mechanisms, several methods exist; one of which is the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) tool that has been widely used purposefully for oil-immersed transformers. The tool is used to capture and analyze the gases dissolved in the oil. Studies have proposed various fault identification methods based on this tool such as the Dornenburg, key gas, and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards methods using DGA data. However, the accuracy of these methods seems to be limited by the context, such as the type and number of parameters used. In this study, the novel hybrid fault identification method based on multilayer neural networks (MLANN) and expert knowledge is proposed to improve the accuracy fault identification process by considering the specific characteristic parameters extracted from the historical DGA dataset. The proposed hybrid method improves accuracy by 14.46% when compared to 12 benchmark methods. This improvement portrays that our method can be integrated into a scheduling platform for maintenance decision support in an electrical power network with accuracy. Furthermore, the promising accuracy in transformer fault identification is expected to increase safety and power reliability.

Data quality processing for photovoltaic system measurements

The operation and maintenance activities in photovoltaic systems use meteorological and electrical measurements that must be reliable to check system performance. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards have established general criteria to filter erroneous information; however, there is no standardized process for the evaluation of measurements. In the present work we developed 3 procedures to detect and correct measurements of a photovoltaic system based on the single diode model. The performance evaluation of each criterion was tested with 6 groups of experimental measurements from a 3 kWp installation. Based on the error of the 3 procedures performed, the most unfavorable case has been prioritized. Then, the reduction of errors between the estimated and measured value has been achieved, reducing the number of measurements to be corrected. For the clear sky categories, the coefficient of determination is 0.9975 and 0.9961 for the high irradiance profile. Although an increase of 2.5% for coefficient of determination has been achieved, the overcast sky categories should be analyzed in more detail. Finally, the different causes of measurement error should be analyzed, associated with calibration errors and sensor quality.

Aynı anma gerilimlerine sahip farklı iletkenlerden oluşan yüksek gerilim kabloları üzerine bir araştırma

Aluminum and copper conductors are commonly used in the transport of energy. In this work, high-voltage cables occurring aluminum and copper conductors exposed to the same rated voltage values were analyzed. In order to obtain the same current carrying capacity for copper and aluminum conductors, the relationship between the cross-sections has been determined and then the most appropriate cross-sectional values for each conductor were identified. Three different cross-sectional values have been selected for each conductor type and the calculations for the cables were carried out by using the Cable Ampacity Calculations Program (CYMCAP) within the framework of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. The performance of the cables has been compared in terms of material losses, cable structures and the cable costs. It is seen from the simulation results that aluminum conductor cables have lower cost and higher electrical loses than the copper conductor cables.

Estimation of Toxic Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) in Metal Components Present in Electronic and Electrical Materials with or without using Coordinating Ligands

The aqueous solutions of toxic hexavalent chromium have been analyzed using diphenyl carbazide (DPC) dissolved in organic solvents as a coordinating ligand since early nineteen hundreds. The chemistry is not clear due to the formation of an unstable, suggested organometallic complex, which is only An intermediary. The structure of the same could not be determined or is hypothetical even today with a further suggested, molecular structure in which instead of pi bonded delocalization of benzene rings expected to be as in sandwich compounds, electron empty d-orbital of hexavalent chromium facilitating the electron transfer and giving the observed color of the obtained complex as in inner field coordinating complexes. The electrical and electronic equipment requires the estimation of hexavalent chromium up to ~0.2 % (~2000 ppm) present in high chromium containing solid matrix, with DPC using standard International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) method.
 However, the visible yellow color can be directly measured on UV-Vis spectrophotometer with the hexavalent chromium stripped or leached out into acidic aqueous solutions from these materials using the known IEC method for leaching. The presence of interfering ions is ruled out with the leaching procedure given in it. Therefore, the stability of these aqueous acidic solutions containing hexavalent chromium was checked for 16 days. So that direct measurement can be done without DPC.
 Screws, Fork Pivot Bore and Rat Trap Box containing hexavalent chromium were analyzed and compared with and without DPC. It is noted that the analysis of these materials can satisfactorily be achieved easily or simply without adding DPC on UV-Vis spectrophotometer or any other organic ligands or using high-end equipment such as Ion Chromatography (IC).

