International Bodies Research Articles

تأثير مسؤوليات مجلس الإدارة على جودة المعلومات المحاسبية (The Effect of the Responsibilities of the Board of Directors, on the Quality of Accounting Information)

Based on the world's crises over the last two decades, international bodies have sought to establish rules that govern commercial banks' standards of control and supervision. Although the banking sector is the backbone of economic life, governance has evolved over the last decade to include more transparency in management and regulate the relationship between the company's parties. Furthermore, to achieve a high level of quality in these reports, more trust should be placed in the information in these companies' financial reports. The problem statement addresses the effect of applying corporate governance standards of the responsibilities of the board of directors on the performance of Libyan commercial banks. The study aims to determine the effect of this standard's implementation on the quality of accounting information in Libyan commercial banks. In order to achieve the study's objectives, the questionnaire was used to collect data and assess the impact of applying standards of the responsibilities of the board of directors of corporate governance on the quality of accounting information. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development criterion was used as an independent variable, standards of the responsibilities of the board of directors, to measure it on the dependent variable (the quality of accounting information in banks). The study sample included several members of the board of directors, non-auditors, internal auditors, accountants and heads of departments in some branches of Libyan commercial banks. The descriptive approach was used in the analysis using the SPSS program. The study concluded that this governance standard positively impacts Libyan commercial banks' accounting information quality. However, this result was strong in the responsibilities of the board of directors on the quality of accounting information, in contrast to this study's standards and to previous studies. Comparing earlier research, it was found that the environment in which Libyan banks operate is different from that of these studies because Libyan banks confront a variety of hazards, including those related to the environment, the economy, politics, and security. The study also recommended that: the Central Bank should verify the banks' implementation of the Governance Guide issued by the Central Bank of Libya. Banks must have a guide to corporate governance principles and a committee responsible for ensuring compliance with the practice of these principles.

Evaluation of readability levels of online patient education materials for female pelvic floor disorders

Most women hesitate to seek help from healthcare providers as they find it difficult to share complaints of involuntary leakage or vaginal prolapse. Hence, they often refer to the websites of national and/or international bodies’ patient education materials (PEMs), which are considered the most reliable sources. The crucial factor that determines their usefulness is their readability level, which makes them “easy” or “difficult” to read, and is recommended, not to exceed the sixth grade level. In this study, we aimed to assess the readability levels of Turkish translated PEMs from the websites of the International Urogynecological Association and the European Association of Urology and the PEMs originally written in Turkish from the website of the Society of Urological Surgery in Turkey. All the PEMs (n = 52) were analyzed by online calculators using the Atesman formula, Flesch-Kincaid grade level, and Gunning Fog index. The readability parameters, number of sentences, words, letters, syllables, and readability intervals of these methods were compared among the groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test, or ANOVA test, with post hoc comparisons where appropriate. The readability level of all PEMs is at least at an “averagely difficult” interval, according to both assessment methods. No significant differences were found among the PEM groups in terms of readability parameters and assessment methods (P > .05). Whether original or translated, international or national societies’ PEMs’ readability scores were above the recommended level of sixth grade. Thus, the development of PEMs needs to be revised accordingly by relevant authorities.

Application of REPAS to analyze the sump clogging issue following a LOCA and its impact on the reliability of the ECCS long-term core cooling function

Sump clogging has been identified as a relevant issue after an accident occurred in the Barsebäck-2 nuclear power plant in Sweden (1992). Following a steam line Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) due to the inadvertent opening of a safety relief valve, the jet stripped some insulation material from nearby pipes. The insulation debris were transported to the inlet of the strainers for the drywell spray system, thus clogging the intake. The accident was not serious but showed that the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) could have failed. As a consequence, several actions have been undertaken by international organizations, regulatory bodies and nuclear power plant owners to characterize this issue, and propose solutions and improvements. In the present paper, the Reliability Evaluation of Passive Safety Systems (REPAS) methodology is applied to analyze the sump clogging issue and its effect on the long-term core cooling function. Originally developed to evaluate the reliability of passive systems, REPAS is here applied for the first time to an active system. The application is performed using the TRAC/RELAP Advanced Computational Engine (TRACE) code, developed by the USNRC, to simulate a generic three-loop PWR, with an active decay heat removal system.

