International Economic Cooperation Research Articles

Шестая международная научно-практическая конференция «Большая Евразия: национальные и цивилизационные аспекты развития и сотрудничества»

557 people participated in the conference, 445 reports, including correspondence, were presented in the conference program. Among the speakers are leading experts from 38 regions of the Russian Federation, as well as from Austria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Iraq, Italy, Yemen, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Mongolia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Germany, Switzerland, South Africa. The main content of the conference is a constructive discussion of the key problems of the socio-economic, innovative-technological and spiritual-humanitarian development of the countries of Greater Eurasia, strategies and mechanisms of international interaction and cooperation, integration and disintegration processes taking place in the modern world, presentation of results and prospects in the field of international economic, innovative-technological, scientific and cultural cooperation of the countries of Greater Eurasia.

Inflationary Vulnerability of The Modern World Economy

In recent years, the world economy has faced inflation that is unusual in its nature, specificity and consequences. The development of the world economy was affected by a number of specific but powerful shocks associated with the pandemic crisis and its consequences, but then the situation became more complicated due to the intensifi cation of military-political confl icts, which signifi cantly aff ected the previously established system of international economic cooperation. These phenomena have weakened or made uncertain the reliable tools of macroeconomic policy (monetary, fiscal) for targeting inflation and overcoming price volatility in the world markets of energy and food raw materials. Despite the fact that inflation growth has slowed down, the outlook for inflation expectations remains highly uncertain. The article discusses new determinants of infl ation growth in the context of the current crisis, in particular, speculation in energy markets, the dynamics of corporate profits, as well as the dispersion and differentiation of inflation in the eurozone countries. The possibilities of global economic growth are assessed taking into account current inflationary pressure, the main vulnerabilities of different groups of countries and the risks of a global recession are shown. To assess the scale and nature of inflation, this study draws parallels with the global crisis of 2008–2009. The prospects for the dynamics of slowing inflation as the growth rate of the global economy decreases are considered.

The Construction of Harbin’s Image in Chinese and Western Media: A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis

With the development of the ice and snow economy, Harbin has received great attention in domestic and international economic cooperation and cultural exchange. This paper conducts a corpus-based critical discourse analysis over the characteristics of Chinese and Western English media reports on Harbin, aiming to quantitatively and qualitatively study the discourse construction of Harbin’s city image. The results show that firstly, Harbin is mainly presented as “the city of ice and snow” in both media. Secondly, while domestic media focus more on shaping Harbin’s city image around tourism with the purpose of driving economic development, the focus of foreign media is more diverse and comprehensive. Thirdly, limitations exist in both media and need to be reduced.

Standard-essential patent legal protection in China’s telecommunication industry: an international trade and economy perspective

ABSTRACT Standard-essential patents (SEPs) are specific types of patents that protect the technology incorporated in a standard. China has one of the world’s largest telecommunication markets, and its legal policies and practices regarding SEP protection profoundly influence the competitive environment of the Chinese telecommunication market, international economic and trade cooperation, and global telecommunication technology innovation. Recently, frequent disputes in the communication sector surrounding SEPs in China’s judicial practice revolved around the fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) principles, embodying three key issues: patent hold-up, licence fee rates, and anti-suit injunction. Regarding the patent hold-up and hold-out of SEPs in the telecommunication industry, a balance of interests between SEP holders and implementers in licence negotiations should be achieved under the guidance of the principles of FRAND from the perspective of legislation, administrative management, and the judiciary. Concerning licence fee rates, billing benchmarks should be judged based on individual cases, utilizing a comprehensive approach combining comparable licence agreement methods and top-down methods to determine a fair and reasonable licencing fee acceptable to all parties. In the conflict between anti-suit and anti–anti-suit injunctions, improving the anti-suit injunction rules and international cooperation mechanisms is necessary to achieve fair and non-discriminatory judicial processes and judgment results.

