International Countries Research Articles

Identifying and classifying cyberattacks on airports

This paper describes research to identify and classify cyberattacks in the aviation industry in order to present the true reality of airports as a critical infrastructure and the threats that airport operators face. We conducted a critical review related to types of cyberattacks and supported by updated studies to analyse cyberattacks in the aviation industry from 2000 to 2023 due to the increase of attacks occurring in this period. Data was collected from verifiable sources such as the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Federal Aviation Administration, EUROCONTROL, European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) and KonBriefing. The findings of this study revealed that recent years have seen an increase in the number of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) and ransomware cyberattacks at airports by foreign countries motivated by political and economic reasons, diplomatic espionage or even as part of a cyber war. This is particularly worrying, because the most influential international organisations and countries are recognising the existence of a cyber war in political, espionage, terrorism, safety, financial and commercial terms. The new contribution of this research lies in the fact that many uncertainties surround the cyberattacks that airport operators and commercial airlines face on a daily basis. Cyberattacks in the aviation industry are more common than most people realise, and the issue is that sometimes this information is silenced by governments, airport and airline operators to avoid unnecessary social alarm.

A Global Industry Survey on Post-Approval Change Management and Use of Reliance.

Post-approval changes (PACs) to the control and manufacturing processes of medicines and vaccines are routinely undertaken and critical to enable both innovation and secure sustained supply. In a world of global supply chains, the existence of divergent national PAC requirements (with additional countries introducing new requirements with potential differences) and other factors including document preparation and response timelines, can lead to long delays in approval (of up to 3-5years) increasing the risk of disruption and shortages.We undertook an Industry survey in 2023 to assess implementation of ICH Q12, PAC procedures (change categorisation and review timelines) and use of reliance mechanisms across different countries (9 selected ICH Members and 19 Observers). Although this survey revealed limited implementation of Q12 in ICH Member countries, when comparing the data collected with those of a previous survey performed in 2020, we observed a broader adoption of risk-based approaches to variation categorisation (in all countries). This, however, was not reflected in improved timelines for approval.With regards to ICH Q12 adoption, the uptake of Post-Approval Change Management Protocols (PACMPs) was unchanged (with only one country reporting in-use) and implementation gaps were evident for Established Conditions (EC) and the Product Life Cycle Management document (PLCM). The survey found greater awareness of ICH Q12 and its tools compared to 2020, potentially illustrating the positive impact of training efforts. This illustrates the challenges being faced to broaden its implementation and use globally.In the same Industry survey, we also assessed PAC processes across different international countries. Long unpredictable timelines were the major concern across the countries surveyed together with limited capacity of the regulators. Four different CMC changes were selected and categorized by the respondents according to current knowledge of national classifications and timelines in the selected countries and compared with a reference classification and timeline from the European Medicines Agency and the World Health Organisation. This highlighted the lack of harmonisation of many countries with EU/WHO requirements, especially within the ICH Observer group.Last, this survey showed that some use of unilateral forms of reliance to Reference Authorities for PACs is starting. This is a mechanism all countries can employ, regardless of convergence of requirements and expertise, to enhance capacity building and reduce duplication of reviews, streamline variations approval, whilst accelerating patient access to innovation and securing supply.

Acculturative stress and depressive symptoms among international university students: A meta-analytic investigation

Research has consistently supported a positive relationship between acculturative stress and depression among international students. However, variations in findings have indicated the need for a quantitative synthesis of existing studies. This random-effects meta-analysis included twenty-four independent studies meeting eligibility criteria, comprising 5712 international university students (Female = 55.56 %; mean age = 24.49, range 17–64 years old). Findings revealed a robust relationship (Fisher’s Z = 0.531; CI [0.305, 0.756]; p < 0.001) between acculturative stress and depressive symptoms among international university students, indicating a large effect (Cohen, 1992). Moderating variables such as age, gender, host culture, and measurement scales showed no significant effects on this association. The findings confirmed the positive correlation between acculturative stress and depression, showing that increased levels of acculturative stress among international university students are linked to higher levels of depression. The results suggest the potentially pivotal role of acculturative stress in understanding and addressing depressive symptoms among international university students. Importantly, the study highlights the need for future research involving a more diverse range of international students and countries, given the predominance of studies conducted in the United States with samples primarily of Asian origin.

