International Development Cooperation Research Articles

Авіаційна та космічна галузі в постіндустріальному розвитку

The article raises the issue of the relevance of the development of international cooperation in the aerospace industry, taking into account the trends of post-industrial society, the development of artificial intelligence, and the transformation of the world society. It is specified that one of the key indicators of the transition from an industrial to a post-industrial society is the active development of the service sector and the importance of education and the knowledge economy, which come to the fore. The economy of post-industrial societies is dominated by innovative sectors such as high-performance industries, high-quality and innovative services as a share of GDP, and a larger share of the population employed in the service sector than in industrial production. A country with a highly developed aerospace industry demonstrates its national strength, scientific and technological innovation, effective public policy, strategic vision and principles of national security. At the international level, the leading countries of the world have identified the coordination of space activities and the development of aerospace industry as a priority of the national level. Ukraine has a complete space complex (rockets, spacecraft, ground control centers, data processing centers) and most aviation platforms (reusable spacecraft, some passenger aircraft, military transport, transport-only), has the potential for construction, research and development, can organize the production, operation and use of the rocket, space and aviation technology. The aviation industry and the space industry outline the long-term prospects for the development of the country’s economy. In terms of development, the aerospace industry is ahead of other industries and plays a vital role in modern civilization. The development of the aviation industry is urgent for Ukraine, including the development of ground airport infrastructure, air transport and a combination of ground and air transport.

América Primeiro: ajuda externa na administração do Trump

Abstract The US has led the way building the international development cooperation system and been the largest single donor for the last seven decades. Foreign aid has gone through different phases during the post-World War II period and remains an important geopolitical and geo-economic tool for 21st century USA. The Bush and Obama administrations, despite different nuances in terms of discourse and aid practices, invested in reforms to modernise aid programmes, increased funding for USAID, and created new global health, food security, and climate change programmes. Contrary to the historical trend, the Trump administration submitted budget requisitions characterised by a 30% reduction for State Department and USAID allocations. It is noteworthy that the Trump administration questioned the costs of global leadership, criticised international organizations and the sectoral allocation of funds, and made threats of cuts in aid to countries that opposed Washington’s interests. The purpose of this article is to understand how the strategy of ‘America First’ changed the strategic tripod of defence, diplomacy, and development, by analysing changes in US foreign aid in terms of available resources, recipient countries, aid modalities, and multilateral engagement.

Chemoprevention for malaria with monthly intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine in pregnant women living with HIV on daily co-trimoxazole in Kenya and Malawi: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

