International Comparative Analysis Research Articles

International comparative analysis of the industry-education relationship in vocational education and training: From the perspective of economic sociology

The relationship between industry and education serves as a focal point in research on vocational education. Previous studies using rigid Weberian ideal types of behavior struggle to capture the complex realities and notable variations both within and across developing countries and often fail to consider the impact of educational systems and the connection between education and employment. This article endeavors to introduce a new framework for international comparative analysis through the lens of economic sociology. This analytical framework examines three key dimensions: the readiness and capacity of industries to engage in vocational education, the willingness of students to enroll in vocational education, and the influence of labor market and education institutions on both industries and students in relation to vocational education. Its purpose is to explore the relationships and critical factors that affect the interactions between industry and education in Germany, the US, and China. The findings can be summarized as follows: In the US, industry has a relatively low demand for a skilled workforce and a diminished inclination to invest in vocational education and training (VET), and the willingness of students to engage in VET is also relatively low. Certain characteristics of US labor market and education system also present significant challenges for the industry-education relationship in VET. In Germany, the industry has a relatively high demand for skilled workers, and there is an interest in investing in VET, and some students are willing to choose VET. The labor markets and education systems in each country also affect the involvement of stakeholders in VET. In China, a more mixed picture can be observed, with a closer similarity to the US in terms of the industry-education relationship in VET, with the exception that the government plays a more active role in this.

Effects of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to Economic Growth: a Case of Turkey

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Tax Competition for Turkey, as well as the aspects of basic taxes like Personal Income Tax and Corporation Tax and evaluate the results. In this context, the impact of foreign direct investments on economic growth in Turkey is investigated. Theoretical Framework: Theoretically, it is accepted that foreign direct investment will positively affect economic growth. This study investigates the practical implications of this theory for Turkey. Method: International Comparative Analysis and various tables and graphics were used in this study to analyse the variance of Personal Income Tax and Corporation Tax by years. In addition study applies regression analysis on direct foreign inflow and economic growth in Turkey for 1974-2019 period. Results and Discussion: Regression analysis was performed on the time series of foreign capital investments and economic growth. However, it is concluded that foreign capital investments do not positively affect economic growth over the 1974-2019 period since foreign capital investments in Turkey reached their usual level only after 2002. Research Implications: This study concludes that foreign direct investment (FDI) does not always positively affect economic growth for all countries. Originality/Value: The study is original in that it shows that a generally accepted theory may have different results in practice for some countries.

Parliamentary diplomacy in the European and Asian regions: international legal framework and comparative analysis

The article is dedicated to the study of the peculiarities of parliamentary diplomacy in the European and Asian regions. It is clear that it is important for the theoretical, constitutional, legal and international legal studies to pay attention to the essential characteristics of this phenomenon, the current parliamentary diplomacy with the participation of the European powers, their parliaments, as opposite of the Institute of Parliamentary Diplomacy in Asia and other regions. This form of international cooperation in the sphere of parliamentarism is based on an international treaty basis (Statute for the sake of Europe, Statute of the PS OIC) and internal organizational acts (Rules of Procedure of the PA OSCE) etc. Institutional mechanisms for the implementation of parliamentary diplomacy include in Europe - PACE, PA OSCE, PABSEC, PA GUAM, Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean, independent parliamentary organizations (Interparliamentary Union) etc.; in Asia – APA, Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development, Association of Regional Health Sciences of New Asia, Along with mutual relations and changes in trust in Asia, PS OIC, Turkic Rada, Shanghai Organization of Social Development and etc. Ukraine, in particular parliamentary delegations, takes an active part in parliamentary diplomacy in the European region, especially in connection with the large-scale invasions of the russian federation and the need for international support. At the same time, there is an obvious need for coordination and interaction between the various parliamentary assemblies and parliamentary unions of different regions of the world, in the context of globalization and integration, the value of democracy, international security and law and order

Crisis Management in Public Administration Units in Poland and Czech Republic. International Comparative Analysis

Crisis Management in Public Administration Units in Poland and Czech Republic. International Comparative Analysis

Nurses' Protests during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative International Analysis.

