International Cooperation Initiatives Research Articles

Examining the Relationship between Human Rights Laws and Government Accountability in Nigeria

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze examining the relationship between human rights laws and government accountability. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicates that the effectiveness of human rights laws in promoting government accountability relies on strong enforcement, institutional reforms, and civic participation. To enhance accountability, recommendations include bolstering judicial independence, improving transparency in government operations, and empowering civil society to hold officials accountable for rights violations. These measures are crucial for cultivating a culture of human rights respect and fostering democratic governance in Nigeria. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Institutional theory, principal-agent theory & critical legal theory may be used to anchor future studies on examining the relationship between human rights laws and government accountability. Conduct in-depth case studies and comparative analyses across different legal systems, political contexts, and socio-cultural settings to identify best practices and contextual factors influencing the implementation and effectiveness of human rights laws. Promote international cooperation and peer-learning initiatives among countries to share experiences, lessons learned, and best practices in implementing human rights laws and fostering government accountability.

ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ ЦИФРОВИХ ПОСЛУГ В УКРАЇНІ ТА СВІТІ

Introduction. The article investigates modern approaches to the taxation of digital services both in Ukraine and in the world. A general overview of existing taxation of digital services, as well as an analysis of the components of digital service taxation in different countries, helps to identify important trends and better understand the directions of further improvements in this area in order to adapt the domestic system of digital service taxation to EU regulations. Problem Statement. To study current aspects of regulation of digital service taxation in the context of international cooperation and OECD initiatives, in particular within OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Tax Base Erosion and Profit Avoidance (G20/BEPS). The purpose is to generalize the international practice of digital service taxation in terms of studying the possibilities of its approbation in the conditions of Ukraine and evaluating the efficiency of Ukrainian value-added tax on the Services Electronically Supplied by Non-Residents. Methods: General scientific and special methods are used: analysis, synthesis, grouping, description, comparison, theoretical generalization and abstract-logical. Results. The authors examine the main principles underlying digital service taxation, and also compare the taxation systems of digital and traditional business in terms of their compliance with the main principles of taxation, in particular the principle of neutrality, efficiency, fairness, simplicity, flexibility and the principle of gained benefits. The efficiency of the Ukrainian value-added tax on the Services Electronically Supplied by Non-Residents for the period of 2022 was analysed based on the c-efficiency indicator and an assessment of the tax gap, the results of which revealed potential for increasing the volume of its revenues to the budget. Conclusions. The expediency of expanding the VAT base by lowering the VAT registration threshold for non-resident providers of digital services, as well as imposition of VAT on a wider range of services has been substantiated.

Sustainable energy efficiency in China from the perspective of environmental development: A comprehensive analysis of regional disparities and policy implications

Global agreements have emerged in order to achieve carbon neutrality as the needs for renewable energy sources and carbon reduction continue to grow. To achieve the global carbon neutrality goals, China, one of the largest carbon emitters, must improve urban energy efficiency. Using a three-stage slacks-based measure (SBM) technique, this study analyses the total factor energy efficiency of 270 prefecture-level cities from 2011 through 2020. It tries to monitor and evaluate energy efficiency without taking into account variations in the outside environment. China's total factor energy efficiency shows an overall rising trend, despite significant regional variations. Improved energy efficiency levels can be attributed to technical advancements, while limitations in technology contribute to lower energy efficiency in certain areas. The study highlights the importance of considering external environmental factors in evaluating energy efficiency, able to avoid an overestimation of China's overall energy efficiency. It is noteworthy that the eastern region consistently outperforms the national average in terms of energy use efficiency. Even after taking environmental factors out of the equation, the central, west, and northeast regions still have worse energy efficiency and slower rates of growth. On this basis, from strengthening energy management and planning; facilitating cross-regional sharing of expertise; take targeted policy measures to adapt to the characteristics of the western and northeastern regions and put forward policy suggestions. These guidelines contribute to international energy cooperation and carbon reduction initiatives, while promoting sustainable energy development in China.

