International Dimension Research Articles

CRITICISM AND ATTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY: FRAMING IN LEADING NEWSPAPERS OF PAKISTAN FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

It was aimed to critically analyze the representation of conference about climate change or COP21 in the two mainstream dailies of Pakistan which are the English language Dawn and the Urdu language daily of Jang. The frames of criticism and the attribution of responsibility towards climate change in the national and international dimensions were explored. The population for the study was 35 news articles; the sampling method used was the purposive sampling; and the units of analysis were the sentences and paragraphs. The quantitative approach was used to analyze the frames of criticism on policies of the government and the attribution of responsibility towards nations in developing and developed nations in the selected dailies. Thirty-five articles were identified between the 20th of November and 22nd of December in both dailies, out of which only 16 had used critical and responsible tones towards climate change coverage. It was found that the criticism and the attribution of responsibility in both dailies were rather inadequate because of the lack of experts on climate change covered in the selected dailies, especially in the case of Jang newspaper. The coverage was also descriptive rather than interpretative. The Dawn newspaper emphasized the criticism of international industrialized nations, but Jang newspaper emphasized criticizing the Pakistani government and Pakistani opposition. It is recommended to include social media to make climate-related news stories more interactive. Keywords: COP21, Framing, Dawn, Jang, Quantitative, Content Analysis.

Visual Network Mapping Supported Biometric Analysis of Studies on Accounting and Auditing Standards

Internationalization of business activities; Standards that play a critical role in the accurate, honest, reliable and comparable presentation and reporting of transactions to information users are of great importance for businesses. Purpose:: This study aims to conduct a visual network mapping supported bibliometric analysis of international studies on accounting and auditing standards. Method: Research on international literature was conducted and Web of Science database was used. As a result of the database search, 5,029 studies were identified. The interrelationships of the data obtained through the "VOSviewer" program were presented by creating visual network maps. Findings: According to the results of the analysis, studies on both accounting standards and auditing standards were conducted within the field of “Economics”. The most cited author on accounting standards was ”Rutherford B.A.”. The most cited authors on auditing standards are “Bagshaw K. and Selwood J.” The majority of the studies on accounting standards are articles. It was determined that the maximum number of studies on accounting standards was carried out in 2020. It was determined that the most studies on auditing standards were carried out in 2014. The concept of “IFRS” has been used as the keyword in the studies on accounting and auditing standards. Originality: This study is of great importance in terms of determining the level at which the standards that businesses need in order to carry out their activities in the international dimension are addressed in the academic environments of the countries.

PROBLEMATIC ISSUES IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS DEFENSE BY ATTORNEYS

This article aims to analyze the current challenges faced by attorneys in defending the intellectual property rights of their clients. In an era of rapid technological advancements and globalization, intellectual property has become a valuable asset but also more susceptible to infringements. Therefore, attorneys need to have a deep understanding of intellectual property concepts and principles, as well as the legal aspects associated with its protection. The article analyzes the main issues encountered by attorneys in defending intellectual property rights. These include lengthy registration procedures for copyrights, copyright infringements, plagiarism, unauthorized use of copyrighted works, patent infringements, and trademark counterfeiting. Attorneys are required to conduct research, gather evidence, and represent the interests of their clients in legal proceedings to ensure effective protection of their rights. The growth of technology and the development of the digital economy present new challenges in the field of intellectual property protection. Attorneys must stay informed about the latest technological trends and understand how these technologies impact the legal aspects of intellectual property. They need to adapt to the new realities of the digital economy and provide adequate protection for their clients’ rights in the digital environment. Attorneys should also engage in international cooperation regarding the protection of intellectual property. Globalization and international trade impose new requirements on attorneys, as infringements of intellectual property rights may have an international dimension. Collaborating with attorneys from other countries allows for the exchange of experiences and coordination of efforts to effectively protect clients’ rights in an international context. The conclusion of the article emphasizes the need for the introduction of a simplified registration process for intellectual property objects for attorneys and its significance. Rapid technological progress and globalization create new challenges in this field, and attorneys need to be prepared to adapt to changes and utilize modern tools and technologies for the effective defense of their clients’ rights. The importance of international cooperation for successful intellectual property protection on a global scale should also be emphasized.