System and types of minority rights

This article deals with the issue of the protection of national minority rights and the system of human rights protection in general. The author reviews the latest research and publications of scholars from Ukraine and abroad. The author describes the regulatory provisions of the current legislation in this area. It is noted that national minorities are an important component of society and have the right to protect their rights and interests. The author also examines the definition of a national minority and its types, as well as the system of protection of national minority rights in the UN and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The author also emphasizes that the topic of minorities, in particular, LGBT people, is very relevant today and is actively discussed in journalism, special scientific literature, political practice and law- making. The article reveals the scientific approaches to systematization of the main issue of this scientific issue. The author identifies the advantages and disadvantages of scholars’ approaches to the article’s subject matter. Most types of minority rights are analyzed. This topic concerns not only human rights issues but also general stability and peace in society.
 In general, the article concludes that the protection of national minority rights is an important component of human rights protection in general. Society must take measures to ensure equality and protect the rights of minorities, as this has an impact on the preservation of peace and harmony in society as a whole. Various international and national instruments and bodies exist to ensure the protection of national minority rights, such as the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the European Court of Human Rights and others. However, further work is needed to improve the system of protection of national minority rights, as problems of discrimination and rights violations still exist.
 Understanding and respect for the rights of national minorities is a prerequisite for any progressive society, as it contributes to the preservation of peace and harmony in society as a whole.

The Case Law of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia Concerning Migration and Asylum Issues

This study analyses the case law of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia on migration and asylum issues initiated after Croatia acceded to the European Union. After the introduction (Sec.1), the study provides an overview of the relevant sources of migration and asylum laws (Sec. 2). The central part of the study (Sec. 3) analyses the legal reasoning of the Constitutional Court, which shows the change in its approach towards applying more significant standards of protection guaranteed by the EU Law and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, especially regarding the principle of ex nunc evaluation of the and the duty to ensure that the receiving third country is safe. The study also shows that further improvements in practice are required, as indicated by the cases against Croatia lodged before the European Court of Human Rights and other international human rights bodies concerning the issue of illegal pushbacks (Sec. 4). The study ends with main conclusions relating to the Constitutional Court’s role in safeguarding asylum seekers’ human rights as guaranteed by the EU law and the European Convention (Sec. 5). The conclusion is that the Constitutional Court follows the applicable case law of the Court of Justice of the EU and the European Court of Human Rights. However, in some cases there seems to have been a lack of opportunity for asylum seekers to exhaust legal remedies against the decisions or actions taken by Croatian public authorities and ultimately access the Constitutional Court.

International legal mechanisms for the protection of human rights and freedoms in times of war: the practice of the ECHR

The issue of human and civil rights and freedoms is an integral part of the problems of the real human situation in society and the State. Never before have the issues of human and civil rights and freedoms been raised as acutely as they are today in connection with Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The international community is on the side of Ukraine, the inviolability of its territorial integrity, and most importantly, in defense of human rights as the highest social value in the country.
 Also, after the armed aggression of Russia and its full-scale invasion of Ukraine, ensuring international security has become a major issue of the day. As an independent, legal and social state, Ukraine is particularly interested in protecting human rights and freedoms. Currently, there are many international bodies that monitor the observance of human rights and freedoms and protect these rights, including courts and tribunals. They are divided into universal, i.e. those that operate at the UN level, and regional (European, American, African, Asian and others). For a detailed study of this issue, the author has researched and analyzed international standards of human and civil rights and freedoms, in particular, the case law of the ECHR in favor of Ukraine in the human rights protection system from 2014 to the present.
 As of February 21, 2023, the following interstate cases were pending before the ECtHR: the «Crimean case» related to the annexation of Crimea by Russia; the case of human rights violations in the occupied territories of Donbas, which includes the complaint about the downing of Malaysian flight MH-17 filed by Ukraine and the Netherlands; the case of violations of the rights of Ukrainian political prisoners; the case of the seizure of Ukrainian sailors and vessels in the Kerch Strait in 2018. the case of crimes committed by the Russian military during the full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
 However, it is worth noting that on September 16, 2022, Russia finally withdrew from the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. This was the result of Russia's expulsion from the Council of Europe. The European Court of Human Rights has finally lost jurisdiction over Russia, and the consideration of thousands of complaints against it has been called into question, including those filed by Ukraine.

