International Awareness Research Articles

Indigenous Advocacy and the Compliance Mechanisms of the World Heritage Convention: a TWAIL Reading

Abstract This article examines how Indigenous Peoples who depend on World Heritage sites for their culture and livelihood can appeal to the Committee when State Parties fail to comply with their obligations. While scholars criticize the World Heritage Convention for the lack of participation of Indigenous Peoples, particularly in the inscription and management processes, the framework of the Convention also allows representation and visibility. Indeed, compliance mechanisms offer opportunities for Indigenous advocates to negotiate Land sovereignty and environmental protection. TWAIL, which places the worldview of Indigenous Peoples at the center of legal practice, is crucial to understanding the interactions between Indigenous Peoples and the 1972 UNESCO Convention. TWAILers highlight how international law historically denies sovereignty rights to Indigenous Peoples. Article 6(1) echoes this absence of sovereignty. This article examines three cases in which Indigenous advocates petition to protect Native Lands against environmental degradations and colonization: Kakadu, Wood Buffalo, and Uluru. Ultimately, the challenges of Indigenous activists in their quest to preserve nature and culture reveal that the absence of sovereignty prerogatives remains a substantial issue. While the Convention provides a venue for advocacy and international awareness, Indigenous Peoples still must negotiate Land autonomy and cultural sovereignty with the State.

Cybersecurity Challenges in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

In an era marked by rapid advancements in technology and the digital revolution, cyber-security has become one of the most significant technical issues across countries, including nation-states like the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. This paper examines the very complex cyber security issues that Jordan experiences and evaluates how the legal structure established in Cyber Security Act No. 16 of 2019 can be used to face these challenges? Comparatively analyzed with global standards, the research identifies substantial shortcomings in Jordan’s cybersecurity enforcement, coordination and integration capabilities. The research also discusses how international cooperation and public awareness can help improve national cybersecurity. The study appears to indicate that while significant steps have been taken Jordan’s legal infrastructure, there is a need for continued modernization in line with a rapidly evolving cyber threat landscape. Finally, the paper ends by suggesting policy interventions that can bolster cybersecurity in Jordan, and it also draws attention to a number of issues regarding risk-based approaches for managing cyber threats regulation across different regulatory authorities; as well the necessity of more inclusive digital public engagement efforts. This is necessary to safeguard our vital structures in Jordan and provide a stable, secure cyberspace.

Perilous state of critically endangered Northwest African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki) across the Sudano‐Sahel

AbstractNorthwest African cheetah populations have declined precipitously, with expert opinion estimating that <420 individuals persist across parts of Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Niger and Mali. However, no reliable density estimates exist in the remaining subspecies strongholds throughout the Sudano‐Sahel Zone, including the W‐Arly‐Pendjari Complex and Greater Zakouma Ecosystem within the Bahr/Salamat landscape. Camera trap surveys were combined with spatially explicit capture–recapture methodologies in both regions to estimate the cheetah density and detectable demographic composition of these populations. Following 15 429 camera trap nights, we detected nine individuals during the dry season and four individuals during the wet season in Pendjari (2021), nine individuals (dry season; 2023) in Zakouma and none in Siniaka Minia. Cheetah densities were thus estimated at 0.17–0.24 and 0.37 cheetah per 100 km2 in Pendjari and Zakouma, respectively. While marginally higher than predicted, such low‐density estimates are concerning in the last remaining habitats harbouring this critically endangered subspecies. Considering the substantial contraction of regional cheetah distribution, we estimate an overall population size of 68 ± 29 individuals across the studied areas. These novel estimates are among the lowest formally determined densities throughout cheetah range in Africa, where a high frequency of people and livestock detected on camera traps highlight the ongoing risks to large carnivores in these protected areas. Subsequent management recommendations include implementation of the established regional conservation strategies that encompass the distributional range of these cheetah, continuous monitoring of populations, genetic analyses to inform management, curbing illegal trade and increasing international awareness around the plight of the subspecies.