Unpacking Western Anticolonialism: Jagi-Jagi and the Second Spanish Republic, 1931–6

This article explores the appropriation of anticolonial language by the Basque radical newsletter and organization Jagi-Jagi (Arise-Arise). Although Jagi-Jagi initially emerged under the doctrine of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) in 1932, the newsletter and organization offered a more radical form of nationalism than the official party, which during the Second Spanish Republic sought the approval of a Basque Statue of Autonomy. One of the most visible features of J agi-Jagi's radicalism was its anticolonialism, a facet that scholars have previously failed to explore. Jagi-Jagi constantly equated the situation of the Basque Country to that of other colonies and condemned both internal and international colonialism. This article explores both the national and international dimensions of Jagi-Jagi's anticolonialism and considers the motives behind such anticolonial claims. It also analyses the set of complex and often-contradictory ideas that existed within Jagi-Jagi's discourses on race and claims that they responded to the different uses of Basque anticolonialism. The case study of Jagi-Jagi and its racial discourse serve to elucidate the complexities of western anticolonialism.

Sharenting and Children’s Privacy Protection in International, EU, and Czech Law

The digitalization of social relations has brought some new and hitherto unknown phenomena. Real life has been extended, into the world of cyberspace. This world is often referred to as the virtual world, but in reality, by its consequences for our lives and the legal sphere, it is no less real than the physical world. A significant part of family life has been affected by this phenomenon. Photos, videos and other information that used to be available only to immediate family members are now shared publicly on the internet through social networks. Young children are particularly affected, with parents publicly sharing information from their private lives. This practice is referred to as sharenting. As a result of sharenting, children in the Internet environment often effectively lose their status as subjects and become mere objects. This object is then handled by the child’s closest relatives – parents, i.e. the people who should naturally look after and defend the child’s best interests. The problem is that parents are not aware of both the legal framework and the possible factual negative consequences that sharenting can have for a child’s life and childhood. The key question that I seek to answer in this article is to what extent the current legal framework can respond to sharenting. The aim is also to assess to what extent is such sharing information about children legal and where the boundaries of permissible or justifiable disclosure of information about a child on the Internet lie. Finally, the question is also how the child affected by sharing can defend him/herself against its negative consequences. Sharenting is addressed by the EU, international and national law. As far as national law is concerned, in my article I focus primarily on Czech civil and family law. Sharenting concerns the protection of privacy as a fundamental human right, but also freedom of expression, which is why the European Convention and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (international dimension), the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU dimension) and the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (national constitutional dimension) are explored as well.

Tourist Activity of Poles in the Era of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Light of Survey Results

Abstract Introduction. The phenomenon of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic poses a new challenge for the entire tourism sector in the local, regional, national and international dimension. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourist activity of Poles. The article will fill the research gap on this topic. Material and methods. The study was conducted in the period from February till July 2022. 350 randomly selected respondents presenting different age and economic situation took part in it. The study was carried out using a questionnaire containing 27 open and closed questions. Results. The survey shows that in 2021 most of the respondents traveled for tourism reasons. In 2021, the largest number of people traveled for tourism in July, and slightly less in August, in September and October, respectively. Undoubtedly, these restrictions caused difficulties in traveling for tourism purposes. It was the time of uncertainty and many people decided not to travel for tourism in the first months of the year as they were afraid of more confining restrictions being imposed. Conclusions. The 2021 tourist season had two different faces. Poles spent the first half of 2021 in re-closure along with the accompanying restrictions. May and June brought about a significant revival in the tourism industry and the so-called revenge travel. Poles set off on a holiday getaway, although in many cases the directions, ways of traveling, expectations and requirements have changed.

"The Destruction of a Common Foe": The Expedition Against Shap-ng-tsai and the International Dimensions of Suppressing Chinese Piracy

Abstract: The defeat of the Chinese pirate Shap-ng-tsai (Zhang Kaiping) by forces from the British and Qing empires in the waters of Vietnam is one of the most impressive naval victories of the mid-nineteenth century. Despite the magnitude of the engagement, it has received limited and mostly one-sided analysis. Engaging with a wider array of sources, particularly those from Qing authorities, allows for a more holistic reconstruction of Shap-ng-tsai's defeat and an assessment of its significance. A comparison between accounts by British and Chinese officials reveals discrepancies reflecting the limits of each side's authority at sea and how they used their (mis)understanding of each other to justify killing thousands of pirates in the waters of a foreign state. Anglo-Qing cooperation against Shap-ng-tsai would provide a model for future anti-piracy expeditions and helped improve relations between Britain, China, and Vietnam in the mid-nineteenth century.

