International Cooperation Activities Research Articles

KÜRESELLEŞMENİN EL KAİDE STRATEJİLERİNİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜNE OLAN ETKİSİ

The present study, which examines the organizational structure, ideology, strategy and financial resources as well as policies with regard to struggling with Al Qaeda, aims to investigate the profile of Al Qaeda terrorist organization and its strategies in the light of the current literature review. In this context, analyzing the profile of Al Qaeda terrorist organization, which acquired notable experiences from the invasion of Afghanistan by Soviets and used this experience in the global arena thus executing 9/11 terrorist attacks, is of utmost importance for the academics and practitioners who are engaged with the field of terrorism. Having scrutinized the profile of terrorist organization within the present study, it would be possible to see that Al Qaeda, which has retained global characteristic features during the course of the time, has a unique organizational structure, ideology and strategy as compared to other conventional terrorist organizations. Therefore, this study is academically unique in terms of offering new and global perspectives including theoretical explanations. Furthermore, the study contributed to the current literature through bringing up Al Qaeda’s ideologies, strategies and organizational structure which help decision takers and policy makers to frame and shape policies with regard to struggling with Al Qaeda. In this respect, the prevention of abusing religious affairs and values, the construction of open society where liberal thought and fundamental freedoms can blossom and lastly the enhancement of international cooperation activities are the key counterterrorism strategies, which need to be considered while dealing with Al Qaeda. In terms of methodology and research strategy of the present study, qualitative data and secondary quantitative data have been used and mainly qualitative research strategy has been followed. To do so, initially, literature review regarding the scope of the study has been conducted, subsequent to the archival research, the content analysis of the gathered data has been made. After conducting the analysis process, categories of ideologies and strategies to which Al Qaeda adheres have been illustrated and accordingly, basing on the cited categories, a significant step has been taken toward offering theoretical explanations aiming to shape and frame policies with regard to countering Al Qaeda.

A atuação do médico veterinário militar de outras nações na Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear: subsídio para modernizar a doutrina do Exército Brasileiro

O envolvimento da veterinária militar na resposta ao bioterrorismo está ancorado nas competências da medicina veterinária frente à Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear (DQBRN). Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a atuação do veterinário militar de outras nações em DQBRN, identificando capacidades técnicas, competências laboratoriais necessárias para este especialista, propondo treinamentos, cursos em Nações Amigas e novos manuais doutrinários nesse campo. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, através da qual foram consultados manuais das Forças Armadas de outros países, como Estados Unidos e Portugal. Assim, foram identificadas as principais atribuições em DQBRN desenvolvidas pelo médico veterinário militar no Exército Brasileiro e em outros países. Concluiu-se que o aprofundamento no conhecimento doutrinário de outros países, somado ao desenvolvimento de atividades de cooperação internacional, potencializaria a contribuição da atividade médica veterinária militar na defesa contra os agentes QBRN.

International cooperation and mutual legal assistance in criminal matters in handling with transnational wildlife trafficking crimes in Vietnam

Wildlife crimes have been continuously increasing all over the world but particularly in ASEAN countries, and the criminals have employed more and more sophisticated tatics and strategies. Though many countries have introduced their own solutions to enhance the legal response and capacity to investigate, prosecute and adjudicate wildlife-related crimes, the results so far are under expectation. Vietnam has various types of wild, precious and rare flora and fauna; however, these numbers have rapidly decreased due to uncontrolled exploitation and illegal trade. Aiming to conserve and develop the nation’s biodiversity, the Penal Code 2015 (amended in 2017) and the Criminal Procedure Code 2015 have new regulations that incorporate international conventions that Vietnam has acceded to. At the same time, Vietnam has become a transit nation employed by transnational criminal organizations, so that in order to tackle wildlife crimes effectively, it is significant to develop and sustain active international cooperation and mutual legal assistance in criminal matters among Vietnam and other countries in the region, as well as from all over the world. In that spirit, this article will concentrate on analyzing the current situation of wildlife crimes that has international elements; identifying roots of difficulties, challenges in dealing with this type of crimes in Vietnam as well as in the region; then proposing recommendations and solutions to improve the quality of handling transnational wildlife crimes for the sake of species conservation, environment and biodiveristy protection for humankind.

