International Drug Trafficking Research Articles

Combating terrorist threats in the Republic of Tajikistan

This study aims to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of measures to combat terrorist threats in the Republic of Tajikistan. The article examines not only the problem of terrorism in the region, but also assesses its impact on the development and stability of the state and society as a whole. In the context of global trends related to international terrorism, extremism and drug trafficking, special attention is paid to their impact on Central Asia and the post-Soviet space. The region is becoming vulnerable to such threats, and therefore effective cooperation between States and international organizations in combating these problems is important. The current problems are analyzed, including the changing nature of global terrorism and its spread, especially in Afghanistan. The growth of extremist organizations and drug trafficking is also being revealed, which poses serious challenges to Tajikistan's national security. The study analyzed data obtained from various sources, which made it possible to identify significant challenges and threats to which the Central Asian states are exposed. Special attention is paid to global processes and their impact on the security of the region, as well as internal factors determining the socio-political situation in the Republic of Tajikistan. The novelty of this study lies in the importance of collective counteraction to terrorist threats and their impact on the stability and development of the Republic of Tajikistan. Considering the problem not only from the point of view of internal security, but also in the context of global trends, the study reveals the relationship between terrorism and other problems such as extremism and drug trafficking.This study highlights the important role of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan in ensuring the country's security and countering threats. The article also discusses issues of cooperation with neighboring states and international organizations in the field of combating terrorism, which is also a new and relevant aspect of the study. Special attention is paid to the relevance and importance of these issues for ensuring the stability and development of the states of the Central Asian region. In the context of the changing global situation and the increasing influence of terrorism and extremism, the article emphasizes the need to effectively respond to threats and take appropriate measures to ensure the security of the region as a whole.

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT APPLIED TO CRIMINAL AGRICULTURE: Acase study of cocaine seizures in Brazil.

Transnational criminal organizations such as those that operate in international drug trafficking function as multinationals, which is why it is possible to observe clear fundamentals of business management in their operations. Among them, those observing Supply Chain Management and Operations, common to legal business on a global scale, stand out. In this study, based on observations of 21 (twenty-one) large seizures of cocaine carried out by Brazilian security forces between 2017 and 2023, the application of such concepts is evident. The analyzed sample, select due to its homogeneous profile, contains import standards such as the size of the bales, the packaging technique, the type of textile fiber used in the bale packaging, the sewingpattern of the bales, the means of transport, the dynamics of logistic integration between the different stages of the supply chain. The complexity of the crime in question and the dynamics of supply chain management is a preponderant factor for its efficiency, maintenance of scale and mitigation of costs associated with losses resulting from seizures. It is also crucial for assessing the level of difficulty faced by security forces in combating international drug trafficking: the dependence on defense infrastructure, technology and intelligence is clear for defense, homeland security and police activities to be successful.

Kejahatan Transnasional Terhadap Peredaran Narkoba Internasional Ditinjau Dari Kasus Fredy Pratama

This research examines the problem of transnational crime in international drug trafficking from the case of Fredy Pratama, who is an Indonesian youth who was arrested in 2021 for trying to smuggle 1.2 kilograms of cocaine to Australia. His case highlights the challenges law enforcement faces in combating transnational drug trafficking, as well as the devastating impact these crimes have on the Nation. The aim of this research is to explore in more detail the Fredy Pratama case and find out the impact of his crime. Legal documents for this research were obtained from a literature review. This research uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method. From the research results, it was concluded that the Fredy Pratama case was a microcosm of a larger problem, namely transnational drug trafficking. Disclosure of this case is also the greatest salvation for the lives of the nation's children from the threat of drugs. The suspects were charged with multiple articles, namely TPPU and Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and Article 114 paragraph (2) in conjunction with Article 132 paragraph (2) subsidiary Article 112 paragraph (2) in conjunction with Article 132 paragraph (2), with threats death penalty or life imprisonment.

