International Dimension Research Articles

Multilateral financial flows and state–business relations in Morocco

ABSTRACT Political economy explanations of regime resilience often look at domestic support bases and patronage systems. Foreign aid to the state is seen as a direct form of propping up regimes. This article attempts to track the flow of foreign assistance to one part of the domestic support base of a regime, namely the economic elite, thereby making a connection between domestic explanations and foreign support explanations of regime resilience. The core argument of this article is that multilateral financial flows from Western dominated institutions may preserve regimes in the Middle East and North Africa. Multilateral flows from the World Bank Group, the European Investment Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development went to regime insiders and thus potentially strengthened existing economic elites during the time in which the former Islamist opposition party led a coalition government. I draw on the linkage dimension of Levitsky and Way’s model to show the importance of specifying the nature and destination of multilateral financial ties with Morocco’s private sector. This contribution helps us link the international dimension to the domestic political economy. It thus potentially adds to our understanding of monarchical regime resilience post-Arab Spring by highlighting how multilateral financial institutions support an important part of the economic elite.

Shadows of Return

Abstract In Germany, the prosecution of female Islamic State (IS) returnees for property offences under international criminal law has become increasingly important in recent years. These prosecutions give reason for critical reflections on the basis and limits of protection of property in international criminal law in general and its application in practice, in particular under the German Code of Crimes Against International Law (Völkerstrafgesetzbuch). This article argues that despite a well-established normative basis for and legitimacy of protecting property in international criminal law, there are considerable deficiencies in the application of the relevant offence in German jurisprudence. These deficiencies concern, first, the distinction between the different modalities of war crimes against property; secondly, the phenomenon of so-called multiple appropriations; and, thirdly, requirements for determining the gravity of property crimes. The article criticizes the fact that legal practice has so far only insufficiently evaluated the international dimension of property offences, warranting a presumption as an international crime. It argues the need for the criminal justice system to take greater account of the aims and functions of international criminal law in legal practice.

Biodiversity impacts of Norway's renewable electricity grid

Norway aims to transform into a low-emission nation by 2050. However, the energy transition comes with challenges, as expanding renewable energy infrastructure requires significant land areas, which raises concerns about associated environmental impacts, particularly on species richness. The first system-wide life cycle assessment (LCA) approach that integrates multiple biodiversity models is presented, evaluating the current effects of renewable energy production and transmission in Norway. The impacts of Norwegian hydropower and onshore wind power plants are quantified, which contribute 98% of Norway's electricity generation. Additionally, the effects of power lines are included to assess the spatial origins of the biodiversity impacts derived from both energy production and transmission relative to where electricity was transmitted to and consumed in Norway. The analyses show that hydropower exerts the most substantial impact on species richness and that the electric grid affects mostly mammal richness due to habitat conversion and fragmentation. As energy production primarily originates in western-central and northern Norway, regions with low electricity generation, such as south-east Norway, import a substantial share of the biodiversity impacts for their energy consumption. However, integrating an international dimension is crucial, as multiple European countries exchange energy with Norway, and thus also contribute to the pressure on local species richness. The results present the current operational impacts on biodiversity caused by Norway's electricity system. Since Norway intends to increase its renewable energy production capacity in the coming decades, this approach can serve as an instrument for developing scenarios to assess the future construction of hydropower, onshore wind power, and power lines. It can help shape Norway's energy future, ensuring a holistic approach that integrates impacts on species diversity and promotes an environmentally friendly energy transition. While focused on Norway, the methodology is adaptable to other regions if the required data is available.

The Geopolitics of Disinformation: Worldviews, Media Consumption and the Adoption of Global Strategic Disinformation Narratives

Abstract Concerns over the existence of a global “information disorder” marked by the contamination of the public sphere with deception campaigns have grown in recent years. This “disorder” has domestic and international dimensions, with multiple state actors standing accused of malicious influence abroad. Previous research, focused on the Global North, has neglected the potential role of anti-colonial and anti-imperialist sentiments in shaping public opinion in the Global South, where problems with foreign influence operations have persisted for decades. Using survey data (N = 4,613) collected in Angola, Ethiopia, South Africa, and Zambia in late 2022, this paper addresses this knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between individuals’ worldviews and news consumption, and their support of strategic disinformation narratives favored by Russia and China, both of which have been active in trying to use the news media to influence public opinion. At a country level, we find that support for these narratives is most pronounced in Ethiopia and South Africa, while at an individual level, we find limited evidence that news consumption is connected to the adoption of these narratives. In discussing these findings, we argue that African public opinion is simultaneously shaped by global, geopolitical shifts and domestic, and local contestations.