Inserção externa, desenvolvimento e política social no Brasil (2003-2017)

Neste artigo, buscamos analisar a dimensão social da inserção externa brasileira, entre 2003-2017, a partir da relação entre os indicadores socioeconômicos internos, o alinhamento estratégico entre projetos de órgãos governamentais de política social e de política externa, e as ações de cooperação internacional na área social. Dos resultados, foi possível concluir acerca do declínio relativo do protagonismo brasileiro no âmbito social, tanto em função da piora nos indicadores econômicos e de cooperação internacional brasileiros, quanto das mudanças no modelo de desenvolvimento operadas a partir de 2016, questionando o posicionamento internacional alcançado pelo Brasil nos anos anteriores.

The UN Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: Its Impact on Asia

AbstractThis article focuses on the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM), a landmark international document that builds on the momentum of a decade of initiatives at the international level on migration governance, and its impact on Asia from the perspective of South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, and South Korea. While none of these countries voted against the adoption of the GCM, there are significant differences in how individual countries approached the commitments made in the GCM. These perspectives were articulated in a webinar hosted by Metropolis Asia on 20 June 2018 and in governmental statements made at the UN international conference when the GCM was adopted. This article also discusses the challenges confronting the implementation of the GCM. While the Compact resulted from inclusive and intensive negotiations and many compromises, the road towards realizing its goals will be at least as challenging as the road that led to its adoption. In spite of these challenges, the GCM is a ground‐breaking representation of the first multilateral framework for migration governance. Its success rests upon the recognition that addressing the challenges and maximizing the benefits of migration require true international cooperation, renewed commitment and meaningful action on the commitments agreed to.

국내 우수 연구자의 R&D 국제협력 활동도 분석 연구 : 가사로봇 분야를 중심으로

최근 4차 산업혁명으로 인한 과학기술 융 · 복합화 및 세분화의 가속화에 따른 R&D 국제협력이 점차 활발해짐에도 불구하고, 우리나라는 연구역량 열위, 연구개발 생태계 폐쇄성, 국제협력 대상 능동적 발굴체계 부재 등으로 인해 국제협력 활동도가 매우 미흡한 편이다.<BR> 실제로 2018년 국가과학기술 혁신역량평가에서 우리나라 국제협력 항목지수는 OECD 35개국 중 최하위권인 29위에 머무르는 것으로 나타나 국제협력 활동도를 높이기 위한 다각적인 개선방안 확립이 시급한 실정이다.<BR> 본 연구에서는 국제협력 활성화를 위한 방안의 일환으로 빅데이터 분석 방법론인 KDD/KM 공동연구자 네트워크 분석기법을 활용하여 국내와 글로벌 핵심연구자 간 국제협력 활동 비교 · 분석을 통해 정확한 현황을 진단하고, 국내 연구자 국제협력 활성화를 위해 능동적 협력대상 발굴을 위한 발전방안에 대해 고찰하였다.<BR> 본 연구 분석대상은 미래유망산업 로봇 분야 중 가장 높은 시장성장률을 보이고 있는 가사로봇 분야를 선정하였다. 가사로봇 분야 국내 및 글로벌 상위 핵심 연구자 간 국제협력 네트워크 현황 및 활동도 비교 · 분석을 통해 국내 연구자의 국제협력 활성화를 위한 전략적 시사점을 도출하였다.

Effective moratoria on land acquisitions reduce tropical deforestation: evidence from Indonesia

The tropics have suffered substantial forest loss, and elevated deforestation rates have been closely linked to large-scale land acquisitions (LSLA). Having a timely and accurate understanding of global LSLA pattern will be critically important for concluding related policies and actions. Here, we investigate global LSLA networks and find that land acquisitions are characterized by dominant acquisition flows from the developing to the developed world (75.4%), and less of these flows are retained within the developing world (22.8%) or the developed world (1.8%). Policy-driven moratoria on existing LSLA are a key mechanism used to minimize global forest loss and recently employed in Indonesia, however their effectiveness remains unclear given a lack of quantitative synthesis. Based on a spatially-explicit temporal analysis of forest loss from 2001–2017, we find that, as a whole of Indonesia, the increased forest loss rate of 0.091 Mha yr−1 (2001–2011) slowed down to 0.001 Mha yr−1 (2012–2017) after moratoria established in 2011. Meanwhile, based on a comparison of annual forest loss in logging, timber, and oil palm concessions, we find that land concessions outside the moratorium experienced 35%–396% higher rates of forest loss than in comparable land concessions within the moratorium. Decreased forest loss from full implementation of moratoria on all land concessions could mitigate a maximum aboveground biomass carbon emission of 112 888 ± 24 766 Mg C yr−1, which is a nearly 41.89% reduction relative to the counterfactual scenario of no moratorium. These findings lend support for international cooperation and collective action to put into practice effective land moratoria to reverse decade-long trajectories of tropical forest loss.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТСЬКОЇ ОСВІТИ КРАЇН ЄС ЯК ОБ’ЄКТ МІЖДИСЦИПЛІНАРНОГО ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ

The article deals with the issue of the development of university education in the EU countries. The article presents statistical data on the number of students at each of the higher education levels of the European Union. The factors influencing the process of university education development have been discussed: European and national. It is generalized that the current tendencies of the development of higher education in the countries of the European Union are: the mass character of population obtaining higher education; increasing accessibility of higher education for citizens; internationalization. The general tendencies of organization of the educational process in universities of the European Union countries include: the use of higher education levels (bachelor and master); the use of credit-transfer system of training; the education quality control (developing common criteria for evaluating the quality of teaching and providing educational services); the expansion of academic mobility (creation of integrated educational programs and programs for conducting scientific researches); from teaching – to self-study; from skills – to competences and learning outcomes; orientation to achievement of goals and attention to the evaluation of achievements; dialogue between structures; from linearity – to dynamic thinking; providing the employment of graduates. It is noted that current trends in the development of higher education and specific activities of universities of the EU countries are increasingly affecting the socio-political and economic development of European countries. The objectives of the educational policy of the EU countries include: improving the provision of educational services, facilitating the employment of graduates and strengthening interaction with various sectors of the domestic and world economy, strengthening international cooperation activities, mobility of students and teaching staff, internationalization of higher education, which are crucial factors for advancement of our country in the global competition on the world market of goods and services. Taking into account the considered tendencies of the development of university education in the EU countries, recommendations have been offered to the domestic universities to improve their activity.

Teaching Translation for Electric Power English From the Perspective of Relevance Theory: Belt and Road Initiative and Electric Power Education

With the continuous development of the Belt and Road international cooperation of electric power, companies related to electric power develop overseas markets and invest overseas electric power projects. The market demand for translation of electric power English is increasing. Translation for Electric Power English is a basic required course for English major students in North China Electric Power University. The course combines translation skills with basic electric power knowledge in the process of teaching to help students gain professional knowledge and improve students’ practical language application in international electric power cooperation activities. Most of English majors master little knowledge about electric power, which makes it difficult for them to finish translation task with high quality of translation. Translation for Electric Power English Course should be taught in the following aspects: help students accurately understand the meaning of the original materials, aid them in selecting appropriate translation methods, modify the translated text and improve their translation ability for electric power English. Translation for Electric Power English Course focuses on imparting the translation methods of electric power English to students, such as literal translation, free translation, amplification and omission. This paper discusses the importance of the teaching of the course and uses Relevance Theory to analyze the teaching methods of Translation for Electric Power English.

Ebara donates pumps to university in Myanmar

Ebara Corp has given pumps to Yangon Technological University in Myanmar as part of the Japanese company's international cooperation activities.

남북한 관광 협력을 위한 관광 ODA 효과에 대한 인식 연구 : 관광강좌 수강생을 대상으로

This study focused on ODA(Official Development Assistant) for inter-Korean tourism collaboration and set the research questions as how people perceive the effect of tourism ODA on North Korea and whether their perceptions on the effect are different by their demographic characteristics. The results of the study are following: First, most of respondents were not much interested on ODA, for example, 81.6% have no experience to travel to the developing country and 36% have never participated in international development cooperation and volunteer activities in related area. 30.7% responded that they are indifferent in that topic. Second, the perception on the influence of tourism ODA on the North Korea was identified with five factors from factor analysis: Properness, Effectiveness, Cooperation effect, Environmental effect, and Political effect of tourism ODA. Last, this study figured out that respondents perceived the influence of tourism ODA on North Korea differently by their demographic characteristics: the significant difference was revealed by the grade on perception on the environmental effect of ODA, by their experience on travel to developing country on perception on the properness of ODA. Also, the results of study reveled that the perception on the effectiveness, cooperation effect, and political effect were significantly different by whether they have participated in education and volunteer activity.