Improving Accuracy and Reliability of Hearing Tests: An Exploration of International Standards.

This study explores the internal standards for hearing tests and benefits of implementing international standard protocols, including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and discusses how ISO and IEC standards provide a framework for designing, calibrating, assessing hearing test instruments and methods, and exchanging and comparing data globally. ISO and IEC standards for hearing tests improve accuracy, reliability, and consistency of test results by applying standardized methods and environments. Moreover, they promote international harmonization and data interoperability, enabling information exchange and research collaboration. Those standards for hearing tests are beneficial but have challenges and limitations, such as variation in equipment and calibration, lag in updating standards, variation in implementation and compliance, and lack of coverage of clinical aspects, cultural diversity, and linguistic diversity. These affect the quality and interpretation of test results. Adapting ISO or IEC standards locally would improve their applicability and acceptability, while balancing customization and compatibility with global standards.

Is the safety index of modern safety integrity level(SIL) truly appropriate for the railway?

Safety is paramount in rail transportation. The International Safety Standard IEC 61508, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2000, describes the modern concept of safety and the specifications for safety evaluation in a systematic manner. On this basis, the EN 50129 railway transportation safety standard and safety integrity level(SIL) are established. Through the above analysis, the relationship between safety-related system reliability, acceptable risk, and safety index is summarized. It is clear that the safety index is based on acceptable risks. Nonetheless, as the economy and society advance, the safety index mandated by the SIL falls behind. Consequently, the principles and methodologies for calculating the safety index are presented. The paper proposes a reference for the Chinese railway safety index based on actual data from the Chinese railways over the past few years.

Thermal analysis and SNR comparison of CMUT and PZT transducers using coded excitation

Coded excitation (CE) has the ability to enhance image quality and penetration depth by improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Their usefulness has been extensively proven in the literature, however, there are very few publications that have discussed the practicality of using CEs, as they can increase the operating temperature of a transducer beyond the safety limits. In this paper, the potential for capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) to handle CEs is investigated and compared to a geometrically similar Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) probe. It is hypothesized that CMUTs are comparatively advantageous for CE and can generate CE signals more effectively while operating within the safety limits of temperature specified by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Simple chirp signals were used for excitation and the temperature of the transducer assembly was measured under two different test conditions following the IEC standards. The still air test showed that at the pulse repetition frequency of 4 kHz and a signal duration of 8μs, the PZT probe reached the safe limit of 27 °C within 3 min of acquisition, whereas the CMUT probe showed an increase of only 4–5 °C over 30 min of scan time. The phantom experiments showed that for the maximum temperature rise allowed at the object-transducer interface by the IEC, the gain in SNR possible for the CMUT probe was 13–14 dB and the increase in penetration depth was 30 mm, whereas no gain in SNR and penetration depth was achieved for the PZT probe. The peak mechanical index and the derated spatial peak temporal averaged intensity were found to be less than half the FDA limits for both probes in all cases, proving temperature to be the first limiting factor when using CE. Therefore, the CMUT has shown to be thermally more efficient than the PZT probe and a good candidate for CE imaging.

Long-term outdoor performance and degradation evaluation of CIS PV plant under the semi-arid climate of Benguerir Morocco

The effectiveness of a solar photovoltaic module relies on location related factors, including latitude, seasonal variations, irradiance levels, clearness index, and similar elements. In compliance with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards, performance and degradation assessment studies for photovoltaic (PV) technologies have been conducted in a variety of geographical areas with diverse climatic conditions in recent years. A comprehensive study of PV systems employing several technologies will provide some operators and stakeholders with statistically significant findings for assessing system performance. As a result, long-term and short-term performance and feasibility sur may provide information about the characterization of next-generation PV panels. The objective of this study is to perform an outdoor performance assessment and analysis of a 10.44 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic PV system comprised of Copper Indium Selenium (CIS) modules. This work will investigate how a CIS PV plant performs and degrades in Morocco’s semi-arid climate. The study is performed in the period between 2018 and 2021. The measured and estimated performance indicators are evaluated with the aim of assessing the technology’s adaptability and degradation; the methodology applied comprises performance evaluations of the PV system in accordance with IEC-61724 standard guidelines. After 6 years of outdoor exposure, the CIS system’s output power declined with a degradation rate of 3.13%/year obtained using linear regression. I–V curve measurements performed in real test conditions (RTC) determined that power output degradation reached −21.6%, which was more observable in short-circuit current and varies between −8.1% and −18.1% for individual modules.