Hotspots and Trends in Key Competencies on SDG: A Visualized Analysis Based on Citespace

Objective: Key competencies, regarded as essential elements in the development of curricula, have attracted considerable attentions in educational theory. To enhance comprehension of recent advancements, trending subjects, and research frontiers in the field of key competencies, this study collected related research and to provide a more distinct overview of the developmental patterns in key competencies. Methods: This study reviewed key competencies research from 2000 to 2022 using Scopus and CiteSpace for visualization and analysis. Annual publishing volume and country (region) distributions were analyzed. Key competencies fields, basic contents, and research hotspots were analyzed using keyword co-occurrence. Research frontiers and development trends were analyzed using high-frequency keywords. Results: The number of articles has steadily increased since 2005. The USA published the most, collaborating with Indonesia, the Netherlands, Russia, and India. Key competencies development and focus areas include “student”, “21st century skill”, “education”, “curriculum”, “learning”. Developmental trends in key competencies include “education”, “article”, “professional competence”, “problem solving”. Conclusion: The definition of key competencies and the content of curriculum reforms are attributed to variations in environments, cultures, and values among different international organizations and countries. Key competencies such as “communication”, “information technology”, “collaboration”, and “mother tongue” are prioritized in educational environments.

Institutional project for global climate regulation

The climate agenda is beginning to have a significant impact on the economic policies of different countries. We argue that the established global climate regulation can be seen not only as a co-ordinated project of forming new institutions, but also as a competition of separate projects, one of which takes the place of the global one. The aim of our paper is to characterise the institutional project of climate regulation as the result of collective choices to adopt and implement measures to internalise the global externalities of climate change. We conducted an institutional analysis of the selection of the main directions and instruments of climate regulation, and highlighted the criteria for this selection. The article shows that in the process of coordination of interests the choice is determined by the correlation of political and economic positions of different interest groups (international organisations, countries, corporations and banks, their associations), and the interests of increasing competitiveness and strengthening control and power in the modern economy come to the fore. As a result, the low-carbon economy project is taking the place of the global climate regulation project. Its core is the energy transition, which involves replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. The low carbon economy project is supported by the narratives of impending disaster, the «Net-Zero» and «Race to Zero campaign». Its main beneficiaries are developed countries as developers and suppliers of relevant technological and management solutions. The financial sector gets its share of benefits. M. Olson's formula «the majority tyrannizes and exploits the minority» is realized. We show that «distribution coalitions», when given additional resources, are willing to continue investing them in collective action to promote a low-carbon economy. We conclude that getting global climate regulation out of the «race to zero» trap involves the development of sovereign climate policies by different countries and groups of countries. These policies do not focus on following specific low-carbon development recommendations, but rather on their own socio-economic development with a view to reducing their impact on the climate system.

Brain drain incidence and health-care infrastructural deficit challenges: the role of capacity development among “JAPA” physicians in Nigeria

PurposeThe brain drain challenge has become a cankerworm confronting not only the public health-care sector in Nigeria but almost all sectors of the national economy. This study aims to explore the push factors responsible for brain drain incidence among the migrated, JAPA, physicians to other global work environments. The study investigates the mediating role of capacity development among migrated, JAPA, physicians between the health-care infrastructural deficit and brain drain syndrome.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a survey cross-sectional research design to examine the 214 migrated physicians in four notable perceived countries (UK, USA, Canada and Australia). The study used a probability sampling strategy to survey a self-administered online research instrument. The study adapted a battery of scales from several authors to measure the relevant constructs of this study. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine factors that provoke the incidence of brain drain burden among the JAPA Physicians. While Macro Hayes Process was used to investigate the mediating role of capacity development among migrated physicians.FindingsThe study revealed from the “JAPA” physicians that working conditions are turbulent and utterly poor which led to the incidence of brain drain. The study indicated that poor remuneration and benefits are the predominant reason for JAPA physicians to European countries and USA/UK. The findings of the study demonstrated that restricted opportunities and poor standard of living in the country were additional factors responsible for the brain drain of Nigerian physicians to other international countries. The outcome of the study also illustrated that inadequate infrastructure and facilities are the dominant variables that pushed physicians to foreign nations. It was revealed that there is a toxic mix of several issues that led to a brain drain albatross among the migrated physicians from Nigeria. The last part of the study indicated that physicians’ capacity development was a game changer that would discourage brain drain incidence and establish motivation for working in Nigeria's public health-care sector.Originality/valueThe study has given a direction for providing succinct solutions to the cankerworm of brain drain that has depleted the Nigerian public health-care industry. It has proffered a possible trajectory that will reverse the JAPA syndrome among the professional health-care workforce. This will not only benefit the public health-care personnel but also be significant for all the human capital across all the sectors of the national economy of Nigeria.