Finding the Interrelation between Smart City Initiatives and International Development Cooperation: A Critical Analysis of Current Project Processes and Underlying Motivations

This paper aims to explore the interplay between smart city projects and international development cooperation initiatives while identifying potential challenges associated with their ongoing processes. Numerous studies have investigated the potential economic development opportunities through smart city initiatives at the local level. This paper contributes to existing literature by examining the convergence of smart city and international development projects, providing a comprehensive perspective on these projects in terms of governance, motivation, financing, and inclusivity. This research includes a critical assessment of these projects, with the hope that both communities can actively engage in dialogue and cooperation to share their shortcomings and successful experiences, ultimately achieving a ‘smart’ balance in their development landscape.

Analysis of International Customs Cooperation Mechanisms and the Promotion of Trade Facilitation Under the Belt and Road Initiative

This article is based on the concept of cooperation in trade facilitation proposed by the Belt and Road Initiative, and demonstrates in detail the importance of customs cooperation in promoting trade facilitation. It provides an analysis of the importance of the connection between the existing legal system of international customs cooperation and the customs cooperation agreements of countries along the Belt and Road. It confirms the positive effect of the current bilateral customs cooperation and China’s practice. Then, based on a series of severe problems encountered in actual cooperation, it explains in detail the reasons why international customs cooperation needs to be updated. Finally, based on the existing problems of international customs cooperation along the Belt and Road, the article elaborates on the status quo of the countries along the route, emphasizes the importance of establishing a reasonable and effective legal operation mechanism and proposes solutions to improve the feasibility of international customs cooperation. Belt and Road Initiative, international customs cooperation, Belt and Road Initiative customs cooperation, trade facilitation

HTA53 How Can the International Health and Development Communities Support HTA Implementation at the Country Level? A Review of International Cooperation and Collaboration Initiatives in the Americas

The global development agenda is focusing on strengthening health systems. One key area is the equitable, rational and efficient use of medicines, for which Health Technology Assessments (HTAs) is a reliable tool. Hence, international health and development organizations are pushing for HTA implementation in the Americas. The aim of this study was to explore the role of these organizations in advancing HTA implementation in the region.

Civilizational exceptionalism in international affairs: making sense of Indian and Turkish claims

Abstract Claims to civilizational exceptionalism have long been part of how states manoeuvre international affairs. While scholarly attention has started to move beyond the civilizational claims of western powers by engaging with those of states beyond the West, few accounts provide in-depth examinations of specific cases or bring these into dialogue with one another. This article offers a comparative analysis of how and why India and Turkey are positioning themselves as civilizational forces in global forums and international cooperation initiatives. Under the Narendra Modi regime, civilizational framings in India have found expression in the seemingly benign discourse of Hindu internationalism. In Turkey, successive governments under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan have linked their engagement abroad to the legacies of the Ottoman Empire. While there are clear differences in their respective civilizational antecedents, both countries draw on a combination of moral superiority and responsibility—India as vishwaguru (the world's guru) and Turkey as dünyanın vicdanı (the world's conscience)—as the legitimizing base for their assumed (normative) exceptionalism on the international stage. Overall, we argue that Indian and Turkish claims to civilizational exceptionalism serve two distinct but interrelated political projects: attempts to overcome centuries-long international marginalization, and efforts to buttress competitive authoritarianism domestically.