Criminal Liability Of Actors Who Participate In Terrorism Criminal Acts In Indonesia

The crime of terrorism is a form of crime with an international dimension that is very frightening to the public. Terrorism is a crime against humanity which is classified as an extraordinary crime because it has succeeded in creating chaos based on religion, sect or organization. This crime against humanity is regulated in Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2018 concerning Terrorism Crimes. Terrorist networks that are difficult to trace and have wide access make the problem of terrorism difficult to eradicate. Easy access between countries is one of the reasons why it is difficult to break the chain of terrorist networks. So efforts are needed through bilateral, regional and international cooperation to eradicate terrorism. The research method used in this paper uses normative legal research based on legal theories. By taking a legislative approach through literature study. This research aims to find out what causes perpetrators to commit criminal acts of terrorism and to find out what form of criminal law accountability exists for perpetrators who participate in criminal acts of terrorism in Indonesia.

Constitutional and municipal law: Analysing constitutions and their societal implications

The present study scrutinizes the societal implications of constitutions and their significance within both national and international frameworks. The authors undertakes an exploration of the principles underlying constitutional law, delving into the categorization of constitutions based on state structures and political regimes. Additionally, the article explores instances of constitutions from diverse nations, shedding light on their consequential effects on society. Emphasis is placed on a meticulous examination of constitutional structures and their pivotal contribution to the configuration of legal and socio-cultural landscapes. The examination of constituent elements within constitutions enables the illumination of their crucial significance in shaping the legal and socio-cultural fabric of society. Special consideration is directed towards international dimensions, with a specific focus on the impact of preambles in shaping national identity on the global stage. The article systematically investigates the significance of procedures for constitutional amendments, emphasizing their role in fostering stability and facilitating adaptation to prevailing global trends. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the constitution's influence on society, aiming to identify the pivotal components within the constitutional structure that exert the most significant impact on societal development. The primary object of investigation encompasses constitutional documents from diverse countries. This includes a thorough examination of their preambles, core provisions, sections concerning human rights and freedoms, power structures, and an exploration of the international context within which these constitutions operate. The outcomes of this research can function as a crucial resource for human rights organizations, legislative bodies, and constitutional commissions involved in the formulation and amendment of constitutional documents. Moreover, the study creates avenues for additional comparative analyses, facilitating an in-depth exploration of the diverse constituencies across countries and their repercussions on societies within the international sphere.

Open Access ‘Unaccomplished’ – Reforming Copyright or Reconceptualizing Science? Access to Scholarly Publications under a (Reinterpreted) Right to Science

ABSTRACT This article identifies the impediments to science created by copyright and suggests ways to overcome these. It focuses on scholarly publishing—primarily of digital content—and queries whether commercial scholarly publishers continue to add value to research in the digital era. The deficits of copyright law, and potential solutions thereto, are assessed in light of the right of everyone ‘to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications’ (‘REBSPA’ or ‘right to science’), as protected in Article 15(1)(b) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966. I find that, while, in the shorter term, existing copyright law needs to undergo certain reforms (which would all be supported by the REBSPA) to accommodate the needs of science, in the longer term, the right to science requires something else—much more, in fact. Firstly, there needs to be a move towards another science, a science reconceptualized so as not to be primarily driven by instrumental and profit motives. Secondly, following from that, science would need to be genuinely open. Among other things, this requires the creation of a true scholarly knowledge commons, necessitating far-reaching changes in the way copyright applies, or potentially its abolition, in science. Thirdly, the envisaged scholarly knowledge commons would have to be globally inclusive in scope—which is to be achieved by recognizing and respecting the mostly ignored international dimension of the right to science. This article questions the traditional role of the commercial scholarly publishers and argues for a paradigm shift in the sphere of copyright and science. Identifying flaws and gaps in the current official interpretations of the REBSPA, the right to science is reinterpreted in various respects here. In making my case, I rely on the notion of a ‘right to research’ under the REBSPA and am aided by the deconstructive concept of ‘adequacy for science’.

