International Balance Of Power Research Articles

Naderid Iran's Statehood, Territoriality, Status, and Diplomatic Capacity on Ottoman Scale: 1723-1748

Abstract This article explores Naderid Iran's nature of statehood, position in international balance of power, and evolving diplomatic practice. It argues that from 1723 to 1747, the sovereign establishment in Iran remained fundamentally dynastic without giving way to territoriality, continued to acknowledge Ottoman superiority in hierarchy as well as power relations as a principle, and gradually began to adopt, for the first time, early modern specialized phenomena in diplomatic conduct. The study bases itself on the documentation produced by Iranian-Ottoman diplomacy from the Afghan overthrow in 1722 until the aftermath of Nāder Shah's murder in 1747, contextualizes these records in comparison to those of earlier centuries, and treats the Hotaki regime, the Safavid rump state, and Nāder's monarchy in Iran as a whole.

THE CONCEPT OF SPLENDID ISOLATION: A CONTEMPORARY APPROACH

The article deals with the concept of «splendid isolation», traditionally associated with British foreign policy in the late 19th century, refers to the period when Britain distanced itself from European alliances. This article examines the rationale and consequences of this policy through a contemporary lens, drawing on contemporary scholarship to reassess the motivations and outcomes of Britain's diplomatic posture in that era. Analyzing the concept of «splendid isolation», the study focuses on the political, economic and military factors that determined British strategy. The focus of the study is also the analysis of criticism of this strategy and its consequences for Great Britain in the context of changes in the international balance of power at the beginning of the 20th century. The question arises as to whether «splendid isolation» was really an effective strategy for protecting national interests and maintaining the status of a world power. The traditional view of British foreign policy in the late Victorian era emphasizes independence and avoidance of binding alliances. The article examines the changes in the international environment, especially the growing competition from France, Russia, Germany and the United States, and how they influenced the decisions of British politicians. The article also examines the transition from isolationist policies to strategic alliances at the beginning of the 20th century.

THE IMPACT OF THE NEW SILK ROAD INITIATIVE ON THE INTERNATIONAL BALANCE OF POWER

This article examines the effects of the new Silk Road initiative, known as the "Belt and Road Initiative," on the international balance of power. It addresses its impact on revitalizing trade and relations among world nations, both culturally and geopolitically. It also discusses the role of the road in cultural exchange, intellectual and cultural interchange, and its contribution to reducing Western dominance and promoting global peace. The study concludes that the new Silk Road holds strategic importance in reshaping global power balances and the existing international system. The descriptive and analytical methods were employed to review the motives, causes, and challenges of reviving and re-establishing the Silk Road, along with analyzing trade-related figures. Additionally, historical methodology was occasionally used to recount the establishment of the Silk Road.

Analysing the Effects of Cyber Security on National Security from a Realist Perspective: "Stuxnet" Example

In this study, the effects of providing cyber security on national security are examined from a realistic perspective using the example of the Stuxnet virus. It has been stated that the increasing complexity of cyber threats due to technological advances poses serious risks to states' national security. In the study, the critical role of cyber security in protecting national security is emphasized through the Stuxnet attack. The Stuxnet attack is a cyber-attack on the facilities where Iran carried out its nuclear enrichment program in 2010. As a result of this attack, it was revealed that Iran had both interruptions in its nuclear program and a weakness in cyber security. As such, it is underlined that cyber security can affect the international balance of power and the strategic interests of states. From a realist perspective, since ensuring national security requires a resilient defense against cyber threats and vulnerabilities, it has become necessary to consider cyber security as an important parameter in determining national security policies. This study reveals the interdependent relationship between cyber security and national security in this age when cyberspace has become a very important arena for power struggles. Considering these reasons, it has been recommended that states, which realists consider the main actor in the international system, should make investments that will support their cyber security to protect their national security.