Features of the organization of interaction between the international criminal court and law enforcement structures of Ukraine regarding the investigation of crimes

The article examines the statistics of the Prosecutor General's Office, the Ukrainian Helsinki Union for Human Rights, and the Kharkiv Human Rights Group regarding the investigation of international war crimes. A sociological survey of NPU employees, the prosecutor's office, lawyers, and victims of war crimes was analyzed, and problematic issues that hinder the effective investigation of international crimes were outlined based on the results. It was found that the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in relation to the investigation of the most serious international crimes is divided into: subject, territorial, universal, temporal and substantive. The subject jurisdiction of the ICC extends to crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. The national system of investigating crimes has been studied since 2014. It is theoretically justified that the key task at the moment is to document the consequences of an armed invasion - in an intensified mode, with the aim of providing both national and international judicial institutions with sufficient evidence, the Office of the General Prosecutor, the SBU, the NPU, the National Guard of Ukraine, other law enforcement structures. The problem of ensuring security during the collection of information by law enforcement officers, as well as other persons involved in the process of transferring information, evidence, testimony, etc., is outlined, because all these processes, as a rule, take place in the combat zone or in the adjacent territories. It was concluded that in order to improve the effectiveness of the investigation of international crimes in Ukraine, it is necessary to implement as soon as possible: a clear policy regarding the national system of prosecution for international crimes; effective coordination of both national and international bodies of pretrial investigation; quick exchange of information; a generalized electronic database of documentation with access to both prosecutors and investigators.

Towards Quality Education: An Entrepreneurship Education Program for the Improvement of Self-Efficacy and Personal Initiative of Adolescents

In recent decades, youth unemployment has been the focus of attention of international and community bodies in the area of social rights. Specifically, there is a need to promote attitudes and skills to access employment, decent work, and entrepreneurship. The measures implemented have not been effective. In 2023, Spain had the highest youth unemployment rate in the European Union (29.6%). An improvement in the level and quality of education and training of young people would reduce their level of unemployment. Entrepreneurship education is, therefore, a necessary value in the society of the 21st century since it is a tool for the development and growth of the younger population. In the entrepreneurship education model proposed in this study for adolescents, we focus on the capacities of self-efficacy and personal initiative as precursors of entrepreneurial behavior. This paper analyzes the differences between the mean values of the variables before and after the implementation of the educational program and the influence or correlation between the variables. The main results are threefold: (i) the educational program implemented improves the mean values of the two variables analyzed; (ii) self-efficacy exerts a positive or direct influence on personal initiative, and (iii) the educational program improves or reinforces the positive influence of self-efficacy on personal initiative.

In their own words: Mental health nurses' experiences of trauma-informed care in acute mental health settings or hospitals.

Trauma-informed care has emerged as a prominent strategy to eliminate coercive practices and improve experiences of care in mental health settings, with advocacy from international bodies for mental health reform. Despite this, there remains a significant gap in research understanding the integration of trauma-informed care in mental health nursing practice, particularly when applied to the acute mental health or hospital-based setting. The study aimed to explore the experiences of mental health nurses employed in acute hospital-based settings from a trauma-informed care perspective. The study design was qualitative, using a phenomenological approach to research. A total of 29 nurses employed in acute mental health or hospital-based environments participated. Three over-arching themes were uncovered: 'Embodied Awareness': highlighting mental health nursing emotional capabilities are deeply rooted in bodily awareness. 'Navigating Safety': signifying spatial elements of fear and how some mental health nurses' resort to coercive or restrictive practices for self-preservation. 'Caring Amidst Uncertainty': revealing the relational influences of security guards in mental health nursing. The study reveals a significant gap in trauma-informed care implementation when applied to the context of mental health nursing practice in this setting. Limited evidence on trauma-informed care for mental health nurses, coupled with inadequate workforce preparation and challenging work environments, hinder the effective integration of it. To genuinely embed TIC in acute mental health settings, the study emphasises the need for a thorough exploration of what this entails for mental health nurses.

