International Cooperation Agreements Research Articles

Legal Cooperation of Kazakhstan with the BRICS Countries on the Production and Operation of Medical Electric Vehicles with Artificial Intelligence Technologies

This scientific article is devoted to the study and analysis of legal relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the BRICS countries in the field of the production and operation of medical electric vehicles with artificial intelligence technologies. Particular attention is paid to legislative measures that promote the formation and development of a new industrial sector, such as the production of medical electric vehicles with artificial intelligence technologies. The research uses a number of methods, including studying empirical data, comparative legal analysis, synthesis, generalization, and scientific forecasting. The article proposes legislative measures to solve the problems facing the medical electrical machinebuilding industry and the unmanned medical electric vehicle industry, as well as the difficulties of integrating automation and digitalization into the production process of transportation plants in Kazakhstan and the BRICS countries. In the order of forecasting, the authors propose the adoption of several laws that are relevant to the issue under consideration. These proposals include the signing of new international cooperation agreements between Kazakhstan and the BRICS countries aimed at the introduction of digitalization at machine-building plants in Kazakhstan for the production of medical electric vehicles equipped with artificial intelligence technologies.

Kewenangan Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Perjanjian Kerjasama Internasional

Introduction: The development of the international community which has an impact on political and economic regionalization also has demands for local autonomy affecting patterns of international relations, in line with this, new actors have emerged where local governments have played a role in entering into international cooperation agreements.Purposes of the Research: This writing aims to identify and analyze the position of local government as a legal subject in international cooperation agreements and to determine and analyze the form of local government authority in entering into international cooperation agreements.Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical with a problem approach using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials used consist of primary and secondary legal materials with legal material collection techniques carried out through library research.Results of the Research: The results of this study conclude that the regional government in entering into international cooperation agreements cannot be seen as a proper subject of international law, in entering into international cooperation agreements the position of the regional government remains a representation of the state. The form of regional government authority in entering into international agreements is a combination of delegation and mandate because it is a pre-existing delegation of authority from the center to the regions and acts on behalf of the state, in this case the authority giver.

Japan’s role in the emerging global hydrogen market

The article analyzes the current state of the emerging low-carbon hydrogen market in terms of its main parameters: capacity, geographical segments, technologies, investments, and announced projects. Estimates for the development of the low-carbon hydrogen market up to 2050 have been summarized. Barriers to its development and the reasons for different estimates of market capacity have been identified. There are three large-scale geographic market segments: the Asia-Pacific region, North America, and the European Union. The reasons why the energy transition in Japan will be based on low-carbon hydrogen are described. Japan’s state policy in this area is supported by investments and institutional conditions. The timeline of Japan’s energy policy development shows the determination to create a hydrogen economy. The goals of Japan’s international cooperation are to solve the problems of resource provision (agreements with potential exporters of hydrogen and countries provided with resources necessary for the production of new materials and equipment within the entire technological chain of hydrogen production) and to search for markets for Japanese hydrogen technologies. Japan’s main agreements with countries and regions of the world in this area and large-scale projects implemented to date in terms of creating international hydrogen supply chains are systematized. The role of Japan as an initiator of the development of international interactions and the formation of a global market for low-carbon hydrogen, as well as a market leader in terms of public policy, availability of technology, large-scale investment and international cooperation is substantiated. It has been determined that Japan’s high activity in international projects and agreements on the development of hydrogen technologies and hydrogen supply chains determines the country’s leading role in stimulating the development of the global hydrogen market at the current stage. Japan’s activity is leading to an increase in the number of international cooperation agreements, recognition by other countries of the key role of hydrogen in the energy transition, and the adoption by more and more countries of their national hydrogen strategies. It was revealed that due to the high cost of Japanese equipment used in the production of “green” hydrogen, the country is likely to lose in competition for market niches in the global hydrogen market.

Does international R&D cooperation under institutional agreements have a greater impact than those without agreements?