GELENEKSEL TUVA MÜZİĞİ VE ULUSLARARASI BOYUTA TAŞIYAN TEMSİLCİLERİ

Tuva Cumhuriyeti günümüzde Rusya Federasyonu sınırları içerisinde bulunan özerk bir cumhuriyettir. Konum olarak Rusya’nın güney sınırında, Novosibirsk ile İrkutsk arasında yer alıp Moğolistan ile de sınır komşusudur. Yerel halkına Tuvalı adı verilir. Tuva halkı Tuva Cumhuriyeti haricinde Moğolistan’ın kuzeyi ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin batı bölgesinde de yaşamaktadırlar. Coğrafi konum sebebiyle Tuva Cumhuriyeti içerisinde yaşayan Tuva halkı genel olarak dış dünyaya nispeten kapalı kalmışlardır. Bu sebeple sahip oldukları müzik kültürü dünya tarafından yeterince bilinmemektedir. Tuva müzik kültürünü kendine has kılan en önemli unsur gırtlak müziği (throat singing) denen, daha çok Sibirya bölgesinde yaşayan toplumlara has bir şarkı söyleme biçimidir. Höömey (Khöömei) adı verilen bu gırtlak müziğinin birbirinden farklı isimlere, ses aralıklarına ve doğuşkan kullanımına sahip farklı teknikleri bulunmaktadır. Mevcutta olan bu tekniklerin, özünde doğadaki seslerin yansıması olduğu düşünülmektedir. Doğa seslerini taklit ederek ortaya çıkmış olan gırtlak müziği (Khöömei), zamanla Tuva kültürünün vazgeçilmez bir parçası olmuş, hem din dışı halk müziğinde sıklıkla kullanılırken hem de birtakım dini ayinlerde, spiritüel ve şifa amacıyla da kullanılmıştır (Matrenitsky& Friedman, 2012, pp. 111). Bu teknikler tarihçe olarak çok eskiye dayanmaktadır lakin dış dünyadan belli ölçüde izole kalmış olan Tuva halkı yakın zamana kadar bunu dış dünyaya gösterememiş, yalnızca kendi içlerinde devam ettirdikleri bir gelenek olarak süregelmiştir. Yetmişli yıllardan sonra Tuva Cumhuriyeti içerisinde yetişmiş olan Kongar-ool Ondar isimli sanatçı ise Tuva müzik kültürünü dış dünyaya tanıtmak amacıyla başarılı adımlar atarak hem dünyanın bu kültür hakkında bilgi sahibi olmasını sağlamış, hem de kendinden sonra gelecek olan sanatçılara örnek olmuştur. Konu gırtlak müziği olduğunda özellikle Tuva bölgesinde ilk akla gelen isimlerin başında gelir Kongar-ool Ondar. Kendinden önceki diğer gırtlak müziği sanatçılarının aksine, yakın coğrafyası haricinde vermiş olduğu birçok konser ve içinde bulunduğu projeler sayesinde, kendisini ve milli müziğini batı ülkeleri başta olmak üzere dünyanın birçok yerine tanıtmıştır. Bu çalışmada Tuva müzik kültürü ve bu kültürün Tuva, Rusya coğrafyası dışında kalan bölgelere nasıl tanıtıldığı literatür taraması yöntemi aracılığıyla incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Tuva halkının müzik kültürünü incelemek, onu oluşturan unsurları inceleyip Türkçe kaynaklara kazandırabilmek, geçmişe nazaran günümüzde Tuva müzik kültürüne dünyanın geri kalanının ne kadar aşina olduğunu gözler önüne sermektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda yapılan incelemelerde daha çok Tuva müzik kültürünün; enstrüman, ses aralıkları, ezgi yapısı, ayrıca bu kültürün en önemli parçalarından biri olan gırtlak müziği ve de bu kültürün dünyaya tanıtılmasını sağlayan en önemli kişilerden biri olan Kongar-ool Ondar üzerine durulacaktır.

Addressing Barriers to Cross-Border Collection of E-Evidence in Criminal Investigations

The interconnected society has led to an increase in cross-border crimes, necessitating efficient gathering of electronic evidence (e-evidence). Current legal frameworks and mutual legal assistance treaties face challenges in addressing the volatile nature and international dimension of e-evidence. This study aims to evaluate existing regulations, identify barriers, and propose solutions for effective cross-border e-evidence collection. The research seeks to remove obstacles and facilitate seamless cooperation among law enforcement agencies, service providers, and judicial authorities. A qualitative research method, including surveys and grounded theory analysis, is employed to analyze legal practitioners' perspectives and existing frameworks. The findings highlight the need for harmonized data categorization, direct cooperation with service providers, and streamlined procedures. The study proposes a new regulation for production and preservation orders, enabling direct access to e-evidence and appointing legal representatives within service providers. The proposed regulation addresses the identified barriers, enhancing cross-border e-evidence gathering in crime investigations.