RUSSIAN TRADE COOPERATION: FORMING A STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF SANCTIONS

Under the conditions of sanctions confrontation transformation of trade and economic relations in the world arena is inevitable. This article analyzes the process of Russian formation of strategic trade cooperation within the global economic system in the context of the evolution of the geography of international trade in 2022–2023. The methodology is based on comparative and statistical approaches. The study shows the growing importance of strategic partnership with China, India and Turkey against the background of the slowdown in trade relations between Russia and the European Union after February 2022. The author's opinion is that the concentration of major commodity flows in a rather narrow group of states has several negative consequences. As the analysis has shown, there is a need to rethink the strategy of Russia's international economic cooperation in the direction of diversification of its economic ties. The purpose of the study is to develop recommendations to support domestic non-resource nonenergy exports (NRE) as a source of sustainable development of trade relations in the direction of friendly countries in the new economic reality. The article identified the most important partner countries for Russian non-resource non-energy exports (China, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Belarus, Uzbekistan and Egypt), which at the same time have the highest indicator of unrealized export potential. Based on the results of the research, it was developed recommendations how to expand the geography of Russian non-resource non-energy exports in the direction of identified strategic partners in the conditions of the sanctions.

Modern Industrial Policy and the World Trade Organization

This article surveys the economics of industrial policy as it relates to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Motivated by concern that the modern use of industrial policy is emerging in ways that threaten cooperation in the international trading system, the article begins with the basic historical economic framework for tying industrial policy to underlying market failures. It then introduces the dominant economic understanding of the role played by the WTO, examining the WTO's rules on subsidies (and thus industrial policy), the unease with the evolution of the trading system's subsidy rules, gaps in knowledge, and important data and measurement shortcomings. The main part of the article examines four areas in which modern industrial policy operates differently and has become especially important for the trading system: China, supply chain resilience, supply chain responsiveness, and climate change. The article identifies the evidence to date, open questions, and potential paths forward for economic research to help inform policymakers’ efforts to restore international economic cooperation in trade and industrial policy.

Трансграничная межкультурная коммуникация между населением Дальнего Востока России и северо-восточных провинций Китая

The article provides a brief description of the development of cross-border cooperation between the regions of the Russian Far East and northeast China, and examines the sociolinguistic aspects of intercultural communication. Attention is drawn to the opportunities for social mobility that become available to the population of the regions in connection with international economic cooperation, and the importance of the educational institutions for such cooperation is emphasized. It is concluded that there is a natural need for friendly communication between peoples belonging to such different cultures, and that communication between the population of border regions is quickly restored, after some decline during the Covid restrictions.

RMB Internationalization: Exploring Trends and Implications

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution of the internationalisation process of the RMB and to assess its current status in the global economy. At the same time, in light of the evolution of the current international monetary system, especially the key stages of the gold standard, the Bretton Woods system and the Jamaican system, it provides an in-depth exploration of the challenges of the times, such as exchange rate stabilisation and de-dollarisation, faced by the internationalisation of the RMB. The article focuses on the ten milestones of RMB internationalisation, detailing the collaborative efforts and achievements of East Asian economic powers such as ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea in promoting the internationalisation of the RMB. These achievements reflect the positive response to external economic developments and highlight the growing importance of the RMB in the international monetary system. The article analyses the positive role of the Belt and Road Initiative in promoting the internationalisation of the RMB. It has facilitated international economic exchanges and cooperation by simplifying the financing process. The article also provides an in-depth analysis of the many factors affecting RMB depreciation, such as trade wars. It reveals the wide-ranging impacts of these factors on various sectors, especially Chinese exporters. Based on this, the article emphasises the significance of preserving the stability of the RMB exchange rate as a crucial factor to be fully considered while advancing the internationalisation of the RMB. Lastly, the article proposes several constructive suggestions to further promote the internationalisation of the RMB, which offer valuable references for the future development of the international monetary system.

Prospects for the development of the EAEU amid a confrontation between Russia and the West

The article examines the consequences of the Western states’ sanctions pressure on Russia for the EAEU. Special attention is paid to the position of the EAEU members amid two crucial events in the Ukrainian crisis: the reunification of Crimea with Russia (2014) and the beginning of a special military operation (SMO) in Ukraine (2022). Measures aimed at minimizing the damage from anti-Russian sanctions on the economies of the EAEU countries are considered, such as: customs, customs tariff and non-tariff regulation, protective measures; internal market and cooperation; financial and currency markets; international economic cooperation with third countries and integration associations. The priorities of Russia’s chairmanship in the EAEU in 2023 are analyzed. The prerequisites for the further development of the EAEU as a self-sufficient integration center in Eurasia and the prospects of the EAEU amid a confrontation between Russia and the West are examined. Among the negative factors slowing down the development of the EAEU the following stand out: the orientation of some members to the third countries’ markets, the modest pace of modernization and increasing the competitiveness of the economies of the EAEU countries, the insufficient level of development of transport infrastructure and logistics, the concerns of the EAEU members (Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) of «secondary» sanctions, the absence of a consolidated position within the union regarding Western sanctions, the violation of transactional payments as an outcome of Russia’s disconnection from international payment systems.