Abstract Funding agencies (FAs) have increasingly engaged in international cooperation agreements (ICAs) to encourage world-class research and achieve more promising outcomes in the context of increasing competition for research resources. While the benefits of International Research Collaboration are largely supported by literature, less attention was paid to the influence of ICA on scientific and technological outputs. We employed a quasi-experimental evaluation with a comparison between funding for international collaboration carried under ICA (treatment) and funding for international collaboration not carried under ICA (control). The sample was collected from the database of the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) between 1990 and 2018. We have found that ICA has a positive and significant impact on the quality of scientific production measured by the number of citations, h-index, and the number of national and international papers co-authorship. However, no significant difference was found in terms of scholarly and technological outputs.

Irreversible and Large‐Scale Heavy Metal Pollution Arising From Increased Damming and Untreated Water Reuse in the Nile Delta

AbstractEgypt observes one of the highest water budget deficits in Africa that is mainly compensated by intensive reuse of untreated agricultural drainage water in the Nile Delta. The implications of untreated water reuse on increasing soil pollution levels remain poorly characterized; however, a large‐scale pollution can compromise crop production and water quality. To address this deficiency, we evaluate the level of heavy metal pollution in the Nile Delta, identify its sources and explore the implications of damming on heavy metal concentration using integrated pollution indicators and statistical modeling. Pollution indicators show moderate to very high contamination by Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Zn, with unprecedented Cd levels in the sediments (up to 72.0 ppm) and a northward increase in pollution levels. Statistical modeling and historical datasets reveal the association of Cd and Fe on both Nile branches and the clustering of Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cr, which attribute the heavy metal concentrations to the cumulative addition of untreated agricultural drainage water (9.5 BCM/yr) and wastewater. These processes introduced an accelerated pollution in the Nile Delta system. Though, conservation measures are crucial to reverse this degradation, yet the increasingly engineered Nile flow, the low gradient of the delta and the active silting impede heavy metal flushing causing irreversible pollution. Our findings alarm future increase in heavy metal pollution in response to increased untreated drainage water reuse to mitigate the impacts of ongoing upstream damming and call for implementing international cooperative agreements for integrated water management along the Nile River.

The European Central Bank, national central banks, and the unity of the international representation of the European System of Central Banks

Although centred on the European Central Bank, the international representation of the European System of Central Banks also relies on the national central banks. This article analyses the requirement of unity of the international representation of the ESCB, assesses the current means through which it is implemented, and identifies areas of possible improvement in the coordination of the respective international activities of the European Central Bank and of national central banks. The article argues that the principle of sincere cooperation can play a significant role, both within and beyond Article 6 of the ESCB/ECB Statute. Although the existing soft-law arrangements within the ESCB are more effective than for the EMU in general, improvements are possible regarding the conclusion and implementation of international cooperation agreements. Stronger synergies with the activities of national central banks would also help the emergence of a more proactive and influential international cooperation strategy. European System of Central Banks, Eurosystem, national central banks, international representation

International cooperation as one of the directions for the development of the education system

One of the most important directions in the development of the system of secondary vocational education at the present stage is the need to constantly update the content and technologies of vocational education in accordance with current and future requirements for the qualifications of workers. Significant assistance in improving the quality of training of specialists can be provided by the development of international cooperation in the implementation of secondary vocational education programs. Establishing such cooperation will make it possible to take into account advanced foreign experience, increase the attractiveness of educational institutions of secondary vocational education among potential applicants, and bring programs of secondary vocational education to the international market of educational services.To date, international cooperation has received the greatest development in the fi eld of higher education, master’s and postgraduate programs.The experience of international cooperation of the Chelyabinsk Institute of Railways — a branch of the Ural State University of Railways is considered. Information is provided on the main areas of international cooperation, including the search for potential partners among foreign educational organizations, with the subsequent formalization of relationships within the framework of international cooperation agreements, as well as the experience of implementing events within the framework of signed agreements, including the organization of joint international events of educational, scientifi c and sports orientation, work to improve the professional competencies of the personnel potential of Chelyabinsk Institute of Railways — a branch of the Ural State University of Railways through the internships of teachers in educational institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

EXTRADITION BY THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE OF PERPETRATORS OF CORRUPTION FROM INDONESIA, BASED ON THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (ICPO-INTERPOL)