Power and competition in the transitions toward postrentierism: The cases of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates

AbstractThe imperatives of economic diversification mean that Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are scrambling to secure international markets and investments amid a series of domestic changes taking place, including centralized decision making, the marginalization of other traditional modes of governance, and rising nationalism. While there is some evidence of formal security‐related cooperation in the Gulf Cooperation Council as well as an informal security alliance operationalized by Saudi Arabia and the UAE at the onset of the Arab uprisings, these two states have gone on to pursue competing economic policies. This article assesses the economic and political interactions of Saudi Arabia and the UAE, arguing that contrary to Rosecrance's concept of “virtual states” with an emphasis on services, expertise, and creativity, connected to visions strategies in these cases, their primary power remains rooted in territorial aspects. It also finds that there are other factors such as leadership style, political and economic role conceptions, the regional and international balance of power, threat perception, and alliance formation that will continue to determine the shape and form of their cooperation or competition.

Cultural Self-confidence Path Analysis: Historical Background, Practical Logic and Promotion Strategy

In the process of modernization of China, cultural self-confidence is an important condition. Today, China has entered a new era, and the world and national conditions are undergoing profound changes. Against this historical background, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening, the international balance of power is undergoing profound changes, and conflicts and differences in world cultural concepts are becoming increasingly prominent. This paper studies the actual connotation and relationship of cultural confidence, and puts forward effective strategies to strengthen the socialist cultural confidence with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

Optimal Planning of Urban Building-Type Integrated Energy Systems Considering Indoor Somatosensory Comfort and PV Consumption

Building energy consumption is the main urban energy consumption component, which mainly serves people-centered work and living energy demands. Based on the physical requirements of humans in urban buildings and to determine the comfortable body temperature in each season, this paper establishes a sizing optimization model of building-type integrated energy systems (IES) for sustainable development, where the cooling and heating loads required to maintain indoor somatosensory body comfort temperature are calculated. Depending on the external energy price, internal power balance, and other constraints, the model develops an optimal sizing and capacity-planning method of energy conversion and storage unit in a building-type IES with PV generation. The operating principle is described as follows: the PV generation is fully consumed, a gas engine satisfies the electric and thermal base load requirements, and the power system and a heat pump supply the remaining loads. The gas price, peak-valley electricity price gap, and heat-to-power ratio of gas engines are considered important factors for the overall techno-economic analysis. The developed method is applied to optimize the economic performance of building-type IES and verified by practical examples. The results show that using the complementary characteristics of different energy conversion units is important to the overall IES cost. A 300 kW building photovoltaic system can reduce the gas engine capacity from 936.7 kW to 854.7 kW, and the annual cost can be approximately reduced from 7.82 million to 7.50 million RMB yuan.

The Future of the Dollar in Light of the Rising Economic Capacity of Chinese Trade

Purpose: This research deals with the major changes in trade balances between large countries, especially between the United States and China, in light of the continuous increase in the capabilities of the Chinese economy. This was reflected in the exchange value of foreign currencies to reflect this shift in economic balances. The aim of this study is to examine the relations between the rise of the Chinese economy and its currency, the Yuan, and the possible decline in the international dealings of the dollar. Methodology: The analytical descriptive approach was adopted to analyze the relationship between the increasing capacity of the Chinese economy and the decline in financial transactions in the US dollar. The theoretical framework: This research will deal with shifts in the economic balance of power by presenting an analysis of the reality of both the United States and China and analyzing the dimensions of this shift on the overall international relations between different countries. Findings: The results of this research the fact that the volume of trade competition between the United States and China has increased, and despite the importance of sound economic policies that support international competitive advantage, the role of comparative advantage achieved by the abundance of factors of production is no less important than improving the country's commercial performance. Research practical and social implications: The research is of great importance by showing the size of the relationship between the future of the dollar in commercial dealings with it and the rise of the Chinese economy and the conditions it will impose among all countries dealing in dollars. Originality/value: The research has great that it analyzes changes in the contemporary international balance of power with the emergence of new international trade powers.