Nurses play key roles in dealing with pandemics yet are often conceived solely as "technical" experts without political agency. This study conducts the first global comparative analysis of COVID-19-related protests of nurses and other frontline health workers, with a focus on the first 18 months of the pandemic. We draw on quantitative and qualitative data on nurses' protests and protest drivers. Results show that such protests were widespread: We identify 3515 events in 90 countries, with several regional hotspots existing. The most common reasons for protests were poor working conditions and insufficient workplace safety, followed by wider social issues like poverty and racism. For most of the time period under consideration, protests demanding access to vaccinations (a rarely explored phenomenon) were more widespread than anti-vaccination events. Protest frequency was highest in countries with high COVID-19-related mortality rates, high levels of human development, and strong social movements at the onset of the pandemic. Recognising the key role of nurses as political actors would help to improve health policies and to maintain a capable healthcare workforce, particularly during acute crises like pandemics.

Demand and supply shocks derived from COVID-19 on the freight transportation system in Mexico

PurposeThis paper's purpose is twofold. First, based on a case study, it aims to comprehend the consequences of COVID-19 on the demand and supply shocks of the freight transportation system in Mexico. Second, it seeks to provide an integrated perspective of four transportation modes, which would help prepare public policies for future global pandemics.Design/methodology/approachAnalyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the freight transportation system, which affects national and global economies, is essential to drawing valuable insights for the future. To facilitate international comparative analysis, conducting case studies at a country level was deemed necessary. As a result, a case study was conducted in Mexico using an integrated approach involving four transportation modes.FindingsTo manage disruptions in freight flow during uncertain conditions, a comprehensive perspective on the four modes of transportation and data-driven decision-making is crucial. Under this context, three initiatives can be identified: 1) establishing a National Center for Intelligence in Logistics to improve data-driven governance; 2) appointing the “Integrated Transportation Corridor Management Manager” (ITCMM) function to coordinate multiple authorities with different acting in critical freight transport corridors, and 3) creation of a digital tool based on millions of GPS data to monitor freight flows, allowing for collective intelligence among logistics actors.Research limitations/implicationsThis research's limitations are related to using non-standardized databases to gather information on four transportation modes. However, this limitation is also an interesting discovery. Mexico is becoming a strategic logistics hub between North America and Latin America, especially under the “Nearshoring” trend. Unfortunately, the lack of an integrated public policy in logistics and transportation reduces Mexico's capacity to deal with disruptions and its economic competitiveness.Practical implicationsThis research has identified practices that could be crucial in improving public policies to optimize shipping routes and reduce wait times while minimizing disruptions caused by unforeseen events. A concrete example is the digital platform called “eraclitux,” a computer tool similar to an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system companies use. This tool can enable a “Control Tower” that monitors freight flow in transportation corridors under the supervision of “Integrated Transportation Corridor Management Managers.” The tool can make reactive and predictive decisions that help to enhance the logistics value provided by transportation infrastructure.Social implicationsThe importance of a well-coordinated and integrated public policy for freight transportation was identified to ensure better performance during disruptions. Delays in the flow of goods can significantly impact the supply of essential items such as food and medicine, ultimately affecting the population's quality of life.Originality/valueNumerous studies have been conducted to determine the extent of vulnerability and the impact of COVID-19 on freight transportation. However, most of these studies assume a developed market context or a single-mode transportation approach, which only applies to some situations. To gain a comprehensive understanding of how pandemics-induced demand and supply shocks affected freight transportation in developing countries such as Mexico, this paper offers insights from a four-transportation mode perspective. Mexico is facing a challenging Nearshoring trend in manufacturing, making it a significant logistics node between North and South America.

The Shield of Privacy in the Digital Age: The Clash between Facial Recognition Technology and Personal Information ProtectionCase Analysis and Strategy Discussion

Driven by the wave of digitalization, facial recognition technology has become a key tool for identity verification and security monitoring. However, with its widespread application in daily life, issues of personal privacy security have also become prominent. This study delves into the complexities of facial recognition technology in the realm of personal information security through case analysis, revealing its convenience as an identity verification tool and the risks it poses as a potential means of privacy infringement. The research aims to identify and analyze the ethical and legal issues faced by facial recognition technology and to propose strategies for strengthening personal information protection. This paper integrates literature review, case studies, and international comparative analysis to provide support and recommendations for the practice and policy-making of personal information protection in the digital age.