Interpol is an organization formed to coordinate cooperation between police in countries around the world. Advances in technology, information, and communication have increased the intensity of transnational crime. The extradition treaty has an important role in preventing and overcoming perpetrators of international crimes, especially perpetrators of corruption who fled from Indonesia to other countries, whether they are still suspects, defendants, or convicts. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the role of the Police in the practice of carrying out the extradition of perpetrators of corruption, legal arrangements in the execution of extradition of perpetrators of corruption committed by the Police based on the Constitution of the ICPO-Interpol, and what factors hinder the Police in carrying out international cooperation in the field of extradition. The result of the discussion of the problems that arise in this research is an international cooperation agreement that has been ratified by the two countries, in which the Indonesian Police submitted a request for extradition as a requesting state to the requested state against the fleeing corruption perpetrator. The state government is requested to process the extradition request accompanied by authentic evidence of the complete identity of the perpetrator. The process of carrying out extradition was hampered due to several factors, one of which was the absence of an extradition agreement by the Government of Indonesia with the government of the requested country, where the perpetrators of corruption fled so that the implementation of extradition was hampered or perhaps even rejected by the requested country.

Does the Belt and Road Initiative Promote Green Innovation Quality? Evidence from Chinese Cities

When formulating international economic cooperation agreements, policymakers should consider not only their economic promotion effects but also their impact on green development. This paper is an examination of whether the Belt and Road Initiative contributes to green innovation quality. Objectively assessing the green innovation promotion effects of its implementation is not only important for its completion and improvement in the future, but also to verify whether the Belt and Road Initiative promotes sustainable development in participating regions. A difference-in-difference model was constructed using the data of 291 cities in China from 2008 to 2019. The results show the following: (1) the Initiative has significantly improved the quality of green innovation in cities along the Belt and Road; (2) a series of robustness tests showed that the main results are highly robust; (3) the Belt and Road Initiative has a significant policy spillover effect—while improving the quality of local green innovation, it can also significantly promote the quality of green innovation in surrounding areas. This paper has reference significance for further understanding the policy effect of China’s Belt and Road Initiative and the promotion and strengthening of subsequent policies.

Genesis of citizens' rights and security

This study reveals the problem of protecting the rights of migrant workers in the CIS countries. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of international law in the context of the protection of the rights of migrants. The study demonstrates the priority use of bilateral international cooperation agreements that provide the necessary level of protection of the rights of migrant workers. In comparison with bilateral agreements between countries, international cooperation within the framework of bilateral regulation allows for a higher level of protection of migrant workers and their social security. The article demonstrates that the international legal field basically contains generalizing norms and provisions on the status, rights and obligations of migrant workers. On the other hand, the bilateral agreement is being concretized and relevant regulatory legal acts are being implemented more successfully.

Dialogue of Cultures and Common Humanitarian Space: Experience of Cooperation between Educational Institutions of Culture of Russia and Tajikistan

Cultural and humanitarian cooperation between Tajikistan and Russia is developing in accordance with the current strategic objectives of the foreign policy of both countries, existing bilateral and international treaties and cooperation agreements. The priority areas of the interstate partnership are the popularization of the Russian language and culture, as well as the promotion of the "brand" of the Russian higher education in the market of educational services of the post-Soviet space. Institutes of Cultures focused on the training of highly qualified specialists for various areas of the socio-cultural sphere are implementing international educational, scientific and creative projects, promoting the development of an equal mutual beneficial intercultural dialogue, deepening of integration processes in the cultural and educational sphere, strengthening good-neighbourliness of the former Soviet republics.

International Collaborative Experiences to Design Areas Prone to Flood: Intervention in the Southern part of Resistencia (Argentina)

The Brian A. Thomson Institute of Urban and Regional Planning of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the UNNE (Argentina) and the Jurusan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta (Indonesia), have been developing joint activities within approved projects since 2015, as part of a framework of International Cooperation Agreement. Faced with the global context situation due to the Covid19 pandemic, where virtual activities flourished, it was considered an opportunity to bring together teams from both institutions in a joint activity. Therefore, an "International Workshop on Landscape 2020" was formulated to find better design schemes to mitigate the flood in the Southern area of Resistencia city in Argentina by implementing sustainable strategies to design flooding parks for recreational and absorbent purposes. With highly satisfactory outcomes prepared jointly by groups of students from both geographies, with the follow-up of coordinating Lecturers (Facilitators) and the participation of Keynote Speakers, a compendium was made for the formal transfer to the Local authorities, fostering the link between the academic spheres and society through a university extension mechanism. This article aimed to describe the collaborative work process, analyze the implemented methodologies, and lecturers and students' perceptions of this experience.