Research on Coordinated Control Strategy Based on DC Bus Voltage of DC Microgrid

DC microgrid is the trend of the future distribution grid. Coordinated control of different types of distributed generation units, energy storage systems, converters, and loads in the DC microgrid to ensure efficient system operation is the focus of current research on the DC microgrid. In this paper, by taking the renovation project of Liangzi Island Electric Hotel in Hubei Province as a case, a coordinated control strategy based on DC bus voltage is proposed for internal power balance and stable system operation of the DC microgrid. Firstly, the operation mode is divided according to the different working conditions of the DC microgrid. The hierarchical droop control is used to associate each operating mode with different DC bus voltage intervals. Then a multi-source coordinated strategy is proposed, and each unit switches its operation mode according to DC bus voltage to maintain bus voltage and ensure power balance. Finally, the simulation is built and run in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the feasibility of the proposed coordinated control strategy.

Doğu Sorunu ve Siyonizm’in Uluslararasılaşması: Siyonizm Neden I. Dünya Savaşı’na kadar politik bir projeye dönüşmedi?

Zionism could not find political support in the international arena until the First World War. All the negotiations that Theodor Herzl and his predecessors had with Germany, Britain and Ottoman Empire at this point were in vain. In this context the aim of this study is to answer the question of why Zionism did not find official political support until World War. Its trying to answer this question through the systemic and domestic factors. The main argument of the study is that the great power policies and the international structure in the context of the Eastern Question were influential on Zionism. In this respect, the most effective reason delaying Zionism’s getting support from a great power until 1917 was that the international balance of power based on the Eastern Question.

The impact of Russia-Ukraine War on International Balance of Power was discussed

The impact of Russia-Ukraine War on International Balance of Power was discussed in the faculty activities event.

Global reassembly: Empirical data in conceptual pursuit. European perspective

The author explores a conceptual crisis in studies, dedicated to international relations, which are under pressure of growing number of threats and challenges. In search of new perspective models of global economic and political development and in the pursuit of attempts to explain the nature and causes of growing confrontation among different global actors specialists in IR, including European studies, propose various approaches and strategies, which often run counter to each other. The article focuses on a role of empirics in this scientific work, on a problem of measurability of different hypotheses and generalisations. On the basis of application of concrete indicators and data the author analyses the role of the EU, major European countries, Russia and other centres of power in world political-economic tables of ranks. The internal balance of power in the EU is explored, as well as main risks and vulnerabilities in its development. In the context of global reassembly the assessments are made on threats and challenges facing Russia. The conclusion is drawn that in the near future the phenomenon of polycentricity with elements of composite quasi-bipolarity will intensify. At the same tine, quasi-bipolarity represents more relevant configuration than the hypothesis about US-China “new bipolarity”. The United States and China more and more obviously shape new confrontational pivot of world politics in near future. This model is characterized with quasi-bipolarity because the number of rising powers, comparable with US and China in terms of capabilities and geopolitical ambitions, is much bigger than in the second half of XX century.

Внешнеполитические интересы и роль России в мире глазами студенческой молодежи

The study is considered in the context of existing knowledge in political sociology. Its relevance lies in the fact that our country is once again experiencing a turning point in its more than thousand-year history. Today Russia is looking for its own vector of foreign policy development, moving away from the influence of the West, but without seeking full integration with the civilizations of the East. A special military operation should be confidently seen as a catalyst for the formation of a new world order, changing the weight of countries in the international balance of power. The result will correlate with the events in the military conflict zone, changes in the structure of the world economy and measures for political resolution of the military confrontation. Our state has always remained original, but it is too early to talk about the completion of the formation of a political course. The aim of the study is to examine the issue of the political interest of modern Russian students as the most progressive and receptive part of the population and their respective sentiments on the key issues of the country's political life in relation to the state's foreign policy. As methods, the article presents: the results of a sociological survey, focus group research and in-depth interviews conducted among the student youth of the Penza region in 2023, as well as materials from other sociological studies. The article presents the results of a sociological survey, focus group research and in-depth interviews conducted among students of the Penza region in 2023, as well as materials from other sociological studies. The article reveals the preconditions, orientations and attitudes of Russian youth in the field of foreign policy, the level of trust in the authorities, the readiness of students to participate in the political life of the country, the impact of political changes on the lives of young people. Among the main results of the study, the authors pay special attention to domestic political interests and the assessment of the state's activities in the context of ongoing political events. As a conclusion, it should be noted that the materials of the presented study indicate a high level of sup-port among the young generation for the foreign policy course chosen by the country in relation to the Western coalition, a special military operation. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the political orientations of modern student youth in order to identify their attitudes towards the role of Russia in the world.