The efficacy of daily co-trimoxazole, an antifolate used for malaria chemoprevention in pregnant women living with HIV, is threatened by cross-resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to the antifolate sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. We assessed whether addition of monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine to daily co-trimoxazole is more effective at preventing malaria infection than monthly placebo plus daily co-trimoxazole in pregnant women living with HIV. We did an individually randomised, two-arm, placebo-controlled trial in areas with high-grade sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Kenya and Malawi. Pregnant women living with HIV on dolutegravir-based combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) who had singleton pregnancies between 16 weeks' and 28 weeks' gestation were randomly assigned (1:1) by computer-generated block randomisation, stratified by site and HIV status (known positive vs newly diagnosed), to daily co-trimoxazole plus monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (three tablets of 40 mg dihydroartemisinin and 320 mg piperaquine given daily for 3 days) or daily co-trimoxazole plus monthly placebo. Daily co-trimoxazole consisted of one tablet of 160 mg sulfamethoxazole and 800 mg trimethoprim. The primary endpoint was the incidence of Plasmodium infection detected in the peripheral (maternal) or placental (maternal) blood or tissue by PCR, microscopy, rapid diagnostic test, or placental histology (active infection) from 2 weeks after the first dose of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or placebo to delivery. Log-binomial regression was used for binary outcomes, and Poisson regression for count outcomes. The primary analysis was by modified intention to treat, consisting of all randomised eligible participants with primary endpoint data. The safety analysis included all women who received at least one dose of study drug. All investigators, laboratory staff, data analysts, and participants were masked to treatment assignment. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04158713. From Nov 11, 2019, to Aug 3, 2021, 904 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to co-trimoxazole plus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (n=448) or co-trimoxazole plus placebo (n=456), of whom 895 (99%) contributed to the primary analysis (co-trimoxazole plus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, n=443; co-trimoxazole plus placebo, n=452). The cumulative risk of any malaria infection during pregnancy or delivery was lower in the co-trimoxazole plus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group than in the co-trimoxazole plus placebo group (31 [7%] of 443 women vs 70 [15%] of 452 women, risk ratio 0·45, 95% CI 0·30-0·67; p=0·0001). The incidence of any malaria infection during pregnancy or delivery was 25·4 per 100 person-years in the co-trimoxazole plus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group versus 77·3 per 100 person-years in the co-trimoxazole plus placebo group (incidence rate ratio 0·32, 95% CI 0·22-0·47, p<0·0001). The number needed to treat to avert one malaria infection per pregnancy was 7 (95% CI 5-10). The incidence of serious adverse events was similar between groups in mothers (17·7 per 100 person-years in the co-trimoxazole plus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group [23 events] vs 17·8 per 100 person-years in the co-trimoxazole group [25 events]) and infants (45·4 per 100 person-years [23 events] vs 40·2 per 100 person-years [21 events]). Nausea within the first 4 days after the start of treatment was reported by 29 (7%) of 446 women in the co-trimoxazole plus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group versus 12 (3%) of 445 women in the co-trimoxazole plus placebo group. The risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes did not differ between groups. Addition of monthly intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine to the standard of care with daily unsupervised co-trimoxazole in areas of high antifolate resistance substantially improves malaria chemoprevention in pregnant women living with HIV on dolutegravir-based cART and should be considered for policy. European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership 2; UK Joint Global Health Trials Scheme (UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office; Medical Research Council; National Institute for Health Research; Wellcome); and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.

KOICA 국제개발협력 이해증진사업에 관한 교과목의 교육 효과

Purpose: This case study on Sangmyung University, Cheonan aimed to analyze the educational outcomes of the International Development Cooperation (IDC) class combined theory-/practice-based tasks that KOICA has supported since 2012.&#x0D; Originality: While KOICA has disclosed the overall performance by collaborative groups of all participating universities, there are very few studies that examine the outcomes of education on an individual university level; this research analyzes the effectiveness of theoretical lectures/practical training at Sangmyung University by serving as a model to design the courses that fit other universities.&#x0D; Methodology: This study applied a mixed method using quantitative analysis of survey responses and qualitative analysis of free-written responses in the questionnaire from 139 students collected by KOICA in 2018-2022.&#x0D; Result: Understanding of IDC increased significantly after the course compared to before the class, and their attitudes toward the expansion of foreign aids showed more positive; the higher the students' self-assessment of their IDC class, the higher the effects of the intended education approach. In the free-written comments, while most students wished to work for IDC-related bodies overseas, some students described their extended awareness of sustainability and human rights knowledge, skills, attitudes, and practices in global citizenship. However, the convergence projects based on appropriate technology/design would need to be modified in terms of the IDC course design.&#x0D; Conclusion and Implication: This study confirms that IDC theory lectures based on global citizenship theory and practices applicable to developing countries can raise students' global competence and inspire their willingness to work overseas. It will contribute to analyzing the effectiveness of IDC lectures within Korean universities and to their self-review on the IDC program.

이산화탄소 배출 저감을 위한 국제개발협력과 물류네트워크의 영향력 분석

Purpose: This study analyzes the causal relationships between CO2 emissions and ODA, logistics, renewable energy, economic growth, and industrialization.&#x0D; Research design, data, and methodology: From 2006 to 2019, panel data related to CO2 emissions, ODA, logistics networks, renewable energy, economic growth, and industrialization were collected from a total of 84 countries. To analyze this model, panel unit root tests and panel co-integration tests were performed to confirm the stability and long-term causal relationships in the data. Subsequently, panel FMOLS and panel DOLS were used to identify variables affecting carbon dioxide, and pairwise panel Granger causality analysis was used to analyze causality between these variables.&#x0D; Results: According to panel FMOLS and panel DOLS analysis, ODA and renewable energy reduce CO2 emissions, but economic growth increases CO2 emissions.&#x0D; Conclusions: As a result of panel FMOLS and panel DOLS analysis, economic growth was identified as a factor in increasing CO2 emissions, and international development cooperation and renewable energy were identified as factors in reducing CO2 emissions.

AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS AND THE JUST WAR THEORY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS

Autonomous weapon systems (AWS) present a formidable obstacle to the application of just war theory in international law. While just war theory has long served as a framework for assessing the moral and legal justification of armed conflict, the lack of human control over the use of force in AWS creates unique ethical and legal challenges. This article investigates the effects of AWS on just war theory in international law, including the application of jus ad bellum and jus in bello criteria. It discusses the benefits and drawbacks of AWS, the current legal framework for these systems, and the difficulties associated with applying just war theory criteria to AWS. The article concludes with recommendations for future research and policy development to address these challenges, including the need for additional research, the development of clear legal frameworks, international cooperation and coordination, public participation and awareness, and research on alternative approaches to the use of AWS in armed conflict. By addressing these concerns, researchers can work toward a future in which the development and use of AWS are consistent with the principles of the just war theory and international law

지속가능한 국제농업개발협력사업이 삶의 질에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

Purpose: This study establishes factors that increase the sustainability of international agricultural development cooperation projects and analyzes the impact of those factors on the quality of life of beneficiaries to determine factors that have a significant impact on changes in beneficiaries in the future. Originality: This study aims to analyze what factors have a positive impact on the quality of life among Ugandan farmers who are beneficiaries of case projects. Methodology: Based on previous research, factors for increasing business sustainability and quality of life measurement indicators were selected, and then PLS-SEM analysis was used to analyze which factors had a significant impact on subjective quality of life. Result: The PLS-SEM analysis result, social changes and psychological changes were found to be factors that significantly affect quality of life. Construction of economic and infrastructure appeared to have a significant impact on economic and social changes, and construction of a cooperation system had a significant impact on economic, social and psychological changes. The IPMA results showed that psychological change, social change, and building a cooperative system should be maintained as the status quo. Conclusion and Implication: The establishment of a cooperative system based on voluntary participation in agricultural sector projects must be The establishment of a cooperative system based on voluntary participation in agricultural sector projects must be considered important as it affects economic, social, and psychological changes and even perceptions of QoL. Economic and infrastructure construction didn't have an impact on the perception of QoL, the agricultural sector can drive Uganda's economic growth and therefore requires continued attention. In order to increase agricultural income in business, linkages between companies, cooperatives, and also universities are necessary. In case of cooperatives, it can be organized by breeding respond to the market environment and enhance expertise. And could be linked to agricultural forward and backward industries by considered the poor distribution environment, and also support young startup and then have a cooperative relationships.

ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ЧЕРКЕССКОЙ АССОЦИАЦИИ ПО ПОДДЕРЖАНИЮ МЕЖНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО МИРА В СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ПЕРИОД

It has been revealed that the propaganda of the maintenance of interethnic peace at the interna-tional, federal and regional levels is a priority in the activities of the ICA in the modern period. In this activity of the ICA, the most effective and widespread were those conducted in 2014-2023 scientific and practical conferences, round tables, etc., the purpose of which is to promote: harmo-nization of interethnic relations, development of international and interregional cooperation using public diplomacy methods, strengthening ties with foreign compatriots, forming a favorable pub-lic opinion about Russia abroad, interaction between government bodies, public, religious and ed-ucational organizations. The active work of the ICA in the maintenance of interethnic peace was highly appreciated at the federal level. President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, in his ad-dress to the participants of the XIII ICA Congress, noted special recognition of the association’s efforts to maintain peace and harmony in the North Caucasus, constructive dialogue with govern-ment agencies and civil society institutions. The peacekeeping position of the ICA on the political situation in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions of Ukraine, which escalated in March 2014, was to support Russia’s policy aimed at its peaceful settlement. After the start of the special operation of the Russian Armed Forces in Ukraine (February 2022), the position of the ICA is to support this measure, criticize the founders and participants of the “Free Circassia” movement, created in Warsaw in 2022, as well as calls for the Circassian people – unite and resist the provocations of anti-Russian forces.