Competition, coordination, or institutional change? A multi-perspective analysis of historical electricity transitions in Mexico

The electricity sector is a complex dynamic system that has experienced continuous changes since its beginning. The aim of this article is to explore the evolution of historical electricity transitions in Mexico from 1879 to 2012 under the interactive governance approach. Governability provides an analytical framework for investigating the role of actors, technologies, and policies in national energy transitions. By integrating a multi-perspective analytical framework, we applied concepts from energy transitions and policy mixes for sustainability transitions to qualitatively describe social, economic, and technological changes and their relative role in historical transitions. The case study revealed that governability of national energy transitions may vary considerably from one episode to another depending on how governance systems have handled national societal needs and international cooperation agreements. Additionally, different drivers have been identified in shaping electricity transitions in Mexico. First, governance decisions have depended on specific (policy) paradigms that relevant actors have adopted. Second, the article highlights the key role that available (indigenous) energy resources have played in directing the path and pace of electricity production technologies. Third, increasing environmental and climate change concerns have improved the way electricity is produced and used. The analysis conducted suggests that energy transitions governability may be improved by fostering communication and cooperation among actors and institutions to define policy mixes in line with societal needs.

International Coral Reef Conservation Grants and Cooperative Agreements (DOC)

International Coral Reef Conservation Grants and Cooperative Agreements (DOC)

Внедрение автоматизированных систем в деятельность автотранспортных предприятий на примере СПб ГУП «Пассажиравтотранс»

The research presents the results of testing foreign software products Optibize™ of Optibuscompany and Mobileye Shield+ of Mobileye company, providing automation and optimization of such processes of public transport passenger transportations as dispatching and control of accidents during the movement of vehicles. These processes affect such indicators of passenger service’s quality as speed, accessibility and safety of public transport, which determine the relevance of the research topic. The experience of using automated systems in foreign countries is studied and their pilot testing in the conditions of domestic carrier’s work is carried out also. The testing took place on the basis of the largest in the North-West region of Russia operator of bus passenger transportation SPb SUE «Passazhiravtotrans» within the framework of international cooperation agreements with official representatives of companies pro-ducing automated systems of the State of Israel. During the empirical study the functionality of automated systems is confirmed, the performance indicators of vehicles on pilot routes are collected, and the actual test results obtained are indicated. Economic effects both in terms of optimizing the technological parameters of the enterprise and in terms of increasing the economic efficiency of production activities are identified. The revealed effects determine the practicability of introducing systems into the activities of companies, taking into account the necessary adaptation to the specifics of public transport management in the Russian Federation. The results of the study are of practical relevance for large passenger road transport carriers and regulatory authorities.

Perjanjian Kerjasama Internasional dalam Konstruksi Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia

Introduction: The times have demanded international cooperative relations, including Indonesia, which is solely done to improve the welfare and prosperity of the people. International agreements are the main instrument for the implementation of international cooperative relations. Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this research is to find out and understand the position of international cooperation agreements in the construction of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.Methods of the Research: This research is a normative study using a statutory approach with the source of legal materials used primary legal materials and secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials with qualitative analysis with deductive and inductive methods. Results of the Research: Every process of implementing and ratifying an international cooperation agreement must be carried out using formal statutory instruments so that the Indonesian state forms and issues a regulation in regulating all matters concerning international agreements, this proves the importance of establishing international cooperation and also shows that international cooperation agreements also become part of the construction of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

Bioma Amazônia: atos e fatos

resumo O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma agenda propositiva para a retomada do Fundo Amazônia. Para isso, as práticas de (des)governança em nível federal são analisadas à luz dos compromissos assumidos pelo Brasil em acordos internacionais de cooperação. Essa análise evidencia que o cumprimento dos princípios relacionados à sustentabilidade e ao meio ambiente em negociações comerciais internacionais, cooperação bilateral e multilateral são condições vinculantes para a retomada do Fundo Amazônia. O setor empresarial, com destaque para o setor financeiro, demanda resultados relativos ao crescente desflorestamento predatório da Amazônia. Essas condições e expectativas exigem uma drástica revisão dos atos do Ministério do Meio Ambiente. O Estado brasileiro já demostrou ao mundo sua capacidade de combater o desmatamento ilegal com inteligência, articulação entre ministérios e atores diversos, reservando para si a plena responsabilidade de comando e do controle nas suas políticas ambientais.