Периодизация внешней политики КНР в отношении Центрально-Азиатского региона (1990–2024 гг.)

This article provides an overview of China's foreign policy strategies towards Central Asian countries, focusing on changes and transformations that have occurred over the past three decades. The author emphasizes the identification of various aspects of the evolution and gradual strengthening of China's policy towards Central Asian countries. Four key stages of development and transformation in China's foreign policy towards the region over the last 30 years are identified and examined. The article explores the development of China's foreign policy aspirations related to infrastructure projects, the reinforcement of economic ties, and the intensification of cooperation with Central Asia in maintaining regional security. It is argued that, starting from 2022, amidst growing international tensions, China and Central Asian countries are entering a new phase in the development of their political and trade-economic relations. It is noted that the fourth stage is characterized not only by the consolidation of traditional areas of cooperation but also by the emergence of new challenges and opportunities that shape the future dynamics of relations between China and the Central Asian region.

Green investments: a modern tool for sustainable development of tourism (on the example of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara)

The article discusses the impact of green investments on the sustainable development of tourism in the Autonomous Republic of Adjara and the creation of an eco-friendly, diverse tourist product. Data from various sources were studied and analyzed using the method of qualitative literature review, on the basis of which it was determined that the approach of making green investments in the world is becoming more and more relevant and responds to the challenges facing humanity globally - the creation of an eco-friendly environment, especially where people go for recreation and health. The article explains the global practice of green investments and their use, the findings reflected in the international scientific literature. Within the framework of the article, qualitative research was carried out using international literature, world practice, the Ministry of Finance and Economy of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, A study of the activities, strategic plans and investment policies of the Department of Tourism and Resorts of Adjara, NNLE Tourism Products Development Agency on the positive impact of green investments. By evaluating the statistical data and using the comparative-analytical method, it was determined that there is a scarcity of green investments in the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, from the point of view of the tourist product, services are mainly provided using natural resources. By generalizing the results of the research, recommendations are created that will help the Autonomous Republic of Adjara to create a variety of tourist products and reduce the impact on the environment in the wake of mass tourism. In addition, this will allow the region to establish the status of a 4season tourist destination in international target countries. The possibility of implementing the presented recommendations requires additional research, both of the environmental study and of the domestic tax policy. The article will be interesting for specialists who work in the field of state policy research and implementation of innovative governance systems and mechanisms, as well as for students.

An Analysis on the Cases of Cultural and Arts Education in Domestic and International Countries for Borderline Intellectual Functioning

An Analysis on the Cases of Cultural and Arts Education in Domestic and International Countries for Borderline Intellectual Functioning

Analysis of Export Opportunities and Performance in India

Export refers to a product or service produced in one country but sold to a buyer abroad. Exports are one of the oldest forms of economic transfer, growth and occur on a large scale between nations. India's share of merchandise exports amounted to around 1.6 percent of the total global exports. Moreover, the share of commercial service exports from the country was higher at 3.5 percent during that same period. Exports have played an increasingly important role in India’s economic growth in the last two decades. Increasing demand and Growing population have an immense scope for international trade. Through international trade countries have started to export their surplus commodities that are produced to satisfy the unlimited and scare wants of the particular commodity in another country. In this paper we will be go through various opportunities available for exports from India. We could significantly expand markets, increase economic growth and opportunities, leaving less dependent on any single one. Greater production can lead to larger economies of scale and better margins. Research and development budget could work harder as you can change existing products to suit new markets. Exports provide the basis for sustainable development by earning necessary foreign exchange for the country to import necessary products. India has a wealthy history of International trade and is steadily working to harvest the benefits in the best possible manner. Growth of any developing country is direct related to its exports. If exports are greater than imports then nothing can stop a country from being a developed one. But on the other hand if there is instability in exports or if the exports of any developing country are less than its imports then it adversely affect the process of its economic development. Decrease in exports means low foreign exchange earnings which means less purchasing capacity of a country in the international market