The Ethiopia-Egypt Controversy on the Renaissance Dam and the Role of a Benefit-Sharing Approach in the Nile Basin

Abstract The Nile River has been both an engine of development and a cause of controversy among its riparian states for millennia. This paradox took on an international dimension with the inception of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Using a qualitative research method, this paper investigates the GERD controversy and the role of a benefit-sharing approach in the Nile Basin. The dam negotiations have been hampered by unjust colonial treaties, the hardline interests of Egypt and Ethiopia, politicisation, uncertainty about the consequences of the dam’s use and lopsided third-party intervention. The paper argues that the adoption of a benefit-sharing approach in the basin can sustain the Nile ecosystem, promote regional peace, increase water flow and decrease unnecessary expenses through modest intraregional cooperation. The resolution of the Nile Basin conflict thus relies on identifying the potential of the basin and on integrated cooperative frameworks adopted by the technocrats of its riparian states and international experts.

Policy-making for Indigenous entrepreneurship: towards an inclusive approach

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the success level of Indigenous entrepreneurship (IE) policies, examines if there is an international dimension to the successes and failures of IE policies, and synthesises lessons from both successful and unsuccessful policies to lead towards a more inclusive approach for the future. Using a narrative systematic review, our findings show that while some IE policies have succeeded, others have either been ineffective, ill-conceived or, in a few cases, have led to worse/negative outcomes for Indigenous entrepreneurs. We unpack lessons from the successful and failed policies and provide suggestions for future policy and research.

International Dimensions of Democratization

International Dimensions of Democratization

Papua Conflict: An Article Review from the Best Conflict Resolution Method

This article is aimed to review conflict resolution process of Armed Criminal Group in Papua (KKB). This study is a scientific-article review using comparison technique, which compares horse trading method, counter-insurgency (COIN) model, and Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP) to later review the best method in conflict resolution and renew or develop it. This study starts from revealing the background of Armed Criminal Group (KKB) happening in Papua, and then discussing conflict resolution process referring to the separatist movement development from KKB using horse trading method, which is proven effective to resolve this conflict if it is supported by the trust between two parties to have a dialogue where both parties are allowed to deliver their purposes openly. It is different from the application of McCormick’s COIN strategy model which narrowly fails in resolving Papua conflict, and even is possible to create a chance of the new dynamics’ existence in its international dimension, so it is needed to have a new interpretation towards COIN model in Papua, which is by giving solution to conflict-root elimination instead of total elimination by military. Meanwhile, applying Military Operations Other Than War approach (OMSP) is mandatory which is done by every country in order to tackle separatism movements. By those three models mentioned earlier, several strategic steps are formulated later in conflict resolution of Armed Criminal Group (KKB) in Papua.

Same Same or Different?: Comparing Perceived Internationalization, Experiences and Satisfaction of Domestic and International Tertiary Students in Thailand

There appears to be a lack of literature analyzing and comparing experiences and behavior of foreign and domestic tertiary students in non-traditional destinations. Using quantitative approach, this study examined and compared how international and home students in Thailand perceive the extent of internationalization of their host institution, their sense of belongingness, discriminatory experiences and satisfaction. Findings showed that both groups of students did not perceive differently the academic, social and organizational dimensions of internationalization. However, foreign students felt a stronger sense of belongingness and higher level of satisfaction than their local counterparts. They had a more positive perception of the course contents and the university’ s physical environment. They indicated less positive perception of the availability of opportunities to socialize, to participate in exchange study, and to use the English language in learning and communication. The differing perceptions and attitudes of domestic and foreign students suggest that the institution may consider to further develop and improve the various aspects of internationalization in order to satisfy their needs and enhance their student experience.

Towards the Drying of Hatay Amik Lake in History and Its Traces on Society

As a result of Turkey’s agricultural policy that has developed since the 1950s, lakes in different provinces have been dried within the scope of expanding agricultural areas. Amik is one of the lakes that were dried in this context. Amik Lake, which was once an important water source for Antakya, which has hosted different cultures from the past to the present, has an important place in the history of the city. Since the lake used to cause floods since the past, the idea of drying was on the agenda during the Ottoman period, the French mandate administration and the administration of the Hatay state. These attempts continued after the annexation of Hatay to Turkey. In this context, a number of researches were carried out and reports were prepared by experts from abroad.The gradual drying of the lake in the 1970s in the Republican period has brought many discussions on the city agenda from the past to the present. This study is part of a scientific research project focusing on the economic aspects of drying Amik Lake. A detailed literature study was carried out within the scope of the project, and the works of wanderers traveled around Antakya in the past were also examined. Within the scope of field research, 19 people from Arpahan, Küçükdalyan, Paşaköy, Bakras, Muratpaşa, Torun, Büyükdalyan, Serinyol and Topboğazı villages around the old lake mirror, two people ran the lake commercially and two people from the institutions and key actors in the city were interviewed. In line with the information obtained from the in-depth interviews and the literature, the economy of the lake, the local and international dimension of fish and bird hunting, the process leading to drying, the land sharing after drying, and the ideas and memories of the city residents about the drying of the lake today were brought together. In line with the written and oral information obtained, it is understood that the lake was dried with motives such as drying the swamp areas in accordance with the spirit of the period, preventing malaria, expanding the agricultural areas and providing land to the farmers. By the help of the acquired field study data, it is aimed to assess the effects of drying operation on local people. Although a period of approximately 50 years has passed since the drying of the lake, agricultural areas remain under water due to heavy rains even today. This keeps the criticisms and narratives about the drying of the lake alive.