ДІАСПОРАЛЬНА ДИПЛОМАТІЯ УКРАЇНИ ПІД ЧАС РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ

This article analyzes the political influence of the Ukrainian diaspora du- ring the Russo-Ukrainian war, which has become a crucial factor in se- curing international support for Ukraine. Through its active engagement, including organizing protests, lobbying for support in foreign parlia- ments, and interacting with governments, the diaspora has significantly strengthened Ukraine’s position on the international stage. This support has contributed to forming an international coalition against Russian ag- gression and securing humanitarian and military aid for Ukraine. The po- litical activity of the diaspora demonstrates how national unity can mani- fest beyond the country’s borders. The study explores cultural diplomacy as a tool for enhancing international support and awareness of Ukrainian culture and history. Art, literature, and music have helped shift global per- ceptions of Ukraine from a “peripheral” state to one actively defending its values on the international stage. The research confirms that econom- ic diplomacy during the war played a key role in maintaining economic stability, attracting international support, and preparing for the country’s reconstruction after the conflict. Humanitarian assistance from the dias- pora has become a major component of diaspora diplomacy, providing Ukraine with necessary resources for defense and strengthening its in- ternational standing. The study also characterizes educational diplomacy, which supported national resilience and bolstered international solidarity. Collaboration with international partners ensured the continuity of educa- tion, countered misinformation, preserved cultural identity, and prepared personnel for the country’s reconstruction.

Strong reasons make strong actions: What Shakespeare’s ‘King John’ can teach us about the Internet of Things

The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in modern societies brings forth unprecedented opportunities for convenience and connectivity but also poses significant cyber security challenges. This paper examines the risks associated with these devices and the regulatory frameworks governing them in key regions including the US, the EU, China and India. Through a comprehensive analysis, it becomes evident that while efforts are being made to address IoT cyber security concerns, discrepancies in approaches and regulations hinder global harmonisation and create obstacles for industry compliance. Drawing from insights into existing cyber security frameworks and industry practices, the paper proposes actionable recommendations to enhance consumer IoT cyber security. These recommendations include defining baseline security requirements, promoting expertise within IoT workforces, advocating for the independent involvement of conformity assessment bodies (CABs), leveraging the quality infrastructure ecosystem, and launching an international awareness campaign. By implementing these measures, stakeholders can foster a safer and more secure IoT environment, mitigating the risks posed by cyber threats and ensuring the trust and resilience of connected devices. As society continues to navigate the complexities of IoT adoption, it is imperative to recognise the urgency of addressing cyber security challenges. By heeding the lessons from Shakespeare’s ‘King John’ — ‘Strong reasons make strong actions’ — and taking decisive steps to fortify IoT cyber security, we can safeguard individuals, businesses and critical infrastructure from the evolving threat landscape.

Government Intervention, Internationalization Model and Higher Education Resource Flow: An Analysis of Higher Education in Late Qing Dynasty and Modern China

With the purpose of saving the country, the Qing Dynasty built new institutions of higher learning to impart western knowledge, which played a role in promoting the development of modern higher education in China. In order to explore the development context of China's higher education under different backgrounds in the late Qing Dynasty and modern times, this study reviews the relevant theoretical basis in recent years. This paper summarizes the formation of the education system in the late Qing Dynasty and modern China, the specific intervention of the government in higher education, and the flow of higher education resources in recent years, and analyzes its internal flow and external flow. Through the analysis of higher education in the late Qing Dynasty and modern times, it can be seen that the innovation and development of the internationalization mode of higher education is the inevitable requirement to realize the transformation of the internationalization power of higher education into the internationalization power of higher education. In addition to the classic model, co-construction model, satellite model and education cluster model, we should also actively explore and develop other new international education models, further expand the vision of running schools, enhance international awareness, accelerate the internationalization process of higher education, and achieve beyond the traditional higher education power. In order to provide reference for the future development of China's higher education internationalization under the background of "double first-class" construction.