프랑스-영국의 관계, 숙적에서 동맹으로 (1815~1914)

This article explains the transformation of the relationship between Britain and France from hereditary enemies to alliance partners in three stages. At first, the Franco-British couple has evolved tremendously in the long period between 1815 and 1914 from structural hostility to firm allies. The domestic political change and European international balance of power, as well as the world political evolution are analyzed for this one hundred year peace. The structural comparison is followed by more detailed and historical analysis. The period 1815-1870 forms a cycle. In 1815, France was militarily and politically defeated and has since then made a progressive comeback on international stage with the help and assistance of Britain until the Crimean War. But France was defeated again by Prussia in 1870. The second period of 1870-1914 resembles the preceding one in that France needed to recover her international status. Nevertheless the relations with Britain has been more turbulent because of the imperialistic rivalry such as planned by the German Chancellor Bismarck in order to deviate France from revenge against Germany. The long term transformation of the bilateral relationship between France and Britain has been influenced by the political regime of these two countries, their imperialistic rivalry on global scene, and the balance of power in European politics, especially in regard to the triangle France-Britain-Germany. France and Britain have been embroiled in imperial rivalry, but have finally elaborated a common front of liberal democracies against the emerging German power.

Colonies et « question juive »

To this day, the idea that the Polish government collaborated with Hitler to persecute Jews in Africa during the Interwar period is a topic of debate—if not outright tension. Poland had clearly adopted anti-Jewish laws, as evidenced by its emigration policies, and Jewish emigration was one of the central focuses of the Interwar period. Only the great economic crisis, the rise of nationalism, a shift in the international balance of power, as well as other factors, derailed the country’s plans.However, the Polish political elite supported this idea, which was based on both colonial misconceptions—as seen in the case of the “Madagascar Plan”—and discriminatory political principles. This article examines how the Second Republic, influenced by national, and even nationalistic, currents in a population hostile to “foreigners” and Jews, promoted emigration as a solution to the social, political, and economic difficulties of the time.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION UNDER THE PROFOUND CHANGES UNSEEN IN A CENTURY: DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS

The world today is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century, and its evolution is accelerating. From the perspective of international relations, the international pattern has taken on the following new features: First, the international balance of power has changed. The main manifestations are: the decline of the strength of the western traditional powers; the collective rise of emerging economies; Sino-US relations have entered a period of strategic competition; Second, the Western-dominated international cooperation and global governance are in a lot of difficulties. Although the power politics model is changing to the global governance model, the Western-dominated international economic and trade cooperation, global economic governance, global climate governance, public health, cultural governance and other fields are in trouble. The fundamental reason is the concern of relative gains in the economic field. Political hegemony, “anti-globalization”, “anti-establishment” trend of thought, “power politics resurgence”; In culture level, “culture conflict theory” is advocated. At a time when international cooperation and global governance are stuck in a real dilemma and unable to find effective solutions to global issues, the era calls on emerging economies to step onto the world stage and actively participate in international cooperation to solve common crises facing the world. South-south cooperation among developing countries is leading a new paradigm of international cooperation. As the largest developing country in the world, China offers its solutions and wisdom in international cooperation and global governance.