Approaches to education for sustainability leadership development in higher education: an international comparative study in the Asia Pacific region

Purpose This study aims to focus on key approaches to education for sustainability (EfS) leadership development in the context of Malaysian and Japanese universities. The authors identify key indicators of effective EfS leadership development approaches using both descriptive and inferential analyses, identify and compare the preferred leadership learning methods of academics and examine the impact of marital status, country of residence and administrative position on the three EfS leadership development approaches. Design/methodology/approach The study is quantitative in approach and survey in design. Data were collected from 664 academics and analysed using the efficient partial least squares (PLSe2) methodology. To provide higher education researchers with more analytical insights, the authors re-estimated the models based on the maximum likelihood methodology and compared the results across the two methods. Findings The inferential results underscored the significance of four EfS leadership learning methods, namely, “Involvement in professional leadership groups or associations, including those concerned with EfS”, “Being involved in a formal mentoring/coaching program”, “Completing formal leadership programs provided by my institution” and “Participating in higher education leadership seminars”. Additionally, the authors noted a significant impact of country of residence on the three approaches to EfS leadership development. Furthermore, although marital status emerged as a predictor for self-managed learning and formal leadership development (with little practical relevance), administrative position did not exhibit any influence on the three approaches. Practical implications In addition to the theoretical and methodological implications drawn from the findings, the authors emphasize a number of practical implications, namely, exploring the applicability of the results to other East Asian countries, the adaptation of current higher education leadership development programmes focused on the key challenges faced by successful leaders in similar roles, and the consideration of a range of independent variables including marital status, administrative position and country of residence in the formulation of policies related to EfS leadership development. Originality/value This study represents an inaugural international comparative analysis that specifically examines EfS leadership learning methods. The investigation uses the research approach and conceptual framework used in the international Turnaround Leadership for Sustainability in Higher Education initiative and uses the PLSe2 methodology to inferentially pinpoint key learning methods and test the formulated hypotheses.

Quantifying the reduction in coal and increase in renewables in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries: Proposal for a coal-renewable energy index and map

Reducing coal use and increasing renewable energy use are two major policies that have been recommended in many countries and regions to address climate change. However, the progress toward meeting these policy goals is unclear. Therefore, this study proposes the “C–R map”, which is a correlation map between the share of coal-fired plants and renewable energy in terms of annual consumption, and the “CR index”, which is an index composed of the above two indicators. The proposed methods objectively visualise and quantitatively analyse statistical data on global climate change associated with “reducing coal and increasing renewables”, whose trends or tendencies could only be obtained through fragmented statistical data and documents. Using the proposed C–R map and CR index, an international comparative analysis was conducted on the share of coal and renewables from 1990 to 2020 in 37 Organisation for Economic Cooperation Development member countries. The results quantitatively showed that 31 member countries clearly exhibited a trend of decreasing their share of coal and increasing their share of renewables, while only five countries, i.e. Chile, Turkey, Mexico, Japan, and Korea, showed unique and inconsistent trends relative to that of the other member countries. By using the highly transparent and simple map and index proposed here based on published statistical information and objective methods, the global trend of “reducing coal and increasing renewables” can be quantitatively visualised in graphs and numerical values, which are easily understood and interpretable, even for laymen.

THE CRIMINAL CONFRONTATION FOR CRIMES OF DISCRIMINATION AND HATE SPEECH: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Background: The crime of disseminating hate speech is considered amongst the most prominent crimes in this era, particularly with the rapid technological advancements witnessed globally, which have contributed to its emergence across all communities. Given its seriousness, this crime threatens societal stability and security. In a bid to foster a culture of global tolerance and encounter the various manifestations of discrimination and racism, the Emirati legislator enshrined criminal protection for individuals against discrimination and hate speech based on ethnicity, race and religion. This legal safeguard is articulated in Federal Law No. 34 of 2023 concerning Combating Discrimination, Hatred and Extremism. Moreover, the Federal Decree-Law No. 34 of 2021, which addresses Combating Rumors and Cybercrimes, further reinforces this legal framework, specifically targeting the spread of such offences through digital channels. This addition underscores the UAE’s comprehensive approach to addressing hate speech and discrimination, acknowledging the evolving nature of these crimes in an increasingly connected world. Methods: The research aims to explore the effectiveness of Emirati law in combating discrimination and hate speech crimes through a multi-method approach, which includes a comparative dimension. Firstly, we conducted a comprehensive literature review of existing legal texts and scholarly articles to understand the broader legal context and historical perspectives on these crimes. This review extended beyond Emirati legal sources to encompass international legal standards and comparative legal analyses, allowing us to contextualise the Emirati legal framework within a global perspective. Results and Conclusions: Our study has provided a detailed examination of the complexities and challenges in addressing the crimes of disseminating and promoting discrimination and hate speech within the UAE legal framework. We have identified that these crimes are inherently complex, requiring a specific intent to provoke violence and discrimination. Our analysis reveals a gap in the current legal approach, particularly in addressing the full scope of hate crimes and the nuances of criminal intent. In light of these findings, we have proposed several critical amendments to the UAE law combating discrimination and hate speech. These include refining the definitions and scope of discrimination in Article 1, incorporating "motive for hate" as a key element in Article 4, revising Article 10 to focus on general criminal intention, and enhancing penalties in Article 16 when foreign financial support is involved. These recommendations aim to strengthen the legal framework, making it more comprehensive and effective in combating discrimination and hate speech, thereby safeguarding social security and human rights. This research contributes significantly to understanding hate speech and discrimination crimes in the UAE and offers practical solutions for legal reform. It underscores the need for continuous evaluation and adaptation of laws to address evolving social challenges effectively.