The Open-Access System of Journals and Its Use by Russian Scientists According to the Statistics of Web of Science (2008–2017)

The review of the research of the Open-Access system of journals and its advantages and disadvantages are presented. The bibliometric analysis was carried out for the array of Russian papers published in the journals of the Gold Open Access system and reflected in the SCI-E database for 2008–2017. The results of the analysis of the publication activity showed that, despite the high payments for papers, there was a steady increase in the share of Russian publications in such journals compared to the overall publication activity of Russia: from 7.8% in 2008 to 13.7% in 2017. This is largely due to active international cooperation of Russian organizations with funding agencies from the United States (31%), Germany (29%), and other industrialized countries. Analysis of the array of Gold OA publications in large research areas made it possible to establish a significant difference in its structure compared to the general array of publications in Russia. As an example, the most important scientific field in the world, Research Area Scientific Technologies, was ranked the third in comparison with the ninth rank in the general array.russian scientists widely use high-quality foreign journals of the Gold OA system, which includes one Russian journal, Solid State Physics.

Administering the Surplus: The Grand Coalition’s Fiscal Policy, 2013–17

This article studies the tax and fiscal policies of the second grand coalition under Chancellor Merkel. It demonstrates that the government contented itself with merely administering balanced budgets or surpluses, instead of seizing the opportunity of exceptionally good economic conditions and low interest rates to implement important structural reforms and increase investment in public infrastructure. This outcome can be explained by two factors: (1) diverging fiscal policy preferences between the two coalition partners, and (2) uncertainty in the face of the continuing euro crisis. The article substantiates this claim on the basis of quantitative data on policy outputs and the structure of revenues and expenses, and by qualitatively tracing the policy processes leading to the few fiscal decisions that were of major importance: the reform of inheritance taxation, packages against tax evasion and avoidance, and a reform of the federal equalisation payments system. The analysis shows that in these more far-reaching decisions the coalition acted in response to external constraints – including decisions from the constitutional court, international cooperation, and legal action by Länder governments – rather than on its own political initiative.

The International Dimension of the EU Agencies: Framing a Growing Legal-Institutional Phenomenon

International cooperation has become a salient feature of EU agencies triggering important legal questions regarding the scope and limits of the agencies’ international dimension, the nature and effects of their international cooperation instruments, and their legal status within the EU and on the global level. This article examines the international dimension of EU agencies by advancing a legalanalytical blueprint linking EU law to international public law. The principle of institutional balance and the Meroni doctrine are used as EU law parameters for assessing the agencies’ international cooperation mandate, powers and actions, whilst the concepts of ‘international agreement’ and ‘international legal personality’ serve as standards for clarifying the legal nature of EU agencies’ international cooperation instruments and their legal status as global actors. Case studies on the European Aviation Safety Agency, Frontex and Europol ‘test on the ground’ the legal-analytical framework advanced and offer fresh insights into the EU agencies’ international cooperation practice. Whilst the institutional balance in EU external relations does not prohibit entrusting certain international cooperation tasks to EU agencies, the application of the Meroni requirements suggests a limited role for these EU bodies as global actors. Next, the international cooperation instruments concluded by EU agencies can be legally binding agreements which, as a specific category of technical-administrative agreements, could still be accommodated within the EU legal framework. Albeit EU agencies could acquire in theory a derived and functionally limited international legal personality, none of the three agencies examined has such a legal status entailing that their international cooperation actions are in principle attributable to the Union.

International Development Policy Structures for Cooperation in Science, Technology and Education in Hungary

In the context of Hungarian development policy, scientific and educational cooperation has a key role. The primary aim of this paper is to give an overview of the significant elements of the current international development cooperation and international humanitarian activities in Hungary. Secondly, it analyses, in a dimensional approach, the opportunities of policy and organisational structures and funding mechanisms for science, technology and innovation in developing countries. This article recommends more subtle ways of reforming political decisions that could support innovation with a deeper insight into some aspects of Hungarian “best practices”. Finally, it touches upon issues of tertiary education including the identification of funding instruments and interactions between the private sector and government actors.

Библиометрическая характеристика отечественных публикаций в журналах Gold Open Access: Web of Science, 2008–2017

The article gives short overview of bibliometric research on Open access journals, its advantages and disadvantages. The bibliometric analysis was based on Russian articles (Research performance-RP) published in the Gold Open Access (OA) journals, indexed in SCI-E (Web of Science) for 2008-2017. Despite the high payment for articles, it was observed a steady increase in the share of Russian publications in Gold OA journals in the total Russian RP: from 7.8% in 2008 up to 13.7% in 2017. This is largely due to active international cooperation with Russian organizations and funding agencies from United States (31%), Germany (29%) and other industrialized countries. Government investment in the Program 5- 100 stimulated a significant increase in the share of Gold OA publications by these universities from 21.9% in 2012 to 40.8% in 2017. At the same time period, the share of RAS decreased from 64.8% to 52.9%. Russian scientists use extensively the highest quality foreign journals of the Gold OA system indexed in the SCI-E database, which includes two domestic journals.