Deploying destruction: Islamic State, international actors, and public opinion in Mosul

ABSTRACT Destruction of cultural heritage has increasingly taken center stage in global debates concerning conflict, crimes against humanity, and cultural genocide. From NATO to the UNSC, international bodies and their respective experts are reconsidering how to understand and combat targeted damage in an emerging terrain, where heritage destruction is being leveraged as a weapon of war. Relatedly, those same organizations, alongside government and non-governmental agencies, seek to rebuild historic sites as a means of (post-)conflict recovery, seamlessly tethering material and social renewal. Here we focus on the northern Iraqi city of Mosul in the aftermath of devastation wrought by Islamic State. We present findings from a survey of 1600 residents, revealing local attitudes toward the destruction of sites coupled with the international agencies and preservation programs seeking to manage heritage within the city. While Iraqis generally support heritage initiatives, we demonstrate how they prioritize broader rehabilitation efforts that foreground security and humanitarian aid. These results have implications for current and future projects in Iraq and beyond.

The Consequences of the Pandemic in the Hungarian Penitentiary System

The Covid-19 epidemic put significant pressure on national penitentiary services all over the world to control the impacts of the pandemic on closed prison environments. The prison services of the member states of the Council of Europe responded with incredible speed and effectiveness with preventive and administrative measures to prevent the spread of the virus. The objective of the Council of Europe, EuroPris and other international organisations, was to support the member states’ responses to the situation in prisons by facilitating the exchange of information and best practices. The present study examines and analyses the statements and recommendations of the most important bodies and committees of the Council of Europe, in parallel with measures and solutions implemented in Hungary, in the light of international recommendations.The paper is based on a descriptive analysis of the Council of Europe expectations and recommendations and their applicability in the Hungarian prison system. Hungary has successfully processed and incorporated almost all of the expectations of the international parties, in fact, the country took further steps to make the pandemic’s outreached contacts of prisoners and relatives more colourful and active.Prevention and control measures adopted in a timely manner were effective both in Hungary and in other Council of Europe member states. This study highlights the critical importance of rapid and appropriate actions by international control bodies and the open and cooperative response of the national prison services.

Protection of the Rights of Russian Citizens at the Supranational Level: in Search of Alternatives

Recently, international relations have deteriorated sharply, provoking the erosion of supranational human rights institutions. Against this background, Russia withdrew from the Council of Europe and, accordingly, from the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights. Federal legislation has introduced norms on the protection of Russian citizens from international bodies whose decisions contradict national legislation. However, this does not solve the overall task of protecting the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens at the supranational level. The article concludes that it is necessary to make more active use of the remaining opportunities to protect the rights of Russian citizens at the supranational level, as well as to create new alternative institutions for the protection of human rights within the framework of international associations friendly to Russia, such as the CIS, the SCO and the EAEU.

International mechanisms for the protection of children’s rights and family rights in the context of the transformation of interstate cooperation

In this article, the author analyzes modern mechanisms for protecting the rights of the child in the context of a regulated transformation of international cooperation between states. On a regular basis, a medical institution appears in the Russian Federation and the development of institutions for the protection and protection of human rights as a universal mechanism for the protection of human rights. This approach is based on the so-called European model of human rights protection, but the adoption of politicized decisions of international bodies for the protection of human rights. The authors presented sustainable changes that have affected Russian citizens in the exercise of their rights to international protection in the context of a global crisis between states. The methodology is conditioned by the goal of the research and includes, first of all, general and general scientific methods of research: systemic, unified, functional, historical. As a result of the study, the author concludes that it is necessary to create alternative instruments for the protection and promotion of human rights, the platform for which can be the Commonwealth of Independent States or the community of friendly states. The scientific and practical significance of the presented conclusions is due to a comprehensive analysis of the existing international mechanisms for the protection of the rights of the child in conditions that may affect their modification — the crisis of international cooperation.

Closing Legal Disparities: The Contribution of International Bodies in Unifying Cyber Legislation for Enhanced Cybersecurity

Closing Legal Disparities: The Contribution of International Bodies in Unifying Cyber Legislation for Enhanced Cybersecurity