An argument for transnational learning in social work programmes: experiences from the Erasmus+ ‘Urban Diversities’ course

ABSTRACT Internationalization has steadily grown in importance and scope in tertiary education. In addition to exchange and scholarship programmes that encourage student mobility, curricular internationalization or ‘internationalization at home’ has broadened opportunities to integrate international dimensions into the curriculum. Despite the value of ‘transnational awareness’ for future social workers, the degree to which educators in social work invest in international and intercultural competences still varies greatly. In this article, we argue for an explicit commitment to internationalization in social work education. Based on our joint experience of developing and implementing an Erasmus+ funded multimodal, blended, transnational social work course for undergraduate students, we highlight the power and potential of transnational learning for future social workers. At the same time, the development of such an international course is not without its pitfalls. Therefore, we discuss the structural, organizational, technological, and cultural factors we struggled with when implementing our course. This discussion is based on the evaluation of two editions of our course, collecting the experiences and feedback of the students, lecturers and practitioners involved.

Experiences of International Students at a Canadian University

Universities in Canada are increasingly attracting international students, but few studies have examined their experiences. This research identified the key supports and barriers for international students in order to make policy-relevant recommendations. This convergent mixed-methods study combined survey (n = 104) and interview (n = 14) data to investigate international student experiences through the lens of international students. Exploratory factor analyses revealed writing and mathematics skills and relationships with faculty and students as key factors for success. Frequency analyses revealed that racism was a persistent barrier. Assistance, access, diversity and equity issues were also raised. Open and axial coding of qualitative data corroborated these findings and revealed three dimensions of internationalization according to international students’ perspectives: Exchange; Understanding, Sharing, and Support; and Transformation. Recommendations to universities included offering bursaries to international students from underrepresented regions, developing intercultural awareness of faculty, and providing program-specific student support centres with peer mentors.

Origination and Africa’s international relations: gatemaking and airport politics in Ethiopia and Ghana

This article explores Africa’s shifting international relations through two important international gateways to the continent: Kotoka International Airport in Accra and Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa. Case studies drawing on archival, fieldwork and secondary data examine the history and development of both airports, and find these gates represent a fruitful but neglected vantage point for understanding Africa’s shifting connections to the wider world. Theoretically, whilst the article affirms the value of using such critical nodal points – or ‘gates’ – to understand the international dimensions of African politics, it also highlights the limits of extant concepts such as ‘gatekeeping’ and the typology of the ‘gatekeeper state’. The article instead advances an alternative approach which it calls ‘gatemaking’ to enhance our understanding of Africa’s international relations by looking at how gates such as airports help to make (and remake) Africa’s place in the world (rather than looking only at how gates shape domestic state forms, as in the gatekeeper mould). Evident to different degrees in both airports, this concept foregrounds Africa as a place that both originates and shapes key dimensions of the international, contributing to emerging debates in critical approaches to international relations.

The international and historical dimensions of Chilean water bureaucracy

ABSTRACT This article explores the global dimension of Chilean water bureaucracy through the lens of its peripheral global position. The study relies on historical sources and identifies three periods. The first period extends from the end of World War II to the 1973 military coup. During this time, the establishment of water policies, influenced by multilateral and direct US aid, resulted in the formation of a water bureaucracy. US influence persisted during the dictatorship (1973-1990) due to support for the military junta. Since the transition to democracy, the water bureaucracy has relied on foreign capital to implement various water policies.

The best laid plans?: international governance perspectives in AMR national action plans in Europe.

There is a broad consensus in the European public health community that international collaboration and coordination are key in the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Yet, while experts typically testify the importance of cross-national learning and a coordinated effort to reduce the spread of multi-resistant bacteria, there are mixed views about how that is best realized in practice, particularly on the dichotomy between horizontal and vertical activities. National action plans (NAP) from all EU member states were systematically overviewed by two independent researchers. We followed a fixed procedure for locating a broad and comparable content on the international dimensions, and letting these vary on scales. We find that countries adhere to four different strategies for international coordination, varying between 'high' and 'low' on values of vertical and horizontal activities. Most countries spend none or very little space to discuss international activities, while some countries use their NAPs to outline their aspiration for taking leading roles in the international struggle. Moreover, in line with previous research, we find that many countries directly mimic the Global Action Plan, but also that a large share of countries describe independent arrangements in their international strategies. European countries recognize AMR and its inherent international governance challenge differently in their NAPs, which may have implications for coordinated action to address the issue.