INVOLVEMENT OF UKRAINE IN THE PROCESSES OF GLOBAL INTERACTION

Objective. The objective of the article is the analysis of the level of involvement of Ukraine in the processes of global interaction in the period of 2017-2021. Methods. The following cognitive methods and techniques are applied in the research process: theoretical generalisation and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, tabular and graphical methods. Results. It is established that globalization is the main mega trend at the current stage of development. It is determined that one of the most representative and authoritative indicators of globalization in general, the inclusion of countries in the processes of global interaction in particular, is the KOF Globalisation Index, which, from 2002, is systematically calculated and published by the Swiss Institute of Economics at the Federal University of Technology in Zurich. It is identified that the KOF Globalisation Index is detailed by indicators of economic (trade and financial globalisation), social (interpersonal globalisation, information globalisation, cultural globalisation) and political globalisation, each of which is given in three dimensions: average value, de facto value (actual level of globalisation - the real level of global interaction) and de jure (politics and other factors contributing to the development of globalisation; varies within 0-100, where 0 is the minimum value, 100 is the maximum). It is substantiated that in 2017-2021 Ukraine is a country that is actively involved in the processes of global interaction, which is reflected both in the dynamics of the actual participation of the country in the processes of international cooperation, and in the further development of institutions, facilities and other components of the pool of determinants of the development of international cooperation of countries. It is established that in the analysed period Ukraine achieved the greatest success in the sphere of political and social globalisation. It is proved that in the sphere of economic globalisation Ukraine is most actively involved in the processes of global trade interaction, in the sphere of social globalisation - in information interaction. It is established that in most spheres the level of de jure globalisation of Ukraine is higher than the similar de facto indicator (the exception is the sphere of economic globalisation, where the opposite situation is observed - the level of economic globalisation of Ukraine is de facto higher than the de jure indicator).

Стратегические направления и перспективы развития в РФ логистической информационной платформы LOGINK

The directions of digital transformation of unimodal and multimodal freight transportation are being studied within the framework of the Superservice 22 project, the state information system of electronic transportation documents (GIS EPD), the automated ETRAN system, and the INTERTRAN project. The strategic goals of creating a national digital transport and logistics platform in Russia are determined. The experience of the phased construction of the LOGINK transport and logistics public information platform in China is summarized and investigated. Three stages of the development of the LOGINK information platform are distinguished and characterized: the stage of internal standardization; the stage of regional integration; the stage of international promotion. The types and flows of information exchange on the LOGIN transport and logistics platform are identified. The dynamics of the development of the LOGIN platform's international cooperation with seaports, leading shipping companies and global logistics operators is considered. The cooperation of the LOGINK transport and logistics platform with international organizations and institutions that set standards in the field of logistics and freight transportation is being studied. Strategic directions for using the LOGINK platform are being established within the framework of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative in order to increase China's influence on international freight transportation and global supply chains. Proposals are being developed to change the strategy of “international promotion” of the LOGINK platform and enhance its cooperation with logistics operators of alternative container transportation routes and cross-border transit routes, in particular with Russian ports, rail carriers and leading logistics companies in Russia. The stages of the implementation of the strategy of “international promotion” of the LOGINK information platform in the Russian market of transport and logistics services are determined and characterized in a meaningful way. The expediency of combining the LOGINK information platform with the ecosystem of digital transport corridors of the Eurasian Economic Union is substantiated.

Assessment of Innovativeness of the EU Candidate Countries Based on the European Innovation Scoreboard

Innovation is seen as a key capability for maintaining a competitive advantage, creating value for customers, and capturing a larger share of the market. In the contemporary world economy, understood as a set of mutual connections and interdependencies, innovations are crucial for economic growth and competitiveness. Internationalization and globalization processes in the world economy also concern the innovativeness of economies, and are visible in international use of technologies developed within national innovation systems, globalization of the creation and implementation of innovations, international (global) cooperation in research and development and innovation activities, international (global) protection of intellectual property. The aim of the article is to assess the level of innovativeness of the economies of selected European Union candidate countries based on the Summary Innovation Index (SII) and its components, as well as to estimate the innovation gap between these countries and the EU average of the Summary Innovation Index in 2023. The analysis was limited to Turkey (TR), Serbia (RS), Albania (AL), Montenegro ME), North Macedonia (MK), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BA) and Ukraine (UA) due to the availability of data describing the Summary Innovation Index, provided for all the EU candidate countries surveyed in the European Innovation Scoreboard. The paper formulates a research thesis assuming that the surveyed EU candidate countries are characterized by a lower level of innovativeness of economies than the EU average of the Summary Innovation Index and its components. Therefore, they show an innovation gap compared to the average for European Union countries in 2023. The results of the analysis only partially confirm this thesis. The article reviewed the literature on the innovation and innovativeness of economies and the innovation gap. The applied methods include descriptive analysis, statistical data analysis and comparative analysis along with statistical data from the European Innovation Scoreboard 2023.