Correlation between taxes and inflation in the Republic of Kazakhstan

A comprehensive study is pivotal for adeptly articulating the intricate interplay between tax policy and inflation within the global economic framework. This exploration elucidates the consequential relationship between taxation adjustments and inflationary trends, providing a bedrock for harmonizing international policy. By deploying econometric methodologies, the analysis meticulously examines data sourced from official channels over a specified timeframe to ascertain the correlation magnitude between these critical economic indicators. The study meticulously considers various determinants that could influence the taxes-inflation nexus, such as the unemployment rate, average wage levels, and the spectrum of tax indicators within a nation. Central to this inquiry is the examination of how alterations in tax policy - specifically tax rate modifications—impact inflationary pressures. This examination is instrumental in furnishing policymakers with the insights required to calibrate tax policies adeptly, thereby mitigating inflation risks while fostering sustainable economic expansion. In delving into these dynamics, the research enriches the corpus of knowledge on the implications of fiscal policy for macroeconomic stability. The analytical outcomes derived from the data not only enhance our comprehension of the complex interplay between taxation and inflation but also serve as a crucial resource for crafting efficacious economic strategies. This contribution is of immense value to the discourse on fiscal policy's role in achieving macroeconomic objectives, underpinning the study's significance in informing policy formulation and international economic cooperation aimed at minimizing adverse global economic impacts.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) as example of international economic cooperation between the USSR and countries of “people's democracy” in the field of development of railway transport

in the context of the formation of a bipolar system of international relations in the mid-1940s. One of the most important aspects is economic cooperation between allies in the new realities. In response to the Marshall Plan adopted by the United States, the USSR is taking steps to create its own economic unification based on cooperation between countries in the socialist bloc. The article is devoted to the history of interstate interaction within the framework of the activities of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Our work will highlight one aspect of this issue – cooperation in the field of railway transport. The purpose of the work is to identify examples of international cooperation between the USSR and the countries of “people's democracy” within the framework of CMEA in the field of railway transport. Research objectives: 1. To trace the history of the emergence of CMEA. 2. Identify the countries of the socialist bloc that collaborated with the USSR in the field of railway transport. 3. Identify the rolling stock of people's democracies that have been operating in the CIS countries to date. Despite the centrifugal tendencies, the collapse of the USSR, the socialist bloc and the actual dissolution of the CMEA, this organization left a significant mark that can be seen on the railways of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States up to the present day. в условиях формирования биполярной системы международных отношений в середине 1940-х гг. одним из важнейших аспектов является экономическая кооперация между союзниками в новых реалиях. В ответ на принятый США план Маршала СССР предпринимает шаги по созданию собственного экономического объединения, основанного на кооперации между странами по социалистическому блоку. Статья посвящена истории межгосударственного взаимодействия в рамках деятельности Совета Экономической Взаимопомощи. В нашей работе будет освящён один из аспектов данного вопроса – сотрудничество в сфере железнодорожного транспорта. Цель работы – выявление примеров международной кооперации СССР и стран «народной демократии» в рамках СЭВ в сфере железнодорожного транспорта. Задачи исследования: 1. Проследить историю появления СЭВ. 2. Выявить страны социалистического блока, сотрудничавшие с СССР в сфере железнодорожного транспорта. 3. Выделить подвижной состав стран народной демократии, эксплуатирующийся на территории стран СНГ до настоящего момента. Несмотря на центробежные тенденции, распад СССР, социалистического блока и фактический роспуск СЭВ, данная организация оставила весомый след, который можно увидеть на железных дорогах стран Содружества Независимых Государств вплоть до настоящего момента.

Research on China's Economic Development under the Background of Anti-economic Globalization

This article combines the China's economic development under the background of deglobalization. Through analyzing the impact of deglobalization on China's economic development, it explores China's strategies to cope with deglobalization. The study found that deglobalization has had a significant impact on China's economic development, mainly including the impact on foreign trade, investment environment, economic structural adjustment, and national economic security. In order to respond to these impacts, this article proposes strategies such as optimizing foreign trade structure, enhancing technological innovation capability, strengthening international economic cooperation, and improving national economic security prevention capabilities. The research results indicate that properly addressing deglobalization can promote the healthy development of China's economy. Based on these findings, this article also looks forward to future research. In conclusion, this study aims to examine the issues of China's economic development under the background of deglobalization and provide reference for relevant decision-making.