Study of Great Power Dominance of the International Order Behind Veto: Take China as an Example

A resolution to hold the five permanent Security Council members responsible for wielding the veto was passed by the UN General Assembly at its 76th session. Veto power is undoubtedly a vital part of the exercise of the veto power in international affairs at a time when humanity is facing unprecedented change; Moreover, by exercising their veto power in consultation and coordination of international affairs, the major powers are also contributing to the mitigation and stabilization of international affairs, as well as the establishment of a just and rational international order by promoting the development of a multipolar trend. They share a wide range of common interests and responsibilities on many important issues concerning the survival and growth of humanity, such as maintaining world peace and security, combating international drug trafficking and protecting the living environment of refugees, etc. This article will analyze the above aspects while specifically analyzing the role that great powers can play in promoting the multilateral system and contributing to developing countries, taking China as an example. As argued in this paper, the resolution subtly affirms the function of the UN P5, even though it seems to restrict the P5's veto authority. This paper's goal is to investigate the function of the P5 veto from the perspective of both the P5 and third world countries, as well as to discuss what can be done by developing countries to establish themselves as an emerging force after the postwar period when the big powers dominated international affairs.

Online and offline determinants of drug trafficking across countries via cryptomarkets

Drug cryptomarkets are a significant development in the recent history of illicit drug markets. Dealers and buyers can now finalize transactions with people they have never met, who could be located anywhere across the globe. What factors shape the geography of international drug trafficking via these cryptomarkets? In our current study, we test the determinants of drug trafficking through cryptomarkets by using a mix of social network analysis and a new dataset composed of self-reported transactions. Our findings contribute to existing research by demonstrating that a country’s level of technological advancement increases the probability of forming trafficking connections on cryptomarkets. Additionally, we found that a country’s capacity to police cryptomarkets reduces the number of trafficking connections with other countries. We also observed that trafficking on cryptomarkets is more likely to occur between countries that are geographically close. In summary, our study highlights the need to consider both online and offline factors in research on cryptomarkets.

Historical and legal aspect of the formation of the external function of Ukraine: from state formations to the cossatians

Purpose. In this scientific research we will try to cover the times from pre-state formations that took place before the formation of the famous Kievan Rus to the times of the Cossacks and trace their ways of negotiating, consolidating agreements or marriages, which affected areas. Different periods of Kievan Rus under different princes, their activities and its impact on foreign relations are going to be mentioned. Let us highlight the times of her descendant - the Galicia-Volyn principality, which for years maintained the traditions of its ancestor, the times of the Cossacks, the figure of B. Khmelnytsky, the search for allies and the preservation of the once-cathedral lands. Method. The method involves the analysis of available scientific and theoretical materials and the formation of recommendations that meet the requirements of the time. Methods. During this scientific research were used such methods of scientific knowledge as historical, comparative, analysis and synthesis, functional. Results. We note that the issues of historical and legal aspects of the formation of external functions of the state, which today include: protection of sovereignty; integration into the international community of self-sufficient democracies; foreign economic activity; diplomatic cooperation with other states; international cooperation on environmental protection; The fight against international terrorism, money laundering, drug trafficking, human trafficking and illegal migration has a long tradition and reflects the same long and difficult path as the history of the state itself, but is always relevant and extremely important. stage of legal analysis in the general system of legal sciences and especially in the science of theory and history of state and law. The study found that the requirements for participants in international relations were formed almost together with the formation of the that state entities, which are virtually unchanged today, it is more appropriate to indicate that they are evolutionary. No less important are the facts of spirituality, volunteerism and wisdom of the head of state, on which depends the international legal activity and position. Scientific novelty. The modern world is currently going through difficult times in the context of global changes and transformations, which entails several consequences to which many states, as well as international law itself, are not adapted. The Ukrainian scientific literature practically does not comprehensively study the issue of updating the international legal functioning, which is an extremely important issue both in general and for Ukraine in particular, which has embarked on a path of radical renewal of its international functional wardrobe. That is why we have been conducting research since the beginning of statehood to develop the most up-to-date recommendations for updating the current situation. Practical significance. The results of this study can be the basis for further research in this historical and legal field and during lectures and seminars in the discipline "Theory and History of State and Law".