尼泊尔社会经济-生态复合系统恢复力评价及影响因素辨识

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 尼泊尔社会经济-生态复合系统恢复力评价及影响因素辨识 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202202060297 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项项目（XDA20010302） Assessment of socioeconomic-ecological composite system resilience and its influencing factors analysis in Nepal Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:“一带一路”沿线部分国家处于生态环境脆弱、社会经济落后状态，开展社会经济-生态复合系统恢复力时空特征评估及关键要素识，对于实现"一带一路"倡议"走出去"战略和绿色丝路建设至关重要。基于社会发展、经济水平、基础设施建设、生态环境、自然灾害风险5个一级指标24个二级指标构建了社会经济-生态复合系统恢复力评价指标体系，利用主成分分析法和结构方程模型评价了2000-2015年尼泊尔县域尺度社会经济-生态复合系统恢复力并分析了其时空分异特征，厘清了影响社会经济-生态复合系统恢复力的关键因素及其影响机制。结果表明：①尼泊尔社会经济-生态复合系统恢复力在县域尺度上主要集中在中低和中等恢复力水平，而中高恢复力呈由南向北逐渐降低态势，南部地区以及位于中部发展区的首都加德满都河谷地区恢复力水平相对较高；②2000-2015年尼泊尔社会经济-生态复合系统恢复力在不同阶段呈现波动变化状态，2005年恢复力最优，2010和2015年部分区域恢复力降低明显，系统恢复力区域间差异逐步增大；③社会发展、经济水平、基础设施、建设生态环境和自然灾害风险对系统恢复力提升的总效应分别为0.99，0.07，0.11，0.89和-0.12；按照指标影响程度来看，尼泊尔提升恢复力的关键路径主要在于促进社会经济发展、改善生态环境、推动基础设施建设以及降低灾害风险。未来尼泊尔应依托"一带一路"建设平台加强与周边国家合作交流，提升社会保障与区域均衡发展，促进产业升级及积累资本，发展生态林业并加强灾害监测及决策支持系统建设，实现社会、经济和生态的协同与可持续发展。 Abstract:In the face of multiple crises and challenges brought by global change and intensified human activities, how to cope with various risks and maintain system resilience has become one of the important issues of regional sustainable development. The One Belt and One Road initiative is international economic cooperation initiative put forward by China, which aims to promote economic globalization and win-win international cooperation. While, some countries along the One Belt and One Road are in a fragile ecological environment and backward in social and economic development, such as Nepal whose socioeconomic-ecological composite system has potential low risk resistance characteristics. It is crucial to evaluate the spatiotemporal characteristics of the socioeconomic-ecological composite system resilience of typical countries and identify the key factors for the implementation of the "Go Global" strategy and the Green Silk Road construction. Taking Nepal as case study area, an index system for evaluating the resilience of the socioeconomic-ecological composite system was constructed based on five first-level indicators and 24 second-level indicators from the perspectives of social development, economic level, infrastructure construction, ecological environment, and the natural disaster risk. Then, based on principal component analysis and structural equation model, this paper evaluated the resilience of socioeconomic-ecological composite system at county-level in Nepal from 2000 to 2015, analyzed its temporal and spatial variation characteristics, and clarified the key factors influencing the resilience and its influencing mechanism. The results showed that at the county level, the resilience of the socioeconomic-ecological composite system in Nepal was mainly concentrated at the low and medium levels, while the resilience of the middle and high levels gradually decreased from south to north, and the resilience of the southern region and the Capital Kathmandu Valley in the central development zone was relatively high. In addition, from 2000 to 2015, the resilience of socioeconomic-ecological composite system in Nepal fluctuated and showed spatial differences at different stages. The resilience was the highest in 2005, and decreased significantly in some regions in 2010 and 2015, and the regional differences of the system resilience increased gradually. Moreover, the total effects of social development, economic level, infrastructure construction, ecological environment and natural disaster risk on resilience improvement were 0.99, 0.07, 0.11, 0.89 and -0.12, respectively. According to the effect degree of the factors, the key path to enhance Nepal's resilience mainly lay in promoting social and economic development, improving the ecological environment, promoting infrastructure construction and reducing disaster risk. In the future, Nepal should rely on the "One Belt and One Road Initiative" construction platform to strengthen cooperation and exchanges with neighboring countries, improve social security and the balanced regional development, promote industrial upgrading and capital accumulation, develop ecological forestry, strengthen disaster monitoring and decision support system construction, and realize social, economic and ecological coordination and sustainable development. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Uygulanmasında “Güçlendirme” Kavramı Üzerine Tartışmalar ve Türkiye Örneği