The Transitional Justice Process of Nepal: National and International Dimensions

Transitional justice is an evolving discipline for academics and researchers. It is the full range of processes and mechanisms associated with a society’s attempt to come to terms with a legacy of large-scale past abuses, to ensure accountability, serve justice and achieve reconciliation. The transitional justice process of Nepal aims to address the humanitarian consequences of the non-international armed conflict that Nepal went through from 1996 to 2006. International law-human rights and humanitarian law-governs the transitional justice process together with domestic laws. The transitional justice process in Nepal is an issue of concern to the international community as well. It is now an element of Nepal’s diplomatic intervention in various platforms and fora. Nepal is struggling to find an appropriate modality of transitional justice. This article has been prepared primarily based on desk research-consulting relevant publications, websites, positions of the stakeholders-and diplomatic representations of the Government of Nepal. It updates the readers on Nepal’s initiative on transitional justice and argues that it falls within the wider scope of Nepal’s foreign policy.

Internationalization at Home: A Sustainable Model for Chinese Higher Education in the Post-pandemic Era

Internationalization at Home (IaH) has become a hot research topic although it is not a new concept appeared recently especially in China. The concept of IaH has experienced several changes since it was created in 1990s while the widely used one refers to the purposeful integration of international and intercultural dimensions into the formal and informal curriculum for all students within domestic learning environments. The recent development of the concept pays more attention on the establishment of international communities for each individual included. China changed its strict pandemic prevention and control policy in the end of 2022 and moved forward into the post-pandemic era. The practice of IaH has already appeared in China since the reform and opening-up policy carried out in 1978. However, the focus of Chinese policy and practice changed from international mobility to Internationalization at Home with a long-term development. The pandemic fastens this changing process. Due to the theoretical and practical background, IaH is recognized as the sustainable mode for Chinese higher education in the post-pandemic era which represents the future development path.

Laying foundations for success

Science in the UK has been subject to unprecedented pressures over recent years, from political and economic stresses. The research landscape is changing too and may change further after the completion of the Nurse Review. Here, the Astronomer Royal focusses on two aspects of the research landscape: education and the international dimension.

Examining certain changes to the current Code of Criminal Procedure in the light of the fight against organized crime

Aim: Crime cannot go unpunished – so the saying goes. The ever-changing activities of organised crime groups have made disrupting and dismantling them a priority for the police. Among other things, the fight against organised crime is facilitated by domestic legislation, including the chapters of Act XC of 2017 on the Code of Criminal Procedure, which fundamentally changed the collection of secret information from 1 July 2018, when the Act was promulgated. Therefore, its practical and law enforcement manifestation, its new possible organisational model, as well as the comparison with the solutions developed in other EuropeanUnion Member States are indispensable. The author with her study specifically intended to examine the practice of the application of the Criminal Procedure Act in the field of criminal investigation, in particular from the perspective of the legal professions, the prosecution and the investigating authority, since the everyday application of criminal procedure may give rise to a number of phenomena that may highlight potential problems. A research question was formulated: to what extent has the fight against organised crime in Hungary been facilitated by certain changes in the existing Criminal Procedure Act?Methodology: The aim of the research methods used is to demonstrate the consistency of theory and practice. The study includes, inter alia, descriptive analysis in conceptual, institutional and organisational aspects, as well as case law analysis and legislative analysis. The research is based on a case study of an ongoing investigation into the crime of trafficking in human beings and the fact that Member States within the European Union have agreed to set up a joint investigation team as parties to the case. The case study will also provide an opportunity to monitor possible obstacles to international criminal cooperation, including the identification of other obstacles that may have arisen during the coronavirus epidemic. Prior to the analysis of the case study, spontaneous interviews were also conducted with police and judicial authorities. Interviews were conducted with investigators on the police side and prosecutors on the judicial side. In the course of the research, the author also looks at the procedures developed in other EU Member States.Findings: The emergence and transformation of disguised instruments in domestic criminal proceedings – according to the research carried out for the study – differs between the police and the prosecution. In practice, the effectiveness of the joint investigation team can be traced in several ways. In cases with an international dimension, there are a number of advantages to be gained from Member States agreeing to set up a joint investigation team, both in terms of removing procedural obstacles and in terms of international criminal and judicial cooperation.Value: The findings of the study may be useful for practitioners in the investigative authorities involved in cases with an international dimension, as well as for the prosecution service, to provide a cross-section of the current situation, with the additional aim of giving the issues described here some consideration. In addition, the study also provides an insight into the implementation of international criminal cooperation in the period of the coronavirus epidemic.