A Study on Cultivating Students' Cultural Awareness in English Reading Teaching in Junior Middle School

This article aims to explore how to deepen students' sense of identity with the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation and their sensitivity and ability to identify the similarities and differences between Chinese and foreign cultures in English reading teaching, so as to cultivate students' international and cultural awareness and intercultural communication skills. This article first reviews the concepts of core literacy and cultural awareness, and analyzes the importance of cultivating cultural awareness among junior high school students during the English reading teaching stage in junior high schools. Then, combined with specific reading teaching, it focuses on efficient ways to cultivate cultural awareness in junior middle school English reading teaching. Finally, the full text is summarized and the research significance of this article is reiterated.

Examining the Relationship between International Sports Organizations and Sports Awareness

The focus of this study is to look into the relationship between international sports organizations and sports awareness, taking into account factors such as gender, education level, individual engagement with sports, and family involvement. The research study group comprised 168 individuals, 77 female and 91 male, who were picked utilizing an easily available selection technique. The study used a personal information form developed by the researcher, an Attitude Scale towards International Sports Organizations, and a Sports Awareness Scale. The data was descriptively evaluated using the independent samples T-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation analysis, and SPSS 25.0 software. The t-test results revealed a significant difference in attitudes towards sports awareness based on gender (p<.05). One-way ANOVA analysis revealed substantial variations in attitudes towards international sports organizations and sports awareness based on education level, relationship with sports, and family interest in sports (p<.05). The correlation analysis used to explore the relationship between the participants' opinions towards international sports organizations and their degrees of sports awareness found a high positive correlation. According to the study's conclusions, it is necessary to host more international sports organizations and conduct research to raise public awareness in order to create sports consciousness.

Boikot Barang Israel: Strategi Perlawanan Dan Solidaritas Global Dalam Mendukung Perjuangan Palestina

One of the main reasons behind the boycott of Israeli goods is to condemn Israeli actions that are considered to violate international law and human rights in the Palestinian territories. Boycotting Israeli goods is also a political and economic resistance strategy used by many countries and international organizations to support a sustainable peace solution between Israel and Palestine. By pressing Israel economically. This research is in accordance with the descriptive qualitative method with a library approach. Qualitative research was chosen as the type of research used in this research. The choice of qualitative research is because there are several factors that take precedence in terms of elaborating and explaining a phenomenon to be studied. In qualitative research there is also more explanation, description and analysis using an inductive approach. The data collection techniques used by researchers are techniques from relevant sources. In this case, the focus of various in-depth reference sources is the presence of key informants who have previously been given access to provide in-depth questions related to the topic of the problem being researched. The direct economic impact of the boycott has broader social and political impacts including increased international awareness of the Palestine-Israel issue, increased polarization, and political responses from governments and societies around the world.

Problematic aspects of the influence of the legal system on social phenomena

The article examines the problem of the interaction of law with other social phenomena. On the one hand, law can be used to protect other social phenomena, such as moral norms, economic interests, cultural values, and on the other hand, social phenomena can influence the formation of legal norms and law and order in society. An important aspect of research is the interaction of legal norms with such social phenomena as politics, economy, culture, morality, and others, as well as the influence of legal norms on social reality and the interaction of various aspects of society’s life. The article examines the problem of the correlation of legal policy with certain social phenomena, and also determines the role of law in the formation of social reality. In addition, the author investigates the problem of regulation of social phenomena by the norms of national and international law in the context of social phenomena. Understanding the relationship between law and various social phenomena is important for the development of legal policy in the conditions of constantly changing social realities. Studying the relationship between law and other social phenomena allows us to understand the causes of such conflicts and find ways to solve problems. Understanding the relationship between law and social phenomena is important for the effective functioning of the legal system, ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms, the development of international law and legal awareness. Knowledge of this interaction helps to understand trends in the development of law as a social phenomenon, as well as social phenomena as components of law. Also, understanding the relationship between law and other social phenomena is important for the development of the international legal system and the implementation of international legal cooperation. In connection with the growth of globalization and international cooperation, there is a need for the development of international law and legal instruments that regulate relations between different states and international organizations. Understanding legal norms and their relationship with social phenomena contributes to the formation of a high legal culture in society and ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms.