Як Росія порушує міжнародне право через вторгнення до України

Abstract. Since February 24, 2022, russia has engaged in full-scale aggression against Ukraine. Despite the Russian army's failure to achieve the initial goals set by the Kremlin at the beginning of the invasion, the war against Ukraine has persisted for over 600 days. Tragically, it has resulted in the loss of almost 10 thousand civilian lives (excluding data from the occupied territories) and forced approximately 8 million citizens to flee Ukraine. The author emphasizes, that russia-Ukraine war opened a Pandora’s Box, because not only will it influence the parties of the conflict, but also it will definitely reshape the world in the next decades. The article explores the ways in which the Russian government violates international law through its attacks on Ukraine. Despite russia's attempts to justify its actions under self-defense or humanitarian intervention, the analysis finds these claims unsubstantiated, categorizing Russia's actions as aggression, war crimes, and potentially genocide. A crucial aspect is the manipulation of international law by russia to legitimize its actions. The article analyzes the concept of "authoritarian international law," where dictatorial regimes exploit legal norms for self-interest. Russia's narrative, framing the invasion as a special military operation and responding to alleged genocide, clearly constitutes an abuse of international legal principles. The article outlines the repercussions for Russia, including exclusion from international bodies and substantial sanctions. Legal measures, such as the International Court of Justice's provisional measures and a UN resolution demanding compensation, indicate a collective international response to hold Russia accountable. Despite these legal responses, the article acknowledges challenges in achieving justice. Russia's likely refusal to recognize jurisdiction and potential obstacles to compensation efforts prompt the proposal of a multilateral mechanism involving states controlling frozen Russian assets.

LEGAL DISPUTES OVER THE JUDICIARY: AN ELEMENT OF THE POLISH CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS

This article is an attempt to outline and explain the essence of disputes on the legal solutions adopted in the field of the functioning of the judiciary in Poland after 2015, which have been subject to critical assessment by international bodies and representatives of Polish jurisprudence. The constitutional crisis in Poland concerns the functioning of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, common and administrative courts, and the National Council of the Judiciary. The last one is not an organ of the judiciary but its constitutional powers concern the judiciary, and the changes which have been made in the method of appointing its members constitute one of the essential elements of the constitutional crisis in Poland. Therefore, to show the complexity of the problem more fully, the article will discuss legislative activities, the content of amendments to legal acts, and the consequences brought about by introducing defective regulations into the legal order of the Third Republic of Poland, both at the national and international level.

A framework to integrate virtual reality into international standard safety trainings

PurposeThe objective of this research is to propose an immersive framework that integrates virtual reality (VR) technology with directives international safety training certification bodies to enhance construction safety training, which eventually leads to safer construction sites.Design/methodology/approachThe adopted methodology combines expert insights and experimentation to maximize the effectiveness of construction safety training. The first step was identifying key considerations for VR models such as motion sickness prevention and adult learning theories. The second step was developing a game-like VR model for safety training, with multiple hazards and scenarios based on the considerations of the previous step. After that, safety experts evaluated the model and provided valuable feedback on its alignment with international safety training practices. Finally, the developed model is tested by senior students, where the testing format followed the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) working safely exam structure.FindingsAn advanced immersive VR safety training model was developed based on extensive lessons learned from the literature, previous work and psychology-informed adult learning theories. Model testing – through focus groups and hands-on experimentation – demonstrated significant benefit of VR in upgrading and complementing traditional training methods.Originality/valueThe findings presented in this paper make a significant contribution to the field of safety training within the construction industry and the broader context of immersive learning experiences. It also fosters further exploration into immersive learning experiences across educational and professional contexts.

Legal regulation of economic security of Ukraine under the establishment of Industry 4.0