Understanding science data literacy: a conceptual framework and assessment tool for college students majoring in STEM

BackgroundIn the era defined by the fourth paradigm of science research, the burgeoning volume of science data poses a formidable challenge. The established data-related requisites within science literacy now fall short of addressing the evolving needs of researchers and STEM students. Consequently, the emergence of science data literacy becomes imperative. However, notwithstanding the escalating importance of science data literacy, a comprehensive definition and conceptual framework are still elusive, posing challenges to effective assessment.ResultsThis study analyzes the science literacy frameworks of six international organizations and countries, including the OECD, and reviews 16 data literacy-related literature sources identified using the PRISMA process. We also consider the characteristics of science data. Based on these sources, we clarify the connotation of science data literacy and construct a tailored conceptual framework for college students majoring in STEM. The framework undergoes two rounds of Delphi method refinement to enhance its applicability. Subsequently, we created and piloted a set of questions using physics, astronomy, geography, and other STEM subjects as examples to assess science data literacy. The revised assessment tool was then used in a formal test with 198 university students, employing Rasch modeling to evaluate its effectiveness. The tool’s validity in assessing science data literacy was confirmed.ConclusionsThis study offers a systematic and comprehensive conceptual framework for science data literacy tailored to STEM undergraduates. Endorsed by experts, the framework outlines essential literacies for STEM students in handling science data. The developed assessment tool enables educators to measure students’ science data literacy levels and serves as a scientific guide to enhance their competencies in this area.

A Study on the Exchange Rate Linkage between Korea and China following the Reform of the Yuan Exchange Rate System

Purpose - This study aims to conduct an empirical analysis of exchange rate volatility and dynamic correlation between Korea and China based on the “8.11” central exchange rate reform in China. Unlike other developed countries’ foreign exchange markets, the Chinese Yuan has not yet achieved complete free circulation, and China has an onshore Yuan exchange rate (CNY) and an offshore Yuan exchange rate (CNH). In this study, we investigated the dynamic correlation between Korea’s won exchange rate and China’s onshore yuan exchange rate and offshore yuan exchange rate around the “8.11” central exchange rate reform in China. Design/Methodology – In this study, we attempted to analyze the average and the volatility spillover effect of the won exchange rate from China’s onshore and offshore yuan exchange rate before and after the 8.11 central parity exchange rate reform. In addition, the relation between the won exchange rate and on- and off-shore yuan exchange rate at various stages were analyzed through the VAR model and the VAR-BEKK-GARCH model. Findings – The results of analyzing the volatility spillovers between the KRW exchange rate and the offshore RMB exchange rate show that there are two-way volatility spillovers between the two markets, both before and after the “8.11” central parity rate reform. The dynamic correlation between the two exchange rates (CNY and KRW, CNH and KRW) is increasing over time. In addition, the two exchange rates are positively correlated with each other, implying that the volatility of the two exchange rate markets is moving in the same direction. The dynamic dependence relations between CNY and KRW become significantly higher after the “8.11” central parity rate reform. Originality/value - As a non-international currency, the won must engage in export trade and capital market transactions with other international reserve currency countries. Therefore, it is important for Korean export-import companies and investors to explore changes in the dynamic correlation between the won and the Chinese yuan through exploration.

Postpartum versus postnatal period: Do the name and duration matter?

Guidelines and other strategic documents were collated to understand the extent of the global use of terms postpartum and postnatal along with the duration and schedule of maternal care after delivery. Postpartum care guidelines and strategies published in English, by international organisations including the World Health Organization, and countries in either the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development or Group of 20 were included in this scoping review. All documents available online with unrestricted access and published before May 31, 2023, were included. The evolution of the World Health Organization's definition of the period after delivery for mothers and the changes in the schedule of routine maternal care following delivery over time were displayed pictorially. A summary table was then developed to present the level of similarities and differences in the latest available documents from the international organisations and countries belonging to either the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or the Group of 20. Ten documents from the World Health Organization, one from the European Board, and 15 country-level guidelines from six countries met the inclusion criteria. The interchangeable use of 'postpartum' and 'postnatal' is common. While the World Health Organization mentions the definitive length (six weeks) of the postpartum/ postnatal period, it is not stated in documents from other organisations and countries. Additionally, the length and schedule of routine maternal care after delivery vary substantially between organisations/countries, spanning from six weeks to one year with two to six healthcare contacts, respectively. Through this review, we make a case for a universal harmonisation of the term postpartum when referring to mothers after delivery; add clarity to the documents on the rationale for and duration of the postpartum period; and extend the routine maternal care schedule after delivery to support women in this vulnerable period.