PROGRESSIVE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE ELIMINATION OF RABIES AMONG THE STRAY DOG (CANIS FAMILIARIS) POPULATION IN PAKISTAN

Stray dogs are integrally linked with rabies transmission, and a sizeable unmanaged dog population hinders rabies control program planners. Dog population management (DPM) is one of the best strategies to control rabies transmission, improve health management, and lower the population size of stray dogs. The threat of rabies is very serious due to free-roaming dogs. Foxes, skunks, groundhogs, raccoons, and house bats are rabies vector species and can carry rabies virus without showing any symptoms. Rabies is a life-threatening disease that affects thousands of losses worldwide every year. World Rabies Day is an international awareness campaign coordinated by the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC). In Pakistan, there are reportedly 3 million stray dogs. More than one million dog bite cases are reported annually throughout Pakistan. About 600 dog bite cases are reported daily in the Sindh province, Pakistan. Due to an uncontrolled number of stray dogs, many serious problems arise related to public health, socio-economic, and political issues. The Animal Act of 1890 provides a specific defense against cruelty and establishes its importance in Pakistani culture. Developing long-term and supportable strategies is imperative to overcome the stray animal population worldwide. To overcome the rabies issue in Pakistan, the government should implement projects on breeding control of stray dogs through spaying and neutering surgeries. The government should also provide proper shelters for dogs and rabies vaccines. There is a need to be aware of basic preventive measures such as disinfectants and rabies vaccination. Public awareness, rabies vaccination, and dog sterilization at the national level are crucial factors in preventing rabies and managing the dog population in Pakistan.

Rethinking Insecurity and Scoping Security Threat in Nigeria: Looking Ahead

Early in the 2000s, Boko Haram emerged with an Islamisation agenda concentrating mostly on Nigeria the largest African economy. There is empirical evidence suggesting that the government of Nigeria has not successfully warded off this group’s hostility. Yet there are gaps in security threats and extant literature. This study therefore examined the instability and anomic conditions resulting from this insurgency using the document analysis method and the Containment Theory employed as the theoretical framework. The analysis showed that there is no clear reason why the Nigerian military has failed to contain the Boko Haram insurgency given the army’s undoubted gallantry after excelling in several international peacekeeping assignments. It was recommended that public programs for enlightenment through community engagement and transparency would influence positively the government’s efforts to contain these terrorist activities. Given the complex nature of terrorism, there is a need for robust empirical studies that have to be done before any meaningful policy implementation can be considered. This study will amplify the international awareness of violent extremist activities in this most populated African nation. It will significantly provide the Nigerian government, human rights groups, researchers, civil society, policymakers, and public and private security agents with more knowledge to understand these terrorists better. Keywords: Nigeria, Threat, Peace, Security, Boko Haram

What does it mean to be aphasia aware? An international survey of stakeholder perspectives and experiences of aphasia awareness

ABSTRACT Background Over the past two decades, “aphasia awareness” has been studied across 19 countries and five continents. Despite international efforts, awareness of aphasia has remained persistently low and little consideration has been given to what it actually means to be “aphasia aware”. In order to raise awareness of aphasia, it is first necessary to understand how key stakeholders perceive the topic, and their experience of raising awareness of aphasia and the factors which may enable or hinder success. Aims To explore international stakeholder: (1) perspectives on aphasia awareness, (2) experiences of delivering aphasia awareness campaigns; and to identify (3) barriers to, and facilitators of, successful aphasia awareness raising activities. Methods & Procedures Two cross-sectional, international, online surveys were conducted. Survey 1 was conducted with people living with aphasia (PLWA: people with aphasia, family members, friends, carers). Survey 2 was conducted with people who work with PLWA (workers: clinicians, researchers, volunteers, consumer organisation representatives). The surveys contained 31 and 25 questions respectively across four topic areas: demographics, perspectives on aphasia awareness, experiences of running aphasia awareness campaigns, and barriers to, and facilitators of, raising awareness. Closed and open-ended responses were elicited. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis. Outcomes and Results A total of 105 PLWA and 306 workers, from 39 countries, completed the surveys. More than 90% of participants considered aphasia awareness to be “very” or “extremely important”, primarily due to the communication and information barriers faced by people with aphasia daily. Participants reported that being “aphasia aware” meant knowing: that aphasia does not affect intelligence (PLWA), and how to communicate with a person with aphasia (workers). In total, 15% of PLWA and 31% of workers reported they had previously run an aphasia awareness campaign. Barriers to campaign success included insufficient resources (e.g., funding, time) and lack of experience and specialised skills (e.g., health promotion). Key facilitators included people living with aphasia (including celebrities) sharing their stories and being key members or leaders of the campaign. Conclusions “Aphasia awareness” was considered essential by all participants. To enhance aphasia awareness misconceptions and stereotypes about communication disability must be challenged and practical education on how to communicate with a person with aphasia provided. These results lay the foundation for developing an international aphasia awareness campaign. Future research is needed to identify campaign priorities and to co-design the campaign.