Local food policy: implementation of food initiatives from the national level to the level of territorial communities of Kharkiv region

The article is devoted to the analysis of food policy in the Kharkiv region. In addition, the article examines certain aspects of the national policy aimed at preventing the food crisis in the conditions of war. The author briefly examines the main problems and challenges faced by agriculture and the food sector in wartime conditions. The article highlights the main measures aimed at ensuring equal access to food products in wartime and the steps taken for this purpose at different levels: national, regional and in individual communities of the Kharkiv region. In more detail, the article examines the role of local authorities and public initiatives in improving food policy, as they allow not only to ensure food security, but also to involve internally displaced persons in economic activities. The author states that the prospects of food policy in the Kharkiv region are dependent on many factors, in addition to the actual course of the military conflict. The article concludes about the special importance of the following factors: strengthening the defense capability and security of agricultural facilities, transport routes; increasing the efficiency and transparency of the mechanisms of state regulation of food prices, control over the quality and safety of food products, prevention of speculation and abuse; expanding the scope and variety of state support to national food producers; development of international cooperation and integration into the European and world market; support and development of public organizations, volunteer movement, social entrepreneurship, local initiatives and projects that contribute to the provision of food and support to the needy; raising the level of education, culture, awareness and responsibility of the population regarding food security.

MAJOR PLATFORMS OF INTER-BLOC KNOW-HOW EXCHANGE IN THE 1950s AND 1960s IN THE CASE OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Through the case study of Czechoslovakia, this article analyses the main platforms through which projects of economic and scientific-technical cooperation between the two sides of the Iron Curtain were implemented in the 1950s and 1960s. The emphasis is placed on mapping the changes that each platform of East-West cooperation underwent over time and on characterizing the impact that these transformations had on the development of international cooperation. In the first place, the role of conferences and scientific-technical societies is examined. In addition, considerable space is also devoted to the rediscovery of the long-overlooked international fairs and inter-company visits that allowed face-to-face contact between experts in the environment of industrial plants and laboratories. The analysis of the role and development of the various platforms of inter-bloc cooperation draws heavily on the archives of Czechoslovak industrial ministries. In addition, the testimonies of individual scientists and experts who participated in international cooperation projects in the 1950s and 1960s provide important support for the article. Although the emphasis of the analysis is on the case study of the Czechoslovak economy, its connection to other member states of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance requires that the Czechoslovak experience be placed in the broader framework of the pan-socialist milieu.

Increasing Information Transparency of the Results of a Regional Export Project in the Urals Federal District

The influence of information on the activities of the authorities is increasing. The problem of the low popularity of the national project "International Cooperation and Export" remains. The purpose of the article is to generalize the theory and develop a methodology for assessing the information transparency of the results of the regional project "Systemic measures for the development of international cooperation and exports" of the regions of the Ural Federal District and to develop applied recommendations. The author has developed signs of information transparency: relevance (relevance, focus, timeliness),sufficiency (completeness, structuring) of information. A program of research and methodological tools for score assessment based on content analysis of government websites and open sources has been developed. The applied signifi cance lies in the systematization of the economic practice of information transparency in the regions of the Ural Federal District. The most significant problem is the lack of linking information with the approved project results. The value of the information relevance subindex (from 0.11 points in the Kurgan Region to 2.50 points in the Tyumen Region) and the information sufficiency subindex (from 0.02 points in the Sverdlovsk Region to 2.22 points in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug) were calculated. Practical recommendations have been developed for the authorities: relevance and focus, reliability of information, comparability of planned and actual values, structuring and detailing of information. The obtained principles of information relevance can be used as a basis for the development of appropriate standards for the provision of information.