Perceived suspect credibility: a brief report on the association between suspect and observer gender

ABSTRACT The current study examined the influence of gender on perceived credibility in an international drug trafficking setting. Two hundred law students (approximately half female) assessed a suspect’s credibility in a drug trafficking investigation. The participants read a transcript provided by either a male or a female suspect and rated a suspect as truthful/untruthful and their confidence level in this rating. The combined score represents credibility judgement. ANCOVA indicated a significant main effect of participant gender and a significant interaction between participant gender and suspect gender. Men considered the suspect as more credible than women, but this difference manifested only in the case of a male suspect. In the case of a female suspect, there was no significant gender difference between the participants. These findings highlight the dynamic interplay of the gender of both participants and suspects in the judgement bias field and are discussed in the context of defensive attribution theory. The applied implications address investigations, interrogations and other processes that surround them.

Extending borders of knowledge: gendered pathways to prison in Thailand for international cross border drug trafficking

Few researchers have concerned themselves with qualitative gender-comparative studies of women’s and men’s prison trajectories – particularly appraisals relating to international cross border drug trafficking (ICBDT). Using life history interviews with prisoners incarcerated in three regions of Thailand, we describe, examine and compare the features of women’s and men’s pathways to prison for ICBDT. Overall, the findings point to both similarities and divergences in experiences by gender. Three pathways to prison emerged for both women and men: (1) ‘deviant’ lifestyle, (2) economic familial provisioning and (3) inexperience and deception. However, gendered variance was found within these pathways; an additional woman-only trajectory, the romantic susceptibility pathway, was also identified.

Interdicting International Drug Trafficking: a Network Approach for Coordinated and Targeted Interventions

There is a relative dearth of literature on both the effects of cross-border interdictions and the impact of different types of interventions on international drug trafficking. This study identifies the main trafficking routes for cocaine and heroin, along with comparing the disruptive effects induced by targeted and non-coordinated interventions. It adopts a social network approach to identify the routes along which cocaine and heroin are trafficked, and then simulates the impact of different interdiction strategies on these two trafficking networks. The findings indicate that targeting countries based on their respective positions in the networks, as opposed to on the basis of the quantity of drugs exchanged, is more likely to disrupt drug flows. More specifically, concentrating law enforcement resources on countries with several incoming or outgoing trafficking connections, or those countries that mediate between producer, transit and consumer countries, would appear to be particularly effective in this regard. Interventions focused on specific trafficking routes are also likely to be effective if these routes have high edge betweenness centrality scores. This study contributes to extant understanding on the vulnerability of cocaine and heroin international trafficking networks, and, moreover, demonstrates that empirically-driven strategies are potentially more effective at interdicting international trafficking than non-strategic and non-coordinated interventions.

Наркобезопасность в современных условиях нового вида войны: проблемные аспекты

The study actualizes the issues of achieving drug safety for individuals and society in the context of the prevalence of methods of “hybrid” impact on their culture, consciousness and life, associated with new information technologies using social networks, the darknet, web markets, shadow types of communications. In reality, this cumulatively reinforces the antagonism of a deep conflict between state and existing international drug trafficking market. The manifestations of drug expansion, the dynamic introduction of the drug subculture, the moral disorientation of young people in the context of the global information and social processes taking place in the 21st century contribute to the strengthening of the dangerous trend of drug addic-tion in society. From the standpoint of the geopolitical approach and its prin-ciples, we indicate the urgency of the need for the formation of a national drug control strategy through the creation and functioning of the state anti-drug system with the implementation of a legal policy to counter the spread of drug addiction and illegal drug trafficking. This is fully answered by an in-tegrative approach with the definition of such important components in this system as: regulatory and legal, scientific and theoretical, organizational and managerial, information, control and analytical. The study presents the forms of anti-drug activities at the federal, regional and local levels to build a systemic counteraction to drug trafficking in Russia.

La captura del Estado peruano por el narcotráfico: el caso de los “cuello blanco del puerto”