Radiation exposure in routine mammography screening: a large observational cross-sectional study in Morocco

This observational cross-sectional study aims to assess the exposure levels during mammography examinations in Morocco and provide an international comparative analysis. Patient data from 1100 mammographic examinations conducted in five units, comprising both digital radiography (DR) and computed radiography (CR) systems from various brands and models in the Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaër region, were collected. The mean glandular dose (MGD) and technical parameters, including exposure factors and breast thickness, were analyzed. The collected data were compared with findings from international studies to provide valuable context. The overall median MGD was 1.34 ± 0.36 mGy for craniocaudal (CC) and 1.48 ± 0.38 mGy for mediolateral oblique (MLO) incidences. It’s essential to note that these values were calculated based on the median compressed breast thickness. The MGD varied among different units and anode/filter combinations. The Rh/Rh anode/filter combination was most commonly used, resulting in the lowest radiation dose. The study findings also highlighted the relationship between MGD and breast thickness, with higher doses observed for thicker breasts. This study provides valuable insights into radiation exposure during mammography breast cancer screening in Morocco. The results underscore the importance of future dose optimization strategies to ensure patient safety without compromising diagnostic image quality. Implementing optimized technical parameters, conducting regular quality assurance programs, and promoting education and awareness are essential in achieving dose reduction and minimizing radiation risks. Collaboration among healthcare professionals, regulatory bodies, and international organizations is crucial for sharing best practices and advancing radiation dose optimization in mammography.

Analysis of Hunting Tourism: a Case Study of Slovenia (Prlekija Region)

The exploration of hunting tourism reveals its multifaceted benefits, encompassing nature preservation and tourism expansion. This study delves into the dynamics and prospective trends within hunting tourism, specifically in Prlekija's administrative unit of Gornja Radgona, Slovenia. It commences with a comprehensive international comparative analysis, followed by insightful semi-structured interviews involving key stakeholders within the destination. Hunting tourism emerges as a pivotal facet of tourism within this locale, exhibiting substantial potential for further growth, particularly in terms of diversification, regional integration, and synergy with other tourism offerings. However, it's imperative to address the adverse impacts of hunting tourism on biodiversity. As a counterbalance, the study underscores the increasing global emphasis on sustainable variants of hunting tourism, such as wildlife photography, fostering a more conscientious approach to animal tourism practices.

O174: Designed to respect and repair the aortic arch: An international comparative analysis of RELAY™ Branched endograft outcomes

Abstract The introduction of endovascular aortic arch repair (EAR) represents a paradigm shift in the management of complex arch pathologies. In this multicentre original study, a comparative analysis of international outcomes data on the single-, double- and triple-branch RELAY™ endografts is presented. Multicentre data was collected prospectively (2019-2022) and stored in an international registry. This was later retrieved and analysed retrospectively. All patients were followed-up for 24 months. Outcomes measured included target vessel patency (TVP), reintervention, stroke, and mortality. Of the 148 patients, 17 (11.5%) received a single-branch RELAY™, 108 (73%) double-branch, and 23 (15.5%) triple-branch. The group characteristics were similar at baseline. Target vessel cannulation and technical success were achieved in 99.3% of patients. TVP at 30 days post-EAR was 100% in all groups, however, this became 93.8%, 74.0% and 100% at 24 months in the single-, double- and triple-branch endograft groups, respectively. As for reinterventions, these were only required with the double-branch RELAY™ (n=50, 34%). Similarly, disabling strokes were only observed in the double-branch group (n=35, 32.4%), and the overall study incidence was 23.8%. Non-disabling strokes had an overall incidence of 12.8% (n=19). The overall mortality rate was 2.7%, with all 4 deaths recorded occurring in the double-branch group. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between urgency (acute) and reintervention. Our results clearly demonstrate that EAR using RELAY™ Branched is a highly efficacious strategy that yields favourable results. Nevertheless, it seems that clinical outcomes with the single- and triple-branch RELAY™ are more optimal than with the double-branch configuration.