A collaborative framework for cross-border disaster management in the Balkans

Disasters, marked by their sudden and profound impacts on human life, property, and the environment, necessitate a comprehensive management approach. This approach comprises mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery phases, involving the engagement of various stakeholders (state/government, first responders' agencies, humanitarian organisations, emergency management research institutes). Preparedness, in particular, is essential to ensure an effective response to disasters. This research explored disaster management, with a specific focus on cross-border disasters within the Balkan region. Cross-border disasters, which extend beyond international borders and impact multiple countries and communities, present distinctive challenges due to the need for coordination and cooperation between diverse national governments and organisations. The research's exploration concentrated on the dimension of emergency preparedness management in the context of cross-border disasters in the Balkans, with a specific emphasis on the strategic preparedness phase of cross-border emergency management. This endeavor marked the pioneering attempt to provide a holistic and integrated approach to a joint cross-border preparedness disaster management framework for the Balkan region. The developed cross-border framework represents the final elements that needed to be present for all the Balkan countries when dealing together with cross-border disasters. It stems from the unanimous agreement, through the implemented Delphi study, of all the representative emergency management groups of experts from the participating countries. The outcomes serve as the foundation through the framework and hold the potential to lay the groundwork for the establishment of the first Balkan Civil Protection Observatory, providing support to the Balkan nations in civil protection and disaster management.

The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China

Abstract As a distributed ledger technology (DLT) application, cryptocurrency has impacted the current financial legal relationship, and its regulation is becoming increasingly important. Some international organizations and countries have ratified laws and regulations concerning cryptocurrency. However, the supervision and regulation of cryptocurrency in China are still encountered some problems, such as consumer protection, the opposition between the global asset flow and the supervision of a single sovereign state, and the difficulty in determining the subject of legal responsibility. To seek solutions to these problems in China, the primary task is to define the legal attribute of cryptocurrency, to balance blockchain innovation and financial risk. At the same time, the regulatory sandbox can be used to regulate blockchain-based cryptocurrency. Among others, the core regulatory measures are establishing the technical standard access system, financing audit registration system, and investor suitability management system of blockchain financial enterprises.

Requirements for the development of media civil responsibility in Afghan law

In the contemporary era, people's lives have been accompanied by the increasing use of the media and its role in different layers of their lives. Few people can be found who do not deal with one type of media. The expansion of media activities may harm the rights of other people. In this case, the cause of the loss is considered responsible. In line with the protection of human rights, media-based criminal liability can be justified. On the other hand, the guarantee of criminal executions may cause serious damage to the freedom of expression and the freedom of the media. Therefore, the question is whether civil liability can be considered as an alternative to criminal liability in the field of media? The answer to this question seems important because Afghanistan's legal approach in this field is mostly criminal. Adopting a civil approach will be a valuable opening for media activists. The current research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that due to reasons such as the need to support freedom of expression, free flow of information, protection of the rights of parties to media disputes, the ability to replace financial compensation, the possibility Compensation by insurance and synchronizing with the practice of international organizations and other civilized countries, proper criminal policy is synchronizing with the new structure that has been adopted these days in the international arena and Islamic countries in the field of media. A structure that reduces criminal responsibility and emphasizes civil responsibility in solving media cases

A Descriptive Analysis of Countries Represented by Authors' and Editorial Review Board Members' Institutional Affiliations in the Journal of Music Therapy, 1998-2022.