ONE BELT, ONE ROAD - A NEW TREND IN THE RAPPROCHEMENT OF CIVILISATIONS

This article is devoted to the benefits of cultural exchange for Kazakhstan and China in terms of social development and stability within the framework of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative. The aims of the study are to explore new opportunities for further cooperation and to provide rational recommendations on how to effectively promote the improvement of intercultural exchange and the creation of greater cultural and economic benefits by examining the current situation in the field of cultural circulation. To achieve the objectives of the study, the dissemination and development of the Kazakh language and culture in China, the promotion of Confucius Institutes in Kazakhstan, as well as joint educational activities and international cultural interaction are studied in detail and actively. Using a comparative approach, the article draws conclusions about the specific achievements and interests of cultural exchange and intercultural interaction for both countries. The Belt and Road Initiative, based on the basic principle of interconnectivity, connects more than 150 countries and regions, and 32 international organizations, in other words, it is two-thirds of the world's countries and 63% of the world's population. Above all, the mutual flow and diffusion of cultures provides countries with excellent international talent and a high-quality stimulus for the development of international cooperation. In addition, mutual understanding and humanistic exchanges between different countries, ethnic groups and religions reduce barriers and misunderstandings, increase mutual trust and create favorable conditions for the enrichment of human civilization.

A Comparative Study on the Professional Development of Teachers in China and British Universities

As global education reform continues to advance and the knowledge economy is booming, building a learning society has become an irresistible trend of social development. In this context, improving the professional development and literacy of college teachers will inevitably become a critical link and a significant force to promote the sustainable development of higher education, and it is an essential topic of higher education research in all countries in the world. This paper uses the approach of comparative research to study the historical evolution, connotation, and organization of teachers' professional development in Chinese and British universities. It found that the professional development of teachers in Chinese and British universities is macroscopically aimed at promoting the high-quality development of education and serving students and society. On the micro level, China pays attention to the integrity of the development of teachers in colleges and builds an education and training system from top to bottom, while in the UK, the government, professional organizations, and universities establish professional development institutions for teachers, which are independent and cooperative with each other; the financial support for teachers’ professional development in the UK is flexible and diverse, while in China, the government allocates funds directly; the UK actively carries out international academic exchanges and cooperation for teachers' professional development, formulating rules and sharing experiences, while China pays more attention to domestic exchanges and cooperation for teachers' professional development, with less participation in international contacts.

Gender Mainstreaming in Indonesia’s Bilateral International Development Cooperation

Gender mainstreaming is an important subject to be mindful of in the Indonesian government’s development cooperation with bilateral development partners. Gender conflict is one of the obstacles that countries face when executing national and international development programs. Indonesia is one of the countries that uses a gender mainstreaming technique to incorporate gender problems into development initiatives. The establishment of a gender mainstreaming strategy (PUG) is vital in developing policies, particularly in carrying out bilateral development cooperation. This is significant for Indonesia as an endeavor to decrease inequality in the country, but Indonesia’s weak PUG is one of the country’s impediments to fulfilling national interests. One of the strategies undertaken by Indonesia to integrate gender mainstreaming into international development is through the Triangular South-South Cooperation Forum in order to form a strategic partnership with Afghanistan and Germany. Afghanistan is seen as a potential bilateral partner with aligned interests in promoting women’s empowerment and gender equality. Given that it is not only Indonesia that has national interests, the second-party countries must also have interests and conditions that are not always mutually agreed upon and might be detrimental to Indonesia. Therefore, the dynamics of bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and Afghanistan are interesting to identify, considering that GIZ, as the German representative, is present as a mediator bridging the partnership. Thus, this study aims to explain the strategy for gender mainstreaming in Indonesia’s international development cooperation with bilateral partners, which is also equipped with an analysis of the constraints that affect the outcome of the cooperation.