Analyzing the impact of COVID-19 on global stock markets: An international comparative analysis

In 2020, during the first wave of COVID-19, a massive collapse was observed in the stock markets of all the economically wealthy and prominent countries all over the world. Consequently, the second and third waves of COVID-19 strike stock markets in 2021. The objective of the present study is to search for the effect of the pandemic on eight major stock exchanges across different continents, namely, SENSEX, Dow-Jones, NYSE Composite, FTSE 100, SSE Composite, Nikkei 225, MOEX and MASI, in 2020-2021. Various techniques assess nonlinear analysis, volatility, and the chaotic nature of these markets. The present study concludes that though all the indices are volatile and non-chaotic, some structural changes in pattern are identified in this time frame. The FTSE 100 stands out as a stable investment option, while the NYSE Composite is recommended primarily for long-term investments.

An International Comparative Analysis of Approaches to Measure the Carbon Footprint of Tourism

Tourism contributes significantly to climate change. However, it has continuously been excluded from national emission frameworks globally. Climate action must play a leading role in national tourism plans by measuring, monitoring and reporting tourism emissions for sustainable destination management. The purpose of this study is to identify the most applicable approach to measure the carbon footprint of tourism internationally. This study conducted a comparative analysis of the international approaches and toolkits available to measure tourism emissions. Consequently, contributes new knowledge to tourism policymakers by outlining the advantages, limitations and barriers of utilizing each approach. The findings identified that the most favorable approaches cannot be used internationally due to tourism data limitations. Thus, barriers to establishing and maintaining a standardized measurement and system to accurately monitor the level of tourism decarbonization worldwide are created. Nevertheless, tourism policymakers can begin to minimize these barriers by collecting credible data to establish the Tourism Satellite Accounts. Climate change is a significant crisis facing humanity, and until now, this research has not been completed.

Development of innovative standards for the registration of drugs in India based on International norms

This research endeavors to pioneer a paradigm shift in drug registration protocols within the Indian pharmaceutical sector, aligning them with internationally recognized norms. The study delves into the imperative need for harmonizing regulatory standards to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceutical products entering the Indian market. By integrating key benchmarks from global authorities, this initiative aims to foster a robust and transparent registration process, ultimately bolstering consumer trust and industry competitiveness. The research methodology encompasses a comprehensive review of international regulatory frameworks, comparative analysis, stakeholder consultations, and case studies to propose a refined set of standards tailored to the Indian context. Additionally, this study addresses potential challenges and proposes strategies for effective implementation. Through this innovative approach, the research aspires to lay the foundation for a more dynamic and globally integrated pharmaceutical landscape in India, poised for sustained growth and excellence.

EOLinPLACE: an international research project to reform the way dying places are classified and understood.

Whenever possible, a person should die where they feel it is the right place to be. There is substantial global variation in home death percentages but it is unclear whether these differences reflect preferences, and there are major limitations in how the place of death is classified and compared across countries. EOLinPLACE is an international interdisciplinary research project funded by the European Research Council aiming to create a solid base for a ground-breaking international classification tool that will enable the mapping of preferred and actual places towards death. Mixed-methods observational research. We combine classic methods of developing health classifications with a bottom-up participatory research approach, working with international organizations representing patients and informal carers [International Alliance of Patients' Organizations (IAPO) and Eurocarers]. First, we will conduct an international comparative analysis of existing classification systems and routinely collected death certificate data on place of death. Secondly, we will conduct a mixed-methods study (ethnography followed by longitudinal quantitative study) in four countries (the Netherlands, Portugal, Uganda and the United States), to compare the preferences and experiences of patients with life-threatening conditions and their families. Thirdly, based on the generated evidence, we will build a contemporary classification of dying places; assess its content validity through focus groups with patients, carers and other stakeholders; and evaluate it in a psychometric study to examine construct validity, reliability, responsiveness, data quality and interpretability. Approved by the ethics committee of the University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (CE-068-2022) and committees in each of the participating countries. The findings will provide a deeper understanding of the diversity in individual end-of-life pathways. They will enable key developments such as measurement of progress towards achievement of preferences when care can be planned. The project will open new directions in how to care for the dying. Research Registry UIN 9213.