Since the 1980s, Peru has been a key player in the international drug trafficking scenario. The second largest producer of cocaine in the world and one of the countries where the main input, the coca leaf, is grown, the port of El Callao, being one of the main ports in Latin America due to its volume, is presumed to be where important cargoes of this drug leave from. The interception of communications in 2018 to investigate the violent organized crime that was taking place in that province revealed a network of judges, prosecutors, congressmen, and businessmen who were collaborating with drug traffickers, favoring them with impunity. This is not the first attempt to capture the Peruvian State for drug trafficking. In the 1990s, the government of Fujimori-Montesinos used drug trafficking money -among others- to bribe the country's highest authorities: military chiefs, the Supreme Court, the Attorney General, the media, and businessmen, all of whom were close to the government. The "narco-indulgence" of Alan García's second administration is another symptom of the seriousness of the collaboration of authorities from the highest spheres of the State with the powerful drug traffickers. The "double standard" of the Peruvian Criminal Policy against international drug trafficking is made evident, strong for the weak and weak for the strong: high penalties for small-scale traffickers and impunity for those at the apex of the criminal organizations. In addition, the enormous corrupting capacity of money from drug trafficking (money laundering) to capture members of the powers of the State: Executive, Legislative and Judicial, is of concern. The "case of the white collars of the port" is an empirical example of the intersection of judicial corruption -and its minions- within the Peruvian State and the organized crime criminal organizations. In order to conjure up these alliances, it is necessary to emphasize the punishment against the white-collar criminals of drug trafficking and their collaborators: lawyers, judges, prosecutors, etc., who use their profession as a cover to enrich themselves personally to the detriment of the common good.

High prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus infection among people who use crack cocaine in an important international drug trafficking route in Central-West Region Brazil

In this study, the prevalence rate, associated risk factors and genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were determined among people who use crack from an international drug trafficking route in Central-West, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 700 users of crack from Campo Grande and two border cities of Mato Grosso do Sul State and tested for HCV infection using serological and molecular testing methodologies. Anti-HCV was detected in 31/700 (4.5%, 95% CI: 2.9–6.0%) and HCV RNA in 26/31 (83.9%) of anti-HCV positive samples. Phylogenetic analysis of three HCV sub-genomic regions (5’UTR, NS5B and HVR-1) revealed the circulation of 1a (73.9%), 1b (8.7%) and 3a (17.4%) genotypes. Next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of intra-host viral populations of HCV HVR-1 showed a significant variation in intra-host genetic diversity among infected individuals, with 58.8% composed of more than one sub-population. Bayesian analysis estimated that the most recent common HCV ancestor for strains identified here was introduced to this region after 1975 following expansion of intravenous drug use in Brazil. Multivariate analyses showed that only ‘ever having injected drugs' was independently associated with HCV infection. These results indicate an increasing spread of multiple HCV strains requiring public health intervention, such as harm reduction, testing services and treatment among crack users in this important border region of Central Brazil.

Italian Organized Crime since 1950

Italian mafias—Cosa Nostra, Camorra, and ‘Ndrangheta—are long-lived, resilient organizations that have evolved to adapt to environmental changes. They have different organizational models. While Cosa Nostra (in the past) and ‘Ndrangheta are characterized by a unitary, vertical structure and higher-level coordination bodies, Camorra has a plurality of organizational models; the majority of clans maintain a structure that is fluid, polycentric, and conflictual. In general, mafias with a vertical organizational order have greater control over conflict, and greater capacity to resist state power. The ‘Ndrangheta has become the richest and most powerful of the three, replacing Cosa Nostra in international drug trafficking. It is able to reproduce its organizational structures and business model in new territories in Italy and elsewhere. In contrast, owing to unprecedented law enforcement efforts in recent decades, Cosa Nostra is weaker, down but not out. Camorra continues to be the most violent mafia, committing more homicides than the other two combined. Consistent with their adaptive capacity, mafias in new areas of expansion are treated as novel agents that can provide extralegal services and business opportunities. They are sought out by entrepreneurs, white-collar professionals, and local politicians to solve problems such as debt collection, labor unrest, and disputes with suppliers.

The specifics of the illegal drug trafficking in Kosovo

Object of handling in this scientific paper are criminal offences of narcotics trafficking in the Republic of Kosovo. According to data included in this paper the trafficking of narcotics constitutes a concerning phenomenon. The concern about this type of criminality is linked to a relatively high degree of their presence in Kosovo society. The research shed light about the fact that Kosovo is an important link for international drug traffickers. All this, due to geographic position of country because of the fact that in Kosovo there are over 25,000 drug users, but likewise because of the fact that over last two decades there has been a trend of continuous growth of drug process cultivation. Criminal offences of narcotics trafficking manifest numerous individual, family and social consequences. This criminal phenomenon is also damaging Kosovo's image in international terms. Kosovo is facing numerous challenges and problems in combating criminality, especially those related to narcotics. In this scientific paper has been indicated the Kosovo courts activities in combating criminal offences of narcotics trafficking as well as are given various ideas in terms of how it should be advances courts performance in combating this criminal phenomenon. For preparation of this scientific paper I have used legal, comparative, descriptive, survey and statistical methods.