Development of a low-cost monitoring system for the measurement of DC and AC electrical parameters in grid-connected photovoltaic systems based on IEC standards

The rapid development of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic solar energy, makes it possible to sustainably cover part of the energy demand in different parts of the world. Thus, higher efficiency of photovoltaic systems is sought to provide higher yields, security, and stability in their operation and energy production. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the variables of interest and verify the correct operation of photovoltaic systems. This article presents the development of a monitoring system that allows the acquisition and recording of the main electrical parameters, both in direct and alternating current, enabling the evaluation of the array and final yield of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The developed monitoring system follows the concept of the Internet of Things for remote data analysis. In addition, it allows local data logging in a computer for data acquisition over a long period. The measurements of the developed monitoring system comply with the International Electrotechnical Commission standards specified in IEC 61724-1. This validation is performed after contrasting the measurements obtained by the developed system with those obtained by the high-precision WT5000 power analyzer, where the relative differences of each electrical parameter analysed are less than 2%. Finally, the system developed is characterised by its low cost, which is less than US$ 140.

Advanced Algorithm for Reliable Quantification of the Geometry and Printability of Printed Patterns.

In nanoparticle-based printed electronic devices, the printability of the patterns constituting the device are crucial factors. Although many studies have investigated the printability of patterns, only a few have analyzed and established international standards for measuring the dimensions and printability of shape patterns. This study introduces an advanced algorithm for accurate measurement of the geometry and printability of shape patterns to establish an international standard for pattern dimensions and printability. The algorithm involves three core concepts: extraction of edges of printed patterns and identification of pixel positions, identification of reference edges via the best-fitting of the shape pattern, and calculation of different pixel positions of edges related to reference edges. This method enables the measurement of the pattern geometry and printability, including edge waviness and widening, while considering all pixels comprising the edges of the patterns. The study results revealed that the rectangle and circle patterns exhibited an average widening of 3.55% and a maximum deviation of 1.58%, based on an average of 1662 data points. This indicates that the algorithm has potential applications in real-time pattern quality evaluation, process optimization using statistical or AI-based methods, and foundation of International Electrotechnical Commission standards for shape patterns.

RETRACTED: Repeatability in measurements and control settings of a small francis turbine test rig

A reduced scaled-down hydraulic turbine test setup has been designed. The test setup is made to investigate the mitigation of pressure pulsations like the rotating vortex rope (RVR) and its formation and problems related to prototype operation. The setup arrangements and instrumentations follow mostly the international electro-technical commission (IEC) standards. This paper presents the runner hub modification, calibration procedure, repeatability and systematic uncertainty estimation, and measurement methods as per the guidelines given in IEC 60193 and IEC 60041. The calibration and regression curves of all devices are presented. A LABVIEW program for open-loop operation at a constant head and closed-loop operation at constant discharge is also presented. Finally, the systematic and random uncertainty of hydraulic efficiency is discussed. • Design and development of small turbine test rig. • Design modification of runner cone profile. • Working of control feedback system using Partial Integral Differential (PID) controller. • Calibration of different instruments used in the small turbine test rig. • Random and systematic uncertainty of the small turbine test rig.

Reassessment of silicon heterojunction cell performance under operating conditions

Temperature coefficient (TC) is a critical operational parameter for solar modules. Amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cell is usually considered as a good choice for installation in hot climates because of its lowest TC amongst silicon solar cells. Recently, we have found that light soaking can activate efficient boron doping in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), which improves the efficiency of SHJ solar cells by enhanced field effect passivation and declined series resistance. In this study, we further report that high temperature can boost this light-induced doping effect. This implies that SHJ solar cells can generate more electricity than estimated by indoor International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards in light abundant locations with hot climates. As a consequence, a 100 MW solar plant comprising SHJ solar modules will gain an extra income of more than 2 million U.S. dollars in a 25-year operation period. Additionally, for the first time, we demonstrate that the dark conductance of phosphorus-doped a-Si:H (n-a-Si:H) increases more greatly than that of boron-doped a-Si:H (p-a-Si:H) after one-sun illumination. This finding has an important implication for bifacial solar modules.