Epistemicide Beyond Borders

This conceptual research examines epistemic injustices in library and information science (LIS) due to the power imbalance between Western and non-Western LIS curricula, theory, and practice. It is equally critical to consider the presence of epistemic injustices in adjacent LIS domains (e.g., classification, preservation, digital scholarship); for if we work to prioritize access or digitize materials without considering historical oppression, we are at risk of perpetuating these same injustices. In this work, we utilize the concept of epistemic harm to understand the international dimension of epistemic injustice. This paper introduces the concept of critical international librarianship, which we define as recognizing, examining, critiquing, and subverting the power structures and hegemonies in library and information systems that exist among two or more nations in practice, pedagogy, and research. Critical international librarianship serves as an intervention for epistemic injustices. It provides a direction for the practitioners and researchers who pursue critical international librarianship to move toward a long-overdue epistemic justice in international LIS.

Alexandra Hughes-Johnson and Lyndsey Jenkins, eds. The Politics of Women's Suffrage: Local, National and International Dimensions. New Historical Perspectives. London: University of London Press, 2021. Pp. 422. $50.00 (cloth).

Alexandra Hughes-Johnson and Lyndsey Jenkins, eds. The Politics of Women's Suffrage: Local, National and International Dimensions. New Historical Perspectives. London: University of London Press, 2021. Pp. 422. $50.00 (cloth). - Volume 62 Issue 2

Publishing Nationally or Internationally in the Humanities and Social Sciences: What Do Journal Websites Say about the Divide?

As scholarly publishing continues to expand its international dimension in the globalizing era, authors in non-Anglophone contexts today are increasingly confronted with the decision to publish nationally or internationally. Linguistic challenges aside, such a decision is complicated by the tension between local interests and international solidarity with changing conventions of scholarly publishing in the national context. This study investigated one facet of this tension by comparing national and international publishing activities in the humanities and social sciences based on the data collected from the websites of sixty Chinese-medium national journals and sixty English-medium international journals. The findings point to a complex interplay between local and international traditions, norms, and politics of knowledge production. What these changes mean and how they may bear on author choice is discussed with implications for understanding the dynamic landscape of scholarly publishing in non-Anglophone systems of knowledge production.

UNIVERSALISING THE LEGAL REGULATION OF NAVAL FORCES

It is impossible to study the development of the legal regulation of naval forces without analysing the supranational legal component. Although the law of the sea, as defined above, has traditionally had an international private and public legal dimension, the relevant sources have for a long time been primarily customary and concerned primarily the commercial exploitation of the sea and merchant shipping. All references to the maritime power of states and their rights at sea in this dimension did not concern aspects of the specificities of military activity at sea. In fact, both normative references and doctrinal reflections on international, supranational standards of naval activity only began to emerge in the nineteenth century. The purpose of the article is to define the legal acts for the administrative regulation of the naval forces and to formulate approaches to universalising their definition based on the ontology of holistic approaches to legal regulation and doctrine making. Methodology. This study applies the methodology of interdisciplinary comparison, methods of content analysis and integration of heterogeneous features into the system, which allowed to obtain a new scientific approach, namely to characterise the legal regulation of naval forces in the context of its universalisation and to consider the formation of maritime policy in the future, including the national one. The main impetus for the development of holistic approaches to this type of activity should be seen in the adoption of bilateral and collective intergovernmental agreements on maritime issues, in particular. In particular, it is possible to refer to the documents that initiated the standardisation of the treatment of neutral and enemy ships at sea, which can be traced back to 1780. In addition, military and legal practice, especially in the context of the Black Sea Straits regime, has repeatedly raised the issue of determining the criteria for the affiliation of a particular ship to the navy. In the course of the nineteenth century, a significant number of bilateral treaties regulating aspects of naval cooperation were developed, taking into account the practice of national unilateral acts and decisions of courts martial and tribunals, and then became the subject of research by relevant scholars who were closely involved in naval practice and, at the same time, in the formation of norms. Results. The author concludes that at the supranational level, the issues of regulating the activities of naval forces have been traced in the treaty dimension since the late eighteenth century, primarily in the concepts of sovereignty, prohibition of privateering and prosecution of piracy, and restrictions on the activities of naval forces in certain areas. The unregulated nature of a number of aspects of supranational naval activities, notably the right of entry to foreign ports, the procedure for stopping and inspecting foreign merchant ships at sea, and the limits of the powers of foreign coastal authorities over a warship, has led to an active search for appropriate acceptable international customs and attempts to substantiate them with legal doctrine based on national statutes and the established practice of maritime states. The development of the relevant legislation is still in progress and is far from being completed, given the challenges of Ukrainian naval doctrine and the level of implementation and incorporation of international and foreign experience. In this regard, the naval policy in its internal and external dimensions is of particular importance, which is regulated both by national acts of an administrative and legal nature and by international legal sources of various origins.