Leading for What, Leading for Who? An International Comparative Analysis of University Presidents’ Leadership Amid COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic presented a unique shared challenge for all HEIs leaders around the world. Besides balancing institutional tasks and ensuring the health and safety of the campus community, university presidents were challenged with promoting equity and showing empathy in their leadership. Framed by Henry Mintzberg’s (1973) theory on managerial roles, this study uses in-depth interviews of 14 university presidents in eight countries, to understand how they enacted different roles in leading their institutions through a global crisis. Despite differences among presidential leadership styles in diverse contexts, findings from the study show that leadership roles shifted from securing their institution’s financial and academic stability to securing the well-being of the people within and outside their organization in the face of crisis.

Effects of Working Capital Management on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises' Profitability from the Continuity of Supply Chain Relationships

Purpose: The object of this paper is to analyze the impacts on the CCC, DIO, DRO, DPO, which are a factor for measuring WCM and profitability (ROA) from a supply chain relationship perspective between two large Korean automotive manufacturers (Hyundai Motor Company and Kia Corporation) and SMEs in the automotive parts manu-facturing industry.
 Design/methodology/approach: We used two Korean automotive manufacturers (Hyundai Motor Company and Kia Corporation) and SMEs of Korean automotive parts manufacturing industry's panel data in this research. The panel data model was used to investigate the impacts of CCC and its factors on ROA to test the hypotheses. For analyzing the panel data, a model of fixed effects was used in this research.
 Findings: According to the groups, the CCC shows a negative correlation with both ROA. DIO is negatively associated with ROA. DPO shows a positive correlation with ROA. In contrast, DPO shows a negative correlation with ROA. DPO shows a positive correlation with ROA. Conversely, DPO shows a negative correlation with ROA.
 Research limitations/implications: The limitations of this research show that because the analysis was made on the basis of the automotive industry in Korea, it is difficult to apply it to other industries in other countries. A comparative international analysis is therefore needed. The implications of this paper are the impacts of CCC, DIO, DRO, and DPO on profitability based on large enterprises and SMEs in aspects of the supply chain relation-ships, which previous studies did not cover sufficiently.
 Originality/value: Prior study mainly concentrated on the impacts of the CCC, DIO, DRO, and DPO on profitability based on SMEs in various industries from many countries. But this research focused on the CCC and profitability from the perspective of supply chain relationship between Korean large enterprises and SMEs.

The HOPE Asia Network consensus on blood pressure measurements corresponding to office measurements: Automated office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures.

For adopting recently introduced hypertension phenotypes categorized using office and out of office blood pressure (BP) for the diagnosis of hypertension and antihypertension drug therapy, it is mandatory to define the corresponding out of office BP with the specific target BP recommended by the major guidelines. Such conditions include white-coat hypertension (WCH), masked hypertension (MH), white-coat uncontrolled hypertension (WUCH), and masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH). Here, the authors review the relevant literature and discuss the related issue to facilitate the use of corresponding BPs for proper diagnosis of WCH, MH, WUCH, and MUCH in the setting of standard target BP as well as intensive target BP. The methodology of deriving the corresponding BP has evolved from statistical methods such as standard deviation, percentile value, and regression to an outcome-based approach using pooled international cohort study data and comparative analysis in randomized clinical trials for target BPs such as the SPRINT and STEP studies. Corresponding BPs to 140/90 and 130/80mm Hg in office BP is important for safe and strict achievement of intensive BP targets. The corresponding home, daytime, and 24-h BPs to 130/80mm Hg in office BP are 130/80, 130/80, and 125/75mm Hg, respectively. However, researchers have found some discrepancies among the home corresponding BPs. As tentative criterion for de-escalation of antihypertensive therapy as shown in European guidelines was 120mm Hg in office BP, corresponding home, daytime, and 24-h systolic BPs to 120mm Hg in office systolic BP are 120, 120, and 115mm Hg, respectively.