Problem setting. The conditions of the modern digital era impose new requirements on the efficiency of national enterprises. Industry 4.0 involves digitization and automation of production processes and management at enterprises of the real sector of the economy to increase labor productivity, reduce costs, flexibility and adaptability of production systems, and the effectiveness of cooperation in the value creation chain. At the same time, with the possibilities of Industry 4.0 technologies, there are threats to economic security, which requires the development of a strategic vision and legal regulation of security in the digital economy. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The analysis of scientific publications of domestic scientists on the topic of the study showed that there are two opposite groups of works. The first group of researchers analyzes the risks and threats of Industry 4.0 for the economy; however, the authors do not provide recommendations for ensuring economic security in the digital economy. The second group of scientific publications is devoted to general issues of ensuring the economic security of Ukraine, in particular in the legal sphere. However, they hardly pay attention to threats from digitalization. Purpose of research is the development of theoretical provisions and practical recommendations regarding the improvement of regulatory and legal regulation of ensuring the economic security of Ukraine in the conditions of the formation of Industry 4.0. Article’s main body. The work examines the essence of Industry 4.0, the possibilities and advantages of introducing digital technologies into management and production processes, the risks of digitalization and threats to the economic security of Ukraine, the feasibility of improving the legal regulation of economic security in the conditions of the introduction of digital technologies is substantiated. During the analysis of legal acts, the lack of a strategic vision of ensuring economic security against the threats of digitalization, an insufficient list of security indicators for assessing the consequences of digital transformations, and the threat of Ukraine’s financial and technological dependence on developed countries were revealed. The basic principles of the formation of state policy in the field of economic security are substantiated: the rule of law, the priority of protecting economic sovereignty, the correlation and comparability of national and international legislation, adequacy, expediency, meaningfulness, rationality, timeliness and effectiveness of regulatory measures, mutually beneficial conditions of international cooperation, equality of opportunities for residents and nonresidents, stimulation of the domestic economy, sequence of opening of the national economic system for the EU economic system, priority of protection of strategic sectors of the economy, recognition of the jurisdiction of international judicial and arbitration bodies. It is proposed to improve legal regulation in terms of expanding the principles of state policy formation in the field of economic security, revising the methodology for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine, regulating the provisions on the development and implementation of the Strategy of Economic Security of Ukraine, establishing threats from digitalization and determining the corresponding tasks to overcome them in each sphere of economic security. Conclusions and prospects for development. The implementation of Industry 4.0 is associated with significant threats to national economic security, which requires the development and implementation of a state policy to ensure security in the field of the digital economy. The developed recommendations for improving legal regulation will allow to more effectively ensure economic security in Ukraine. Further directions of research consist in the development and scientific substantiation of measures to ensure economic security in conditions of digitalization, improvement of legal support for their effective implementation.

THE CONCEPT OF LUSTRAATION AND THE PECULIARITIES OF ITS APPLICATION IN UKRAINE

The article examines the essence of lustration as a political and legal mechanism for the protection of democracy. It was revealed that this phenomenon has been known to world his­tory since ancient times, but it received a modern meaning after the Second World War, when a number of European countries were in a state of overcoming the consequences of anti-dem­ocratic fascist and Nazi regimes. The complex political and legal nature of the concept of «lustration» is revealed, which is manifested in the need to find a balance between the protec­ tion of the principles of young democracy and the protection of human rights. The world ex­perience of conducting lustration and the most frequent mistakes made by states in this aspect are analyzed. International bodies and organizations, such as the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) and the European Court of Human Rights, play an important role in the mechanism of determining the criteria and principles of lustration. It is the established practice of these institutions that allows us to conclude that lustration in itself is not a violation of human rights, but acts as an effective mechanism for cleansing power from representatives of past anti-democratic regimes. Historical experience shows that only those states that passed through lustration and decommunization mechanisms got a chance to build truly democratic right-wing regimes. Ukraine, on the contrary, is a vivid example of a state that did not carry out appropriate proce­dures immediately after the overthrow of the communist regime, therefore, after almost several dozen years, it faced the same problems in a significantly larger volume. Also, the domestic experience of conducting lustration proved how ineffective the relevant mechanisms can be when the legislator does not take into account international standards in this field and the hast­ily adopted legislation contains a number of shortcomings, which include: lack of an individualized approach to responsibility, too wide a list of persons to whom it was distributed Law of Ukraine «On Purification of Power», lack of effective protection mechanisms, etc. As a result, such deficiencies in the legislation led to the recognition of unlawful state interference in the rights of persons to whom lustration was applied and the nullification of relevant efforts.

Diskriminacija ruske nacionalne manjine kao osnov za rat u Ukrajini

The paper examines the validity of the arguments used to justify the war in Ukraine. It starts from the discourse that supports the war. In Vladimir Putin’s speeches, the genocide against the Russians in Ukraine and the disrespect of the people’s right to self-determination are cited as a justification for the start of the conflict. The paper then points out the international legal framework of warfare, specifically under what conditions armed conflict is allowed, as well as what is the right of the people to self-determination and what are its limitations. The fourth part analyzes the reports dedicated to Ukraine by international monitoring bodies – the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance and the Advisory Committee under the Framework Convention for the Protection of the Rights of Members of National Minorities. By critically reviewing the arguments that appear in that conflict, this paper enables a comprehensive understanding of the degree of their compliance with international law. The paper ends with the conclusion that the degree of discrimination against ethnic Russians in Ukraine is not sufficient for the application of the concept of remedial secession and that the Russian military intervention in Ukraine is a violation of international provisions on the use of force.