Research on the Impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on the Economies and Development of Participating Countries

Economic and Development Impact Study of the 'Belt and Road' Initiative: Through the comprehensive application of economic data analysis, regional development index comparison, and international trade dynamics mapping, this paper delves into the extensive impact of the 'Belt and Road' initiative on the economic structure, development models, and regional cooperation of participating countries. Particularly, the study employs tools such as investment distribution maps, national economic growth curves, and trade flow scatter plots to quantitatively assess how the initiative promotes economic growth, trade cooperation, and infrastructure construction in the countries along the route. Moreover, by comparing and analyzing the economic development indicators and international trade patterns of different countries before and after participating in the initiative, this research reveals the key role of the 'Belt and Road' initiative in promoting globalization, strengthening regional connectivity, and influencing international economic cooperation. The research results not only provide policymakers with a basis for formulating more precise and efficient regional cooperation strategies, but also offer an important perspective for understanding the position and role of the 'Belt and Road' initiative in the global economic landscape.

Financial policy competition neutrality and the efficiency of outward foreign direct investment

Outward foreign direct investment is an important way for enterprises to participate in international economic cooperation and competition and to build a global “community of interest” and “community of destiny”, and it has become a key issue of concern and research in the academic world. However, existing studies have paid less attention to the willingness or motivation mechanism of OFDI, especially the lack of in-depth research on which motivational factors can drive enterprises to implement OFDI and effectively improve its efficiency. Therefore, based on the capital level perspective, this paper empirically finds, with empirical evidence from Chinese listed multinational corporations from 2009 to 2022, that competitive financial policy neutrality significantly improves OFDI efficiency; at the same time, the capital level strengthens such a facilitating mechanism. The findings provide practical guidance for the government to pay sufficient attention to financial policy competitive neutrality and perceive the incentives of firms' outward investment.

Chinese as an instrument of cultural diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China

This scientific article is devoted to the role of the Chinese language in the cultural diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China. The relevance of the research topic is due to: first, the growth of the influence of the People’s Republic of China on the international arena; secondly, the acceleration of the process of transformation of the international situation, consisting in «power transition» from the USA to China; third, strengthening relations between the PRC and the countries of the collective "non-West". The object of this study is the cultural diplomacy of the PRC. The study focuses on the Chinese language as an instrument of Chinese cultural diplomacy. The aim of the study is to determine the role of the Chinese language in the cultural diplomacy of China. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: to study the process of implementing the cultural diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China in the context of «power transition», to define the role of the Chinese language in the cultural diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China in the context of «One Belt One Road». This study is based on the theory of neoliberalism, which implies the primacy of international political, economic and cultural cooperation as a factor restraining potential hostilities. The main conclusions of the study are the characteristic of cultural diplomacy as an integral part of inter-state relations, identification of the key tools for the implementation of Chinese cultural diplomacy at the present stage in the form of a symbiosis of the initiative «One Belt One Road» and the activities of the Confucius Institutes, characterization of the PRC as the key and only rival of the United States of America on the international arena in the context of the theory of «power transition».

ЕАЭС в мировых интеграционных процессах

The authors analyze the transformation of the international economic integration processes, influenced by the changes in the global world order during the last 25 years. Special attention is payed to the structures with Russian partnership, in particular – the EAEU. The conclusion of a variety of modern forms of international economic cooperation and serious challenges for the EAEU is made.