The Journal of Music Therapy (JMT) authors' and editorial review board members' (ERBM) affiliation locations represent an aspect of diversity through differing cultures and political, healthcare, and educational systems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the countries of JMT authors' and ERBM's institutional affiliations from 1998 to 2022. We established inclusion and exclusion criteria, operationally defined categories, and built databases. A total of 433 articles met our inclusion criteria. Most articles were published by authors/author teams located in the United States (n = 305; 70.44%) or in a single international country (n = 85; 19.63%), while fewer articles were published by author teams located in multiple international countries (n = 23, 5.31%) or in international countries and the United States (n = 20, 4.62%). Authors were from 21 countries, and there tended to be a slight decline over time in articles by United States authors. When examining the total countries represented, United States authors (n = 330) had the most articles followed by Australia (n = 32), Norway (n = 18), England (n = 14), Israel (n = 13), and Canada, Denmark, and South Korea (all n = 12). There were 632 total JMT ERBM with 470 located within the United States and 162 located internationally. Although all ERBM's affiliations were in the United States in 1998, these data gradually changed. There were more ERBM located internationally than in the United States from 2020 to 2022. Most international ERBM were from Australia, Canada, England, Israel, and Spain. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are provided.

The preliminary study of carbon x-change rakyat using blockchain application

Today’s air pollution is detrimental to the environment, particularly in Indonesia. Carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen oxide (NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;) are present in the atmosphere due to air pollution. Many individuals employ reforestation to lessen the influence of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; gases on the atmosphere. However, in the digitalized era, lowering carbon emissions may also be accomplished through a carbon credit exchange. Thus, in this study we investigate the performance of the carbon x-change rakyat (CXR) based on blockchain platform utilizing the stress test approach. We provided four scenarios with 10,000 to 100,000 transactions evaluated on the CXR blockchain system i.e., transfer, insert, remove, and update. The outcome demonstrates CXR’s effectiveness with 100% success and 0% failure rate based on testing and statistical computations calculation. The mean absolute error (MAE), variance accounted for (VAF), and percent error (PE) are obtained with values ranging from 0.38% to 4.67%. In this study, the transaction per-second (TPS) is used to calculate include error request (IER) and exclude error request (EER) values around 312 to 746 milliseconds (ms). In addition, the TPS of CXR based on blockchain platform is a capability to create and trace database carbon certificate ownership (nonfinancial activity). It means CXR based on the blockchain platform has a fast response to process carbon certificate ownership for transactions across local and international countries in the world.

Modelling Customised Student Support Framework to Enhance University at-risk Students’ Study Skills

Poor pass rates are a severe concern for the Department of Higher Education and Training and the universities in South Africa. Throughput rates remain low and programme completion takes much longer. On the other hand, universities suffer high dropouts due to general students' poor academic performance. One feasible intervention is student support. Universities should implement efficient and monitored student support systems (SSS). The paper discussed ways in which students may be supported with their study skills. It explored the attributes that are useful to improving students’ pass rates and the general students’ academic performance at a selected South African University (SSAU). These attributes can be integrated through planning implementation, monitoring, evaluation and control (PIMEC) processes. Action research benchmarking exercise adopting the theoretical frameworks of constructivism and symbolic interactionalism was conducted. Some successful approaches and benchmarks from international and developed countries’ universities were used to formalise and model student support in a modern tertiary institution setting. The boosted PIMEC concept and the improved student support response systems (SSRS) were blended in developing the PIMEC framework that this paper proposed for the SSAU. Besides, the concepts and approaches (such as crowdsourcing and incubation) used in business success were used to fortify the model. This resulted in a PIMEC-Enhanced SSRS Blended Model for improving the current SSS, emphasising communication within the system from top management, ICT and academic operation levels. Thus, it recommended the identification of at-risk students early during formative assessments.

Protection and Regulation of Intellectual Property Rights in Multinational Enterprises

With the rapid development of economic globalization, the internationalization of intellectual property system has gradually come into the view of the public and multinational enterprises. Discussing the issue of intellectual property rights, many international organizations and countries themselves have relevant legal systems. They have also clarified the application of law in solving disputes. On the basis of the legal system of intellectual property established by various international organizations and the judicial practice of typical cases, this paper illustrates the legal application, protection and regulation of intellectual property. In fact, the whole international community has formed a relatively complete legal system, and there are universal solutions for dispute settlement and regulation. As far as China is concerned, on the basis of using the international community and the legal system of other countries for reference, it is necessary to further improve the legislation in the field of intellectual property rights, especially in the emerging fields with legal gaps.