O Combate ao Tráfico de Drogas na Fronteira Brasil-Bolívia (2008-2012)

O tráfico internacional de drogas é uma das principais ameaças de segurança para os países da América do Sul, em especial o Brasil e a Bolívia. O país andino é o terceiro maior produtor mundial de cocaína e o território brasileiro é uma das principais rotas de trânsito para as drogas enviadas à Europa, bem como, é considerado o principal mercado consumidor para a cocaína boliviana. O objetivo central neste artigo é analisar a cooperação entre o Brasil e a Bolívia para o policiamento do combate ao tráfico de drogas. O recorte temporal abarcará o período entre novembro de 2008, quando a agência antidrogas estadunidense, Drug Enforcement Admnistration (DEA), foi expulsa do território boliviano, o que gerou uma aproximação entre os governos brasileiro e boliviano, até o final de janeiro de 2012, quando foi estabelecido um acordo trilateral entre Bolívia, Brasil e Estados Unidos. Analisar-se-á os acordos, reuniões e operações realizados pelas autoridades e burocracias brasileiras e bolivianas responsáveis pelas atividades de fiscalização e repressão ao tráfico de drogas, a fim de compreender como ocorreu a relação bilateral Brasil-Bolívia.

El gasto fiscal de la guerra contra los portadores de drogas ilícitas: una aproximación para Colombia

Around the world, governments spend enormous amounts of public funds in controlling possession, manufacturing and trafficking of illicit drugs. These costs are usually difficult to observe, as they correspond to the opportunity cost of many bureaucrats involved in the process. In this paper, we estimate the expected cost per arrest for possession, manufacturing or trafficking of illicit drugs for the case of Colombia. We find that the expected cost of an arrest is roughly COP$11 million, hence the expected total cost associated with the 984,106 arrests carried out between 2001 and 2015 adds up to COP$10.6 billion. Also, we analyse whether these expenditures are justified by the control of international drug trafficking, crime associated with drug dealing in local markets or drug abuse deterrence. We conclude that none of these reasons justify such fiscal expenditures; rather, these seem to be explained by an issue of incentive compatibility in Colombian authorities.

An analysis of Thai women's roles and involvement in cross-border international drug trafficking

There has already been a large amount of Western research done exploring women's pathways to prison, but this paper will focus solely on women from Southeast Asia, and more specifically, Thai women. Lives of convicted women are usually characterised by childhood/adulthood victimisation, mental health issues, male influence/control, and economic marginalisation. In the past decade, the number of women prisoners in Southeast Asian countries has significantly increased while the majority of these women are incarcerated for drug-related offences. The widespread illegal drug trade and harsh criminal punishment handed down for drug offenders in the region are the major cause for this rise in female imprisonment. Although there is an extensive range of Western research exploring women's pathways to offending, research in a Non-Western context, including studies on women imprisoned for drug trafficking, is sparse. Using life history interviews with Thai women imprisoned in Cambodia for international cross border drug trafficking, this paper uses a narrative life history approach to explore the circumstances propelling them into prison. This paper is based on the study report on Vulnerabilities, Victimisation, Romance and Indulgence: Thai Women's Pathways to Prison in Cambodia for International Cross Border Drug Trafficking conducted by the Thailand Institute of Justice and Griffith University. While the full report of this study outlines four distinct pathways leading women to prison, this paper highlights another set of information describing women's roles in the international cross border drug trafficking offence including their backgrounds, male influence and patterns of criminal activities.