Under the Radar

International regulatory cooperation (IRC) refers to a diverse range of ways government regulators from different countries work together on developing and enforcing regulations. It has grown rapidly over the last 40 years, but it is little understood because much of it occurs beneath the radar. New research shows that ASEAN countries, along with the New Zealand government, are deeply imbedded in a complex web of international regulatory cooperation arrangements and agreements. Among ASEAN countries these groupings are predominately multilateral, bilateral and regional. In New Zealand, bilateral agreements with Australia predominate. Much of this cooperation occurs outside formal free trade agreements and the World Trade Organization’s Technical Barriers to Trade regime. Instead, regulators often work directly with their foreign counterparts through informal networks. The economic and technological drivers of the growth in international regulatory cooperation will persist in the post-Covid-19 era, providing continued impetus. For example, the need to manage international spillovers will increase the need for cooperation on regulatory policy design and enforcement and other regulatory practices to ensure that domestic regimes remain effective. The experience of Covid-19 has underlined the value of cooperative activities between states, such as information gathering and exchange. Dealing effectively with three of the principal issues currently confronting public policymakers – pandemics, climate change and effective governance of the digital environment – requires extensive international cooperation.

Immobility and the containment of solutions: Reflections on the Global Compacts, Mixed Migration and the Transformation of Protection

Since negotiations began in 2015 on the two Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees, many within academia have felt uncomfortable engaging with the processes. This reflects a general weariness around new international cooperation agreements, the perceived control over the two processes by key international agencies, and an apparent lack of postcolonial voices in the drafting and consultation stages. However, with both Compacts now adopted, there has been a marked increase in engagement within academia and policy circles. This postscript to the special issue reflects on the discussions presented in the essays and the Compacts more broadly. The focus is on two main themes that emerge when reading this special issue: (1) forms of protection; and (2) the concept of mixed migration. This essay finds that within both these two themes, attention continues to focus on protection and movement between states, rather than between regions. As such, it remains uncertain how the Compacts will be able to shift the dominance of self-serving policies imposed by the Global North. Nevertheless, the essay concludes by attempting to find some glimmers of optimism. Currently, there exists the political space (however slight) for various actors to try and utilize the Compacts to improve protection and opportunities for migrants who adopt mobility strategies – particularly for those who choose to move between global regions in this postcolonial era.

Internationalizations in two loci of enunciation

This paper confronts epistemological myopia to decolonize academic knowledge by exposing scholars’ loci of enunciation to localize knowledge that are often taken as universal. In doing so, we reflect about the process of internationalization of higher education (IHE), from two different loci of enunciation--one in the Global South (UFES) and another in the Global North (FAU). Based on the claim that language policies are closely related to internationalization actions/plans, and in the description of internationalization models in terms of the Traditional International Cooperation (TIC) model, characterized by competitive relations, and the Horizontal International Cooperation (HIC) model based on solidarity and international awareness, we analyze language policies and international cooperation agreements at UFES and at FAU as a window for reflecting about the internationalization processes in these institutions. The analysis of language policies and international agreements at UFES suggests a reactive and colonial nature of the internationalization process there, expressed in the number of agreements with institutions from the Global North and in language policies and actions that privilege the use of English. The analysis of international cooperation agreements and language policies at FAU suggest that internationalization strategies are largely designed based on the university’s privileged position as an English-speaking institution located in the Global North. Taken together, overall results of the study suggest that despite the pitfalls, the partnership between UFES and FAU shows potential to forge inroads for more horizontal internationalization models/relationships thus moving form a TIC to a HIC model of internationalization.