International Development Cooperation in the Amazon

Abstract This paper investigates International Development Cooperation projects carried out in the Brazilian Amazon in recent decades, analyzing also the involved agents and resources. To achieve this, we referred to information published by the Brazilian Agency of Cooperation and international funding providers. The results indicate the formation of a complex ecosystem comprising interrelated and independent actors. Keywords: Amazon; international development cooperation; environment; sustainable development

천연생물자원을 활용한 국제적정기술 사업화 모델개발

This study aims to develop a model for international development cooperation in the bio sector through the development of commercialization model using natural biological resources in developing countries. To this end, this study analyzed the theoretical background of international appropriate technology using natural biological resources through the 'Ser-M' model, as well as conducted a case study. Through the analysis, this paper developed and presented a commercialization model for the appropriate technology of added value provision utilizing natural biological resources. The case study is based upon the “Appropriate Technology Dissemination and Capability Building Project of the Philippines”, which was carried out by the KOICA and KIPA from 2014 to 2016. Based on the theoretical background and case study results, implications and directions were drawn for the development of commercialization model for international appropriate technology utilizing natural biological resources covering relevant subject, environments, resources, and mechanism. The direction of commercialization model development was established through the commercialized process reflecting natural biological resources based on the value chain, the IDC model through the division of the value chain, and the commercialization model targeting global markets. Based on the directions above, the commercializing process was established according to the value chain, the division system was derived accordingly, and the business model canvas(BMC) was derived through the 9 major business elements that should be included whitin the commercialization. By synthesizing the above studies, the commercialization model and the division of labor between developing and developed countries were presented finally. The suggested commercialization model will furnish a win-win opportunity for both developing and developed countries through the international appropriate technology as a mediator. Developing countries are likely to have the opportunity to develop new industries and export products through developing their natural biological resources, as well as building-up capabilities and creating job opportunities for utilizing biological resources. In addition, developed countries may develop various sorts of biological resources overseas and implement the global responsibility through supporting capability enforcement, technology and knowledge transfer to developing countries. The commercialization model of international appropriate technology utilizing natural biological resources is expected to become a new IDC model in the bio sector realizing the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity as well as the sharing of benefits. The importance of this study is to suggest an appropriate technology model for Sustainability Transition Innovation integrating social and economic values and to present a new IDC model for the development and diffusion of appropriate technology in the bio sector.

THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN MODERNISATION PROCESSES AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF ATTEMPTATIONS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (60s-70s of the XIX Century)

The article highlights the role of universities as centres of intercultural communication in the broader context of analysing the reformist experience of the Russian Empire in the 60s and 70s of the nineteenth century on the basis of the study of memoirs, periodicals of the nineteenth century, as well as documents of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv, which were first introduced into scientific circulation. The conclusions emphasise that despite the implementation of peasant, judicial and military reforms, and the introduction of elected local government, the Russian empire did not undergo a radical modernisation of socio-political life, and the authoritarian principles of state governance remained unchanged. Attempts to implement liberal reforms remained half-hearted and incomplete, and the idea of establishing a constitutional monarchy proved unviable in the realities of an autocratic police state. At the same time, during the nineteenth century, in the Russian empire, the role of universities as factors of modernisation and a wide range of socio-cultural processes related to the development and implementation of scientific ideas, scientific and theoretical support for economic development, the formation of staff potential and the cultivation of social consciousness focused on political emancipation was established. The development of a university corporate culture based on the principles of autonomy was in sharp contrast to the foundations of the russian imperial autocracy. Despite the fact that imperial universities were founded to implement the autocratic (in particular, Russification) policy, they became the source and catalyst of modernisation processes, ensuring the rise of the educational and cultural level of society by training personnel for the most important spheres of social life – science, pedagogy, public administration, various sectors of the economy, legal activities, medicine, literature, journalism, etc. Universities were powerful instruments of westernisation processes, centres for the development of international scientific and educational cooperation, and conductors of scientific knowledge, technological innovations, and ultimately the legal principles and socio-cultural values of European civilisation. Representatives of the teaching corporation and university graduates were actively engaged in educational activities, popularising scientific knowledge among the general public, giving public speeches and open lectures, participating in the development of book publishing, periodicals and public scientific organisations, thus influencing public consciousness and developing the scientific and theoretical basis for modernisation reforms. The university environment provided fertile ground for the rise of opposition to the autocracy, national and cultural movements, and the cultivation of socio-political thought consonant with the European ideological trends of the time.