Vulnerabilities, victimisation, romance and indulgence: Thai women's pathways to prison in Cambodia for international cross border drug trafficking

There is an extensive body of western research exploring women's pathways to prison. These studies show that the lives of convicted women are typically characterised by extensive childhood and/or adulthood victimisation, mental ill health, men's influence/control and economic marginalisation. Non-western feminist pathways research is nevertheless sparse as are studies on women imprisoned for drug trafficking. Using life history interviews with Thai foreign national women imprisoned in Cambodia for international cross-border drug trafficking, this paper explores the circumstances and criminal justice experiences propelling them into prison. Results reveal four distinct pathways to prison: 1) the criminogenic pathway, 2) the romantic susceptibility pathway, 3) the domestic violence pathway, 4) the self-indulgent pathway.

Транзит наркотиків територією України як передумова поширення наркобізнесу в Європі

The purpose: to describe some aspects of drug smuggling through the territory of Ukraine as a prerequisite for the spread of drug business in Europe and measures to counter law enforcement. According to the goal, the following tasks are solved in the work: describe the state of narcosis in Ukraine; To determine, what drugs are saturated with the market in Ukraine through international channels; to find out the peculiarities of the interaction between the National Police and the Security Service of Ukraine in counter acting drugs muggling; to provide a criminal law description of Article 305 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine–smuggling of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors or counterfeit medicines; To consider the dynamics of the disclosure of organized drug groups in Ukraine for 2018; to define the concept of a drug business and highlight its elements; describe the conditions conducive to drugs muggling through Ukraine; to describe the state of narcotization of the population of Poland as a powerful producer of psychotropic drugs in the world, with which Ukraine has close relations, a common border and where Ukrainians are massively deprived of their wages; to propose ways to optimize the activities of protesters in this direction. Attention is focused on the types of hard drugs with which the market for such products in Ukraine is saturated through international channels. Statistical data reflecting the problem of drugs and examples of practical activities of law enforcement agencies, seizures of large quantities of smuggled drugs in Ukraine were brought. The focus is on the powers of the Department of Counteracting Drug-Related Crime of the National Police of Ukraine, with the Security Service of Ukraine in this direction. The criminal law characteristic of Article 305 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is given. Analyzed the dynamics of countering criminal gangs who commit crimes related to drugs in 2018. The definition of the drug business is formulated and its elements are highlighted. The main ways of transportation of narcotic drugs through Ukraine to Europe are indicated. Attention is paid to the description of methods and means of transporting drugs across the state border. Attention is focused on the state of anesthesia of the population in a country like Poland, which is one of the main producers of psychotropic drugs and with which Ukraine has an adjacent border. Attention is drawn to the problem of migration of the population in Ukraine, especially on the departure of Ukrainians to work in Europe, which contributes to drug smuggling. The characteristic features inherent in organized criminal groups that commit crimes related to international drug trafficking are considered. The methodological basis of the article is a dialectical approach to the analysis of the situation in Ukraine and beyond. The methods of formal logic are used in this work: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, abstraction. And also the statistical and system-structural methods and the forecasting method. The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in Ukraine drug trafficking through its borders has been investigated as a precondition for the spread of drug trafficking in Europe. The theoretical positions and practical recommendations for law enforcement bodies on counteraction to narcobusiness, in particular drug smuggling through the territory of Ukraine, are formulated. The conclusions noted that when countering the drug business and smuggling in particular, it is necessary to constantly take into account changes in legislation and possess operational information about the criminal environment. The ways of optimization of activity in this direction are proposed

Paving the Way to Pavones: Property Wars, Narratives of Discovery, and the Fantasy of Surfing Paradise

Through an analysis of the transformation of Pavones, Costa Rica, from rural village to booming tourist destination, this article examines the interactions between entrepreneurial capitalists and peasant smallholders, and how these relations and roles shifted as a result of sudden economic and social change in the region. It also explores how a nation-state in economic crisis that increasingly relied on the tourist industry responded to conflicts among expats and rural residents. More broadly, this article is about the practice and politics of development in the contemporary rural Global South. It traces the archival trail of Daniel Fowlie, a US surfer, developer, and business executive who played a central role in the transformation of Pavones into a famed international surfing destination and who, in the process, was imprisoned for international drug trafficking. Building on scholarship about travel and exploration literature, the article examines Fowlie’s discursive representation of Pavones and Costa Ricans and connects it to larger, dominant discourses in surf and travel media about narratives of discovery and development that often embody an imperialist nostalgia to inculcate a particular idea about time and industriousness as part of development.