Оценка ресурсной обеспеченности: от ЕАЭС к Большому евразийскому пространству

Considering the transformation of global economic relations, Russia strives to strengthen cooperation within the Greater Eurasian space (GES) on the basis of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The study aims to develop an approach to assessing the resource provision of the GES development. The Balassa method and the analysis of documents were used to distinguish five institutional levels (beyond the EAEU) of the GES development: I — countries that have a free trade zone agreement with the EAEU; II — countries that have other agreements; III — cooperation is elaborated; IV — negotiations were conducted; V — countries interested in cooperation. According to 4 traditional production factors, 8 types of resource provision were revealed: raw, agroclimatic and food, labour, intellectual, production capacity, transport infrastructure, innovation, financial. For their assessment, the following statistical and authors’ indicators can be used: number of employees in a certain sector, added value in the manufacturing segment, number of researchers in the group of countries, 3-year state budget exceeding the public debt, fossil fuel reserves, etc. The assessment showed that the share of the Greater Eurasian space in the global gross domestic product, natural rent, industry (including high-tech), patent generation, investments, freight traffic, significantly increased in 2000–2021. The most significant contributions to the development of the Greater Eurasian space are: land, transport infrastructure, budget safety from the EAEU; labour, land, GDP from countries except China; labour, production capacity, transport infrastructure, technology, international reserves from China. Such resource allocation strengthens cooperation within the GES, which is necessary to develop, introduce and promote advanced production technologies. Research results can be used to choose mechanisms and tools of international economic cooperation, as well as to simulate the movement of goods, services and production factors between the GES countries.

International Economic Cooperation and Geopolitical Changes under the Belt and Road Initiative

This paper comprehensively analyzes how China's Belt and Road Initiative reshapes international economic cooperation and geopolitical patterns on a global scale. Initially, the paper introduces the background, objectives, and key components of the Belt and Road Initiative, elucidating its role in promoting transnational infrastructure development, enhancing trade connections, and fostering regional economic integration. Subsequently, the article meticulously examines the direct impacts of the initiative on the economic development of participating countries, including increased infrastructure investment, trade facilitation, and industrial upgrading. Further, the paper delves into how the Belt and Road Initiative influences the global economic landscape, particularly its effects in Asia, Africa, and Europe. This includes promoting regional economic integration through infrastructure construction and economic cooperation, as well as strengthening China's economic ties with participating countries. Simultaneously, the paper explores how such economic cooperation deepens political relationships between China and participating nations and the impact of these relationships on the international political framework. Finally, the paper analyzes the responses of other major powers, especially the United States and the European Union, to the Belt and Road Initiative and their geopolitical considerations. This encompasses the reasons for their support or opposition to the initiative, and how these powers respond to China's expanding influence through their policies and initiatives. The article concludes with a projection of the future trends and potential international impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative, particularly in the current international political and economic context.

Alternative economic relations under sanctions

The current international relations crisis caused significant adjustments to the foreign economic activity. During the sanctions confrontation, new restrictions affect more and more tradable sectors, which makes it impossible to maintain previously purchased equipment. It also contradicts legal obligations and the terms of warranty service in the field of spare parts supplies. Buyers represented by government agencies, legal entities and ordinary citizens who trusted Western (mostly European) manufacturers find it hard to deal with the situation. The state is forced to look for ways to supply products and spare parts for previously imported equipment. This process is called “critical import”. Alternative ways of trade development will in fact not only increase the chances to overcome the current international relations crisis, but will also give impetus to variety of possible scenarios for the world trade evolution. This article examines alternative ways of developing international economic cooperation, as well as the development of international relations in the short and medium term prospects. Parallel import is likely to increase during the current crisis and also various trade schemes are likely to develop, namely, barter, deliveries through third countries, the organisation of trading houses.

ESG Sustainable Evaluation of the Silk Road on Ice Based on Entropy Weight TOPSIS Method

As an international economic and trade cooperation project, "Ice Silk Road" is of excellent research significance to the sustainable development construction strategy proposed by China. Based on the ESG sustainable evaluation framework, this paper constructs a sustainable evaluation index system for the "Ice Silk Road" project from three dimensions: society, environment and governance. Then, the entropy weight method and TOPSIS model were used to sort and evaluate the sustainable development performance of relevant countries along the "Ice Silk Road" project from 2013 to 2019, and suggestions were put forward for the research on ESG sustainable development construction of the "Ice Silk Road" project. The results showed that the environmental dimension accounted for a large part of the sustainable development performance from 2013 to 2019, and there were differences in the level of sustainable development infrastructure construction among countries along the "Ice Silk Road" project. Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Japan and the United Kingdom ranked top in comprehensive strength. Denmark, Norway and South Korea have the highest level of sustainable development, while China has the lowest overall score, but China has a large room for improvement in the future from the social and environmental dimensions of development; China needs to strengthen exchanges and cooperation to promote the sustainable development of the "Ice Silk Road" project.