الآثار الاقتصادية لسياسات مکافحة الإرهاب . ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ANTI-TERRORISM POLICY

الآثار الاقتصادية لسياسات مکافحة الإرهاب . ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ANTI-TERRORISM POLICY

Sovereignty as an economical and geographic phenomenon (employing trends in the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation)

A departure from the legal interpretation of the sovereignty of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation allows one to draw the tools and information resources of other Sciences into studying this concept. The author believes that economic geography can make a significant contribution. An economicgeographical approach to the problem of national sovereignty in the Arctic puts it in the context of space (the sovereignty of which is questioned), which is atomized on a micro-level of municipalities (districts and cities) and rural and urban settlements. The protection of their sovereignty is connected with the implementation of investment projects, livelihood of local communities, preservation of the traditional economy and way of life, territories of traditional residence and natural use of indigenous peoples, ongoing research (stationary and expedition) activities in the territory. The author suggests an understanding of sovereignty as a process, which has a different value (which changes) in specific periods of time. This approach is illustrated by two periods in the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation: 2010–2013 and 2014–2017. The first period can be called a time of “exogenous” developments, when the question of the sovereignty of the Arctic territories and waters of Russia approved in the coordinates of the active international cooperation with other Arctic countries on all possible negotiating forums. The second period saw a radical change in the entire instrumentation of Arctic sovereignty in favor of domestic investment focus on large mining and infrastructure projects, land and transition zone “land-sea” and defense mobilization in the Arctic Islands and coastal areas. Refs 17. Tables 3.

The International Dimension of the EU Agencies Charting a Legal-Institutional Twilight Zonee

International cooperation has become a salient feature of EU agencies, triggering important legal questions regarding the scope and limits of agencies’ international dimension, the nature and effects of their international cooperation instruments, and their status within the EU and on the global level. This paper examines the international dimension of EU agencies by advancing a legal-analytical blueprint linking EU law to international public law. The principle of institutional balance and the Meroni doctrine are used as EU law parameters for evaluating agencies’ international cooperation mandate, powers, and actions, whilst the concepts of ‘international agreement’ and ‘international legal personality’ serve as standards for assessing the legal nature of EU agencies’ international cooperation instruments and their legal status as global actors. Case studies on the European Aviation Safety Agency, Frontex, and Europol ‘test’ the legal-analytical framework, and offer fresh empirical insights into the EU agencies’ international cooperation practice. First, the institutional balance in EU external relations does not prohibit entrusting certain international cooperation tasks to EU agencies, though the application of the Meroni requirements suggests a limited role for the EU agencies as global actors. Second, the international cooperation instruments concluded by EU agencies can be legally binding agreements which, as a specific category of technical-administrative agreements, could be accommodated within the EU legal framework. Third, while the possibility for EU agencies to acquire a derived and functionally limited international legal personality should not be excluded per se, none of the three agencies examined has such a legal status, entailing that their international cooperation actions are in principle attributable to the Union.

Building World-Class Universities in Developing Systems: The Success Case of the Indian Institutes of Technology

With a global shift towards knowledge-based economy,universities are required to produce knowledge and cutting-edge technologies to support their respective country’s economy. In response, many countries around the world seek to build their own world-class universities. Altbach (2010, p.1) argues that world-class universities‘demonstrate world class thinking and policy development in the sense that they employ state of the art solutions to pressing challenges of the twenty first century’.However, world-class universities are found only in a few wealthy Western countries. For instance, if one takes a quick glance at Global University Rankings (GUR), nearly every top university is situated in a high-income country. There are exceptions, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), which are known to produce the world’s most creative engineers. The GUR of IIT steadily rose over the past few years, drawing much attention from the industry for its unprecedented success. This research aims to trace the successful path of IIT to identify its success factors which may serve as reference points for other developing systems that aim to build world-class universities of their own. The study takes the two most prominent IIT, namely IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay.It also hypothesises and investigates whether the considerable amount of international co-operation activities IIT engaged in at the establishments have played a significant role in its success. The findings of the study showed that IIT’s limited financial resources were complemented by a highly concentrated pool of talented and motivated students,as well as professors who have abundant experiences in top-tier research and technical firms aboard. Another major factor was the government’s dedication. The government focused on creating a favourable environment for the institution and also prioritised IIT in its allocation of financial resources. Meanwhile, the study was unsuccessful in illustrating the role of international cooperation as the two sets of the collected data were contradictive.