The Application Degree of the Jordanian Public Universities of the (QS (World University Rankings Standards and Proposed Educational Policies to Improve their Ranking in this Classification

The study aimed to determine the degree to which Jordanian public universities apply the standards of the World University Rankings (QS) and proposed educational policies to improve their ranking in this world ranking. The descriptive survey methodology was used. The study sample consisted of (285) academic leaders from Jordanian public universities who were selected using a random cluster sampling method. The results of the study indicated that the degree of application of the Jordanian public universities to the standards of the world university rankings (QS) from the point of view of academic leaders was moderate in all five domains of study, which were: academic reputation, scientific research, international dimension, job reputation, and. Academic accreditation. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences (α=0.05) between the mean of the study sample members’ perceptions of the degree to which Jordanian public universities apply the standards of the world university rankings (QS) according to the variables of job position and university. In light of the results of the study, a group of educational policies were proposed to improve the ranking of these universities in this world university rankings (QS).

Peculiarities of legal assessment of aiding and abetting the aggressor state: National and international dimensions

Peculiarities of legal assessment of aiding and abetting the aggressor state: National and international dimensions

Abstaining from Retaliation: A Story of Restoration Ministry-OEIL in Eastern Congo

Reports of violence flow from everywhere. They make humankind look powerless in front of conflicts and seem inclined to a retaliation culture. Many people prefer to justify retaliation by euphemistic concepts like self-defense, counterattack, letting justice prevail, counteroffensive, etc. This is a mere application of the natural human principle of the lex talionis. In tumultuous zones like the African Great Lakes Region in general and Eastern Congo in particular, one might expect escalation of conflicts if retaliation is the only option. However, the advent of Christianity in our societies has strengthened a new culture of reconciliation among opponent groups as a way out of violent conflicts. In a world immersed in retaliation culture, a message about raising a culture of reconciliation by abstaining from retaliation sounds like naïveté or treason. This paper sets out to respond to this question: How does reconciliation become an antidote to retaliation in the Eastern Congo context? Using Case Study method, the objective of this study is to present biblical, ethical, and practical ways of breaking the circle of violence and building a culture of peace. In Eastern Congo, Restoration Ministry-OEIL is one of the Christian organizations that strive to promote reconciliation among ethnic communities. It raises awareness of the root causes of Eastern Congo crisis from their local, national, regional, and international dimensions. Therefore, its story constitutes historical evidence of the possibility of abstaining from retaliation despite the horrors of violence endured. Its peacemaking method is a good example of a contextual theology of reconciliation from indigenous practices.

Milanese antique dealers and the international market

Abstract This article provides two concrete examples of the opening of the Milanese art market to the international stage at the time of Gian Giacomo Poldi Pezzoli. The main focus is on the career of Giuseppe Baslini (1817–1887), the most important art dealer in nineteenth-century Milan. A true self-made man, Baslini entertained close relations with the most eminent Milanese collectors of the time, including Poldi Pezzoli and the Bagatti Valsecchi brothers; his success was secured by the international market on three major axes – London, Paris and Berlin. The second example concerns the family company of the Grandi art dealers, during the same years. In 1877 Baslini’s brothers-in-law Carlo (1842–1914) and Antonio (1857–1923) Grandi inherited the company of their father, Antonio (1810–1877), which originally specialized in Old Master drawings and prints, but extended its interests to paintings and objets d’art soon after Baslini’s death. The Grandi correspondence, preserved by the heirs and recently donated to the Fondo per l’Ambiente Italiano, has provided the opportunity to reconstruct their business, which had an international dimension from its inception.

Editorial Introduction

Abstract Arising from a 2021 early career workshop on practices and notions of fascist internationalism, this special issue contributes to the evolving focus on transnational and international dimensions within the field of fascism studies. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of fascist governments, movements, and individuals across borders during the interwar period and during the Second World War, as well as the conflictual aspects of such cooperation. Rather than promoting a specific methodological or theoretical approach, the issue presents different perspectives on transnational fascism and fascist internationalisms. This introduction highlights five aspects on which the contributions make interventions: actors, women, organizations, geography, and hybridity.