Sustainable development, being at the centre of today’s global and local policies, has led to discussions about its broad content and applicability since the 1980s. In particular, the most emphasized issues have been prioritizing the economic dimension of sustainable development and understanding the environment as the optimal use of natural capital. However, as was underlined at the World Sustainable Development Summit held in 2002, a social dimension also needs to be taken into account. This study adopts a qualitative approach to explore definitions and dimensions of sustainable development and empowerment to understand how their enlarged content affects their application. The dynamic range of empowerment presented as a critical strategy for implementing the social dimension of sustainable development, the ambiguities related to the meaning of the concepts, and the discourses transmitted from the global to the local level are being investigated through the Turkish case. To explore different definitions of sustainable development and empowerment, the qualitative analysis software Atlas.ti was used. The research sample consists of ten documents on international cooperation initiatives and three Turkish documents on implementing these initiatives. The international and Turkish texts show the fluctuations of empowerment between raising human welfare and increasing production. Thus, the concept of empowerment seems to reflect the contradictions of sustainable development semantically and by the nature of the discourse used.

China’s Belt and Road Initiative and South-South Cooperation

ABSTRACT China often emphasizes the imperialist nature of the North-South development cooperation model and considers it a threat to the Global South. The Chinese administration has officially declared that its development aid falls into the South-South cooperation (SSC) category and is essentially different from North-South cooperation. As an international cooperation initiative proposed by China, The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the most concrete example of China’s understanding and practice of SSC. This article critically examines whether and to what extent China’s South-South cooperation offers an alternative to North-South cooperation. Benefiting from examples of China’s aid practices in Egypt within the scope of the BRI, this study argues that China’s aid practices replicate the pattern of the North-South aid relations and the Western imperial practices.

P5.01: Belt & Road Organ Donation Capacity Improvement Cooperation Training Project (BROAOD)

Background: The lack of awareness and knowledge about organ donation (OD) and transplantation (OT) among health professionals is one of the main reasons contributing to donor shortage. Seeing the need to improve the donation activities in China and Belt and Road countries, China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation and Donation (COTDF) and Transplantation Institute (DTI) Foundation jointly initiated the Belt and Road Organ Donation Capacity Improvement Cooperation Training Project to provide intensive training in OD and OT to health professionals from these regions. Methods: The program used an interactive and dynamic online modality consisting of round table discussion, presentation of clinical cases, gaming, and workgroup interaction. The bilingual training (Chinese and English) adopted the best practices in OT and OD and was delivered by international experts. A questionnaire to evaluate changes in perception, confidence, and capability towards essential components of organ donation was administered pre-and post-course. Results: Three editions of the 3-day course were conducted in May, August, and December of 2021. A total of 182 participants were trained, of which 23% (n=42) were international participants from the B & R countries. The participants consist of majority intensive care doctors and other health professionals involved in OT and OD such as donor coordinators, emergency physicians, and nephrologists from more than 60 different hospitals. Seventy-four matched pairs of responses from the pre-and post-course survey were available for analysis. Whilst 16% of the participants showed positive change in their perception towards organ donation, majority (77%) expressed that their perception remained unchanged. Increased confidence was observed among the participants in effective donor maintenance (19/74; 26%), communication with coordinator (17/74; 23%), initial family communication (16/74; 22%). There was 24% (18/74) showed decreased confidence in detection of potential donor. Large proportion (55 – 78%) of the participants stated no changes of confidence in these areas. Nearly all the participants showed above average improvement of capability in various processes of organ donation. Conclusion: This program improved the capability of the participants to perform donation activities. Continuous and in-depth training with more simulations is needed to further enhance confidence of the health care professionals especially in donor detection. The course served as a platform for the participants to exchange opinions and differences in practices with international experts. This international cooperation initiative promoted by the COTDF and DTI Foundation is an excellent example of leading international engagement and supporting the global community to reach self-sufficiency in OD and OT.