A multi‐port hybrid circuit breaker integrated with power flow control ability

Power flow controllers and DC circuit breakers are compulsory components in a multi-terminal DC grid with overhead lines. They are both composed of similar power electronic devices and thus can be reasonably combined together to realize cost savings. This paper proposes a multi-port circuit breaker integrated with a multi-port power flow controller (M-PFCHCB). The topology structure, operation principles, control strategy and parameter configuration are illustrated in detail. The main breakers are composed of unidirectional power electronic switches, and the selection branch is based on two diode strings, which can significantly save the investment of the breaker. The proposed M-PFCHCB is able to deal with the fault isolation and the ultra-fast disconnector failure with high performance. Besides, the power flow of multiple lines can be simultaneously regulated by the M-PFCHCB without any external power supply. The internal power balance is achieved by controlling the AC circulating current inside the M-PFCHCB. The simulations conducted on PSCAD in a five-terminal DC grid with eight DC lines verify the feasibility of the proposed M-PFCHCB. The technical and economic analysis performed proves that the proposed M-PFCHCB can achieve the comprehensive functions of fault isolation and power flow control with low construction cost.

Research on Power System Joint Optimal Generation Scheduling Based on Improved Balance Optimizer

This article presents a power system joint optimization generation regulation method based on the improved balance optimizer, which takes the five factors of power system network loss, voltage offset, generation cost, fuel cost, and comprehensive pollution emission as the objective function and takes the internal power balance of the system, each generator set, generation capacity, generation flow, and up and down climbing as the constraints. Fully considering the current energy-saving development objectives and the impact of economic dispatching, taking stable and safe operation as the core, the power generation dispatching model is established by improving the balance optimizer. The model realizes the maximum power generation with the lowest energy consumption parameters and transitions from the original power generation energy consumption of the power system to the best energy-saving power generation energy consumption so that the power value of the system reaches the target balance and completes efficient dispatching. Simulation experiments show that the proposed method can ensure the most reasonable power load in both summer and winter. The average load in summer and winter is reduced from 254.78/mw to 205.36/mw, down about 19.39%, which can ensure the power generation stability of the power system. The average power generation cost after dispatching is 129,920 $/h, which is significantly improved by comparing with 131,225 $/h before dispatching and can realize certain environmental benefits.

A Journey to Arzrum during the 1829 Campaign by A. S. Pushkin: Translation with Commentary

AbstractIn 1829 Pushkin visited his brother and friends in the Caucasus Corps, going on to participate in the capture of Erzurum. This marked a decisive shift in the international balance of power. Victory over Persia in 1827 and Turkey in 1829 transformed Russia into the dominant force in the Middle East for a generation until the Crimean War. Spectacular success was an almost accidental by-product of the 1825 Decembrist Revolt. Many serving Decembrists had been reduced to the ranks and exiled south. A transient, fractious combination of prudent commander and free spirits rose to rare quality of achievement. Pushkin's A Journey to Arzrum (Erzurum) celebrates his friends’ part in delivering for Russia and salutes the Russia they stood for. The literary challenge was steep. Its text had to pass muster with an infuriated Tsar Nicholas, his “personal censor”. Pushkin's skilfully drafted and structured narrative met the test, contriving at the same time to accommodate a pervasive running commentary and political messages about reconciliation, combining the best of Russia's talents and a better future. Typically innovative and beautifully written, the travelogue conducts the reader on a lively tour of the Caucasus with a rich store of incident and issues along the way.

"The Russian-American Role in managing Crises : Syrian Crisis as a Model"

Russian-American relations in the modern era have gone through several stages, dominated by the nature of conflict and competition, more than cooperation, which has not yet risen to the level of strategic partnership between the two parties. If the US-Soviet relations had left an impact on the international balance of power during the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the birth of the Russian Federation ended what was known at the time as the Cold War, to start a new phase in the international system called the unipolar world, expressing the uniqueness of the United States in hegemony over The world, especially after Russia came out burdened with heavy economic burdens and commitments that made it in a weak position affiliated with the United States, especially in the first half of the nineties of the last century. One of the events in the Middle East, which has come under American hegemony and influence to a large extent, resulting in wars in which the United States occupied Afghanistan and Iraq The Middle East was and still is one of the most vital regions in the world that has witnessed rounds of US-Russian competition, especially in the Syrian crisis, because of its important strategic location, and the huge natural resources it contains, the most important of which are oil and gas, which are the most important sources of energy in the world, and who controls them. It controls the fate of the world today.