A Deep Learning through DBN Enabled Transmission Line Fault Transient Classification Framework for Multimachine Microgrid Systems

The reliable operation of power systems becomes a formidable job these days due to the high amount of complexities in the expanded power system networks. The power system networks often comprise microgrids that encounter over 80% of faults due to their exposure to unpredictable weather conditions, which reduce the insulation strength of the conductors which damaged the distribution system. Therefore, detection, classification, and location of such faults in the distributing systems are a must to ensure the flawless operation of the power systems. Machine learning methodologies are getting more attention to detect these types of faults due to their capability to handle complex fault information. Nevertheless, the obstacles are even now on the board as the traditional machine learning techniques rely on oversimplified frameworks that are incapable of analyzing a wide range of latent and explicit parameters and are also time-consuming. In this work, a unique defect diagnosis technique based on a multiblock deep belief network (DBN) and the fundamental discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is proposed, allowing the architecture to identify the deterministic reconstructing throughout its inputs. This method enables a strong multilevel generative network to utilize fault-related properties, decodes high variability functionalities, and requires minimal previous knowledge. The suggested approach is validated using a wide set of input data at various sampling frequencies. To evaluate the efficiency of DBN, a benchmark methodology based on the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard was used. White Gaussian Noise (WGN) was also implemented to test the envisioned network’s resilience. The findings show that the approach is capable of executing exact diagnosis procedures.

Safety Analysis for Laser-Based Optical Wireless Communications: A Tutorial

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) sources has many advantages for use in high-data-rate optical wireless communications (OWCs). In particular, the low-cost and high-bandwidth properties of laser sources, such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), make them attractive for future indoor OWCs. In order to be integrated into future indoor networks, such lasers should conform to eye safety regulations determined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards for laser safety. In this article, we provide a detailed study of beam propagation to evaluate the received power of various laser sources, based on which and the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) defined by the IEC 60825-1:2014 Standard, we establish a comprehensive framework for eye safety analyses. This framework allows us to calculate the maximum allowable transmit power, which is crucial in the design of a reliable and safe laser-based wireless communication system. Initially, we consider a single-mode Gaussian beam and calculate the maximum permissible transmit power. Subsequently, we generalize this approach for higher mode beams. It is shown that the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -squared-based approach for analysis of multimode lasers ensures the IEC eye safety limits; however, in some scenarios, it can be too conservative compared to the precise beam decomposition method. Laser safety analyses with consideration of optical elements, such as lens and diffuser, as well as for the VCSEL array, have been also presented. Skin safety, as another significant factor of laser safety, has also been investigated in this article. We have studied the impacts of various parameters, such as wavelength, exposure duration, and the divergence angle of laser sources on the safety analysis by presenting insightful results.

Analysis of the influence of the wind speed profile on wind power production

The characterization of wind speed and its variability at a site is important for wind resource assessment. The most readily available wind measurements are at 10 m above ground level. These measurements can then be extrapolated vertically to estimate wind power production. In this work, the Monin–Obukhov similarity method was implemented to estimate the wind speed vertical profile within the surface boundary layer for a southeast Mexican site, considering seasonal and diurnal variations of the surface boundary layer stability parameters. Additionally, a power-law method was implemented where the wind shear exponent was set following the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard and using a variable wind shear exponent. The results showed that the log-law and the variable wind shear method produce better estimates than the IEC standard. The mean power production was estimated at hub height (80 m above surface level) using anemometric data from the Mexican Wind Atlas and then compared with that calculated using the equivalent wind speed estimated from variable wind shear exponent and log-law model. No influence of the vertical wind speed variation within and on top (up to 117.5 m) of the surface boundary layer was found on the mean power production for a wind turbine with a diameter of 90 m and a hub height of 80 m.