Improving Indicators in Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement in Pakistan: A Study of Impact of Integrated IP Management Model

This study highlights the present situation of enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and its improvement as an impact of implementation of integrated IP management system in Pakistan. The key initiatives taken by the national government and the organization to achieve the target have been discussed in this study. The major steps include centralized IP administration, new IP legislation, up-gradation of IP Laws, introduction of special IP courts as IP tribunal, capacity building of IP personnel, digitization & automation, cooperation & interaction between law and enforcement agencies & departments, accession to international treaties and IP awareness across the country etc. The aforesaid actions made positive image of the country in IPRs situation by improvement in global IPR ranking index.

First evidence of anthropogenic TiO2 nanoparticles occurrence in Chilean rivers

This study marks the first recorded case of TiO2 nanoparticle pollution in Chilean rivers, indicating significant progress in understanding the distribution of nanowaste and its effects on a global scale. By investigating four different locations, including the outlet of a wastewater treatment plant during summer, winter and spring, the research revealed varied concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles, with a notable range between 17.6 µg L−1 during the summer and 22.9 µg L−1 in spring in downstream river sections. The study used transmission electron microscopy to characterize nanoparticles, observing sizes between 10 and 206 nm, and an EDS detector confirmed titanium proportions of 4.84 % to 20.35 % by dry weight. These TiO2 nanoparticles, predominantly in Rutile and Anatase forms, denote a significant environmental presence, especially considering the low population densities of the sampling areas. The findings highlight the urgent need for international awareness and routine monitoring of nanowaste, advocating for preventive actions in the production of nanomaterials and adaptive management strategies in tune with the dynamic nature of water systems and environmental changes, both for places densely and sparsely populated.

The Judicial Institutions Response to Human Trafficking: A Case Study From Southeast Europe

Trafficking in human beings is a phenomenon of global proportions, which on the one hand violates basic human rights and on the other hand represents a modern form of slavery. This phenomenon is influenced by various factors that are directly related to the level of development of the state, such as the economic situation, poverty, difficult housing conditions, low level of education, sociocultural factors, etc. Trafficking in human beings in Kosovo concerning the number of inhabitants is considered to be high, despite the measures taken by the justice institutions. In this paper, the main focus is based on the analysis of the contribution of justice institutions concerning the criminal offense of trafficking in human beings in Kosovo and the comparability of cases of trafficking during the years 2017-2022. Furthermore, the conclusions of this research emphasize the necessary measures and policies that should be undertaken by the institutions of justice for the prevention and combating of this negative phenomenon at the country level. It also includes the importance of international legal cooperation, public awareness, and protection of victims through institutional channels. Only through inter-institutional cooperation and the raising of social awareness success can be achieved in the combat against this phenomenon, namely to protect basic human rights and freedoms.

IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON INTERCULTURAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION

Digitalization of business in combination with cultural diversity has created a new space and conditions where communication becomes a challenge. The purpose of the article is to identify intercultural aspects of communication in the context of digital business development. It is established that cultural sensitivity in business involves, on one hand, the formation of respect for legal and moral norms specific to a particular community, and on the other hand, enhances the operational efficiency of the company. It is argued that cultural factors influence decision-making in international business, and awareness and knowledge of cultural differences enhance the competitiveness of the company. It is postulated that the intercultural competencies of managers should be viewed in terms of their new functions and socio-professional roles in transnational organizations and through the lens of their cultural intelligence, which facilitates adaptation to new cultural realities and cultural freedom—a set of necessary skills, knowledge, and abilities for a manager in an international and even global dimension. The top 10 countries in the Digital Technology Usage Index (NRI) reveal three trends: they belong to high-income countries, demonstrate reliable network readiness in all dimensions, and European countries continue to dominate the list. These trends persisted in the 2023 ranking. The challenges hindering the development of digital trends and the transformation of the Ukrainian economy into a digital one are substantiated. Two scenarios for the development of digital business in Ukraine are identified depending on the assessment of the criticality and necessity of changes in the traditional economic structure: the inertial (evolutionary) and the targeted (forced). In the case of implementing the inertial scenario, the Ukrainian economy will remain inefficient, labor migration will continue, and Ukrainian products will be non-competitive in external markets. The targeted scenario envisions the transition of the Ukrainian economy to a digital one within 3-5 years. The result will be the emergence of new norms, standards, and value systems. The internationalization of management changes the traditional model of management communications.

The Environment (Air Quality and Soundscapes) (Wales) Act 2024

Abstract The Welsh Government’s policy on noise and soundscape is underpinned by two key pieces of legislation: the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015, and the Environment (Air Quality and Soundscapes) (Wales) Act 2024. The former established our national well-being/sustainable development goals and five ways of working that public bodies should follow in order to achieve them. The latter requires Welsh Ministers to set out their soundscape policies in a national strategy and requires public authorities to have regard to the policies in that strategy when carrying out their functions. The intent of this article is to raise international awareness amongst soundscape researchers as to how one devolved nation has incorporated the concept of soundscape in its policies and legislation and hopefully encourage the further development and dissemination of soundscape assessment and design tools that enable practitioners to better implement those policies.

The Importance of War Crimes Regulation in Indonesian Criminal Law

Armed conflicts often involve violations of humanitarian law and the laws of war, causing adverse impacts on civil society. The involvement of states in international conflicts drives the need for comprehensive war crimes regulation to uphold humanitarian values and protect human rights. In the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the role of the UN as a global organization becomes crucial, and Indonesia, as a UN member state, has a responsibility to contribute to achieving peace and maintaining world order. Although Indonesia has Law No. 26/2000 on Human Rights Courts, the regulation does not explicitly cover war crimes as stipulated in the 1998 Rome Statute. The history of war law in Indonesia shows the need for reform to accommodate more modern principles of international law. The push for the establishment of more comprehensive regulations related to international humanitarian law shows the international world's awareness of the need to regulate international crimes more clearly and firmly. Support from various parties, including civil society, scientists, NGOs and the government, is key in ensuring the realization of effective and equitable regulations related to war crimes in Indonesia. Indonesia needs to respond seriously to the urgency of establishing war crimes regulations to make a positive contribution to maintaining global peace, protecting human rights, and bringing justice to victims of war crimes.

The importance of worldwide linguistic and cultural diversity for climate change resilience.

Local minority languages and dialects, through the local knowledge and expertise associated with them, can play major roles in analysing climate change and biodiversity loss, in facilitating community awareness of environmental crises and in setting up locally-adapted resilience and sustainability strategies. While the situation and contribution of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples are of emblematic importance, the issue of the relationships between cultural and linguistic diversity and environmental awareness and protection does not solely concern peripheral highly-specialized communities in specific ecosystems of the Global South, but constitutes a worldwide challenge, throughout all of the countries, whatever their geographical location, their economical development, or their political status. Environmental emergency and climate change resilience should therefore raise international awareness on the need to promote the survival and development of minority languages and dialects and to take into account their creativity and expertise in relation to the dynamics of their local environments.