Key points for green management of water-energy-food in the Belt and Road Initiative: Resource utilization efficiency, final demand behaviors and trade inequalities

As the largest contemporary platform for international cooperation, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) may carry the risk of increasing pressure on water, energy and food (WEF) resources while driving economic development. WEF nexus analyses can help promote green and sustainable management of the BRI's resources, but has received little attention. Based on a multi-regional input-output model, this study identifies key points of WEF nexus management in the BRI from WEF utilization efficiency, final demand behavior and trade inequality. On the supply side, the common points of inefficiency in WEF use were primarily manufacturing and transport and communication in China and India, chemicals and manufacturing in Russia, and chemicals, manufacturing, and transport and communication in Iran. Water and food systems were closely linked through the planting industry. The focus for adjustment was the direct water and land use efficiency of the planting industry in India and Pakistan. On the final demand side, household consumption drove 73.6%, 50.0%, and 80.1% of WEF, respectively; particularly richer countries (e.g., South Korea and Italy) had more serious overconsumption problems. The macro-control points of investment behavior primarily include manufacturing, construction, and transport and communication in China, South Korea, Italy, and Russia. With the reduction of trade barriers, countries with a propensity to export, particularly those with resource scarcity, face trade-offs in export behavior (e.g., exports of crops, and food and tobacco from China, India and Pakistan). Notably, for certain resource-rich economies, such as Southeast Asia, Russia, and West Asia, improving the efficiency of relevant sectors, rather than restricting exports, is the priority. In bilateral trade, richer countries acquired both economic and resource advantages, whereas countries such as China, India, and Pakistan faced serious trade inequalities. Greener and more equitable WEF development in the BRI could be better promoted through strengthening dialogue and cooperation regarding supply and demand at these key points. • WEF nexus and trade inequality were analyzed to promote BRI's green development. • Key WEF efficiency improvement points in the BRI were identified on the supply side. • Important final demand behaviors in the BRI requiring macro-control were determined. • Unequal trade pairs related to resource costs and economic benefits were revealed. • Improved co-management of WEF between unequal trade pairs should be prioritized.

How WTO-Consistent Tools can Ensure the Decarbonization of Emission-Intensive Industrial Sectors

The European Union (EU) has been a frontrunner in curbing greenhouse gas emissions, having established in 2005 the Emission Trading System (ETS) and having adopted in July 2021 a proposal for a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). This essay explains how the design of the EU CBAM proposal complies with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules, in particular with the principle of non-discrimination. It then discusses how the EU can cooperate with other countries that share similar climate ambitions to decarbonize industrial sectors and achieve the aims of the Paris Agreement. The essay argues that autonomous measures and international cooperation initiatives can work as complementary tools to attain climate neutrality.

The Global use of Telemedicine in Tropical Medicine: Where we are after COVID-19?

Abstract Issue The use of Telemedicine (TM) to provide remote care is an important strategic resource for reducing inequalities in access to Public Health globally. Many countries with a high prevalence of Tropical Diseases (TD) have an insufficient number of physicians, but this potential for remote assistance is still largely untapped. Description of the problem A Scoping Review was combined with the SWOT technique (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats), which is a strategic analysis tool that enables action planning based on the evaluation of the interaction between the internal capacities of a process and external influencing factors. The SWOT analysis matrix of this study was based on a bibliographic research on the topic of TM applied to the clinical management of TD. It sought to obtain a characterization of the current global scenario, identifying (I) the contexts in which initiatives are being implemented and (II) the main gaps in the evidence. The objective is to subsidize action planning by healthcare systems, taking advantage of the expansion pandemic trend. Results A Scoping Review selected 41 studies. As strengths, the advances in the development of m-health tools for clinical and epidemiological monitoring of TD stood out, as well as some successful local experiences in implementing targeted TM systems. Among the weaknesses are infrastructure limitations and a lack of international cooperation initiatives. As for the opportunities, the context of the COVID-19 pandemic increased the importance of the topic on the health systems agenda and boosted investments in the sector. Regarding the threats, the scarcity of specific clinical guidelines and protocols and robust evidence on cost-effectiveness may be highlighted. Lessons The incorporation of TM in the qualification of clinical care for TD can have a relevant impact on the improvement of global public health indicators. The experience in such services is still scarce but represents an opportunity. Key messages There is a relevant potential in using Telemedicine to improve global access to Public Health in TD endemic areas. To support telemedicine there is the need to raise the awareness of managers, health workers and researchers about innovation in Tropical Diseases.

Transport and Exchange Processes in the Atmosphere over Mountainous Terrain: Perspectives and Challenges for Observational and Modelling Systems, from Local to Climate Scales

This Editorial offers an overview of the results presented in the series of coordinated articles included in the Atmosphere special issue on Atmospheric Processes over Complex Terrain. In particular, the variety of approaches and methods, as well as the main outcomes of recent progress in the field, are outlined, along with open questions and challenges for future developments. The possible outreach of future research in the field is also pointed out, especially in connection with the ongoing international cooperation initiative Multi-scale transport and exchange processes in the atmosphere over mountains programme and experiment (TEAMx).

International cooperation and regional Blue Economy initiatives

International cooperation and regional Blue Economy initiatives

Does “the belt & road” initiative promote the trade potential of participating countries? ——A “Quasi-natural” experiment design based on PPML model

The “Belt & Road” Initiative (B&R) is China’s international cooperation initiative proposed in 2013, which aims to promote regional economic development and common prosperity. Not only is B&R important for economic development, but also it helps to adjust and improve relevant policies. The trade potential of 100 B&R countries between 2008-2017 countries is analysed by using the PPML model. This paper finds that B&R has brought trade advantages participating countries. It has significantly promoted the trade potential of participating countries through influencing tariff levels, infrastructure and natural environment, economic scale, urbanization level and unemployment rate. B&R should be further promoted to better develop the policy advantages. More countries can be induced to participate in B&R by reducing trade frictions and promote cooperation.

Lessons Learned From Implementation and Management of Skin Allograft Banking Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.

Wound excision and temporary coverage with a biologic dressing can improve survival for patients with large burns. Healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) rarely have access to allografts, which may contribute to the limited survival of patients with large burns in these settings. Therefore, we aimed to describe the lessons learned from the implementation and maintenance of tissue banks in LMICs to guide system planning and organization. PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and World Health Organization Catalog were systematically searched with database-specific language to represent a priori terms (eg, skin, allograft, and tissue bank) and all LMICs as defined by the World Bank. Data regarding tissue banking programs were extracted and described in a narrative synthesis. The search returned 3346 records, and 33 reports from 17 countries were analyzed. Commonly reported barriers to ideal or planned implementation included high capital costs and operational costs per graft, insufficient training opportunities, opt-in donation schemes, and sociocultural stigma around donation and transplantation. Many lessons were learned from the implementation and management of tissue banks around the world. The availability of skin allografts can be improved through strategic investments in governance and regulatory structures, international cooperation initiatives, training programs, standardized protocols, and inclusive public awareness campaigns. Furthermore, capacity-building efforts that involve key stakeholders may increase rates of pledges, donations, and transplantations. Some issues were ubiquitously reported and could be addressed by current and future tissue banking programs to ensure allograft availability for patients living in countries of all income levels.

Study on Land Use Structure of Hexi Corridor Based on Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient

The development of the Hexi Corridor area has been attached great importance due to the “Belt and Road” international cooperation initiative. Meanwhile, the optimization of land use structure has played a major role in the development of this area. In order to promote healthier and more efficient development of the Hexi Corridor area, this paper collects and reviews recent multidimensional data on the development of the area. In addition, by applying the Lorentz curve and Gini coefficient method, this paper also concentrates on several aspects in the development of the Hexi Corridor area: (a) quantifying the land use balance based on data from various prefecture-level Hexi cities; (b) revealing developmental experiences and efficiency; (c) exploring overall urban land use status; (d) and proposing targeting urban planning and development strategies.

Evaluation of Intensive Land Use and Countermeasure Prospects in Hexi Corridor of China

Influence of “Belt and Road ” international cooperation initiative is continoualy expanding. Hexi Corridor in China, as an important geographic area of the land Silk Road, its development degree and influence are constantly prominent. In order to promote efficient and intensive development of Hexi Corridor area, the development data of Hexi Corridor area in recent years are collected from several dimensions in recent years. By using entropy method and tobit model, this paper evaluated degree of intensive land use in Hexi Corridor, to find out the experience and shortcomings of urban development in Hexi Corridor.Then the trend of urban land use and urban development in Hexi Corridor are explored and corresponding countermeasures are put forward.