International Arrivals Research Articles

Detection of Influenza in Managed Quarantine in Australia and the Estimated Risk of Importation.

BackgroundInfluenza circulated at historically-low levels during 2020 and 2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions. In Australia, international arrivals to Australia were required to undertake 14 days hotel quarantine to limit new introduction of SARS-CoV-2 virus.MethodsWe used routine testing data for travellers arriving on repatriation flights to Darwin, Australia from 3 January to 11 October 2021 to identify importations of influenza virus into Australia and used this information to estimate the risk of a case exiting quarantine while still infectious. Influenza-positive samples were sequenced and cases were followed-up to identify transmission clusters. Data on the number of cases and total passengers was used to infer the risk of influenza cases existing quarantine while infectious.ResultsDespite very low circulation of influenza globally, 42 cases were identified among 15,026 returned travellers, of which 30 were A(H3N2), two were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 10 were B/Victoria. Virus sequencing data identified potential in-flight transmission, as well as independent infections prior to travel. Under the quarantine strategy in place at the time, the probability that these cases could initiate influenza outbreaks in Australia neared 0. However, this probability rose as quarantine requirements relaxed.ConclusionsDetection of influenza virus infections in repatriated travellers provided a source of influenza viruses otherwise unavailable and enabled development of the A(H3N2) vaccine seed viruses included in the 2022 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine. Failing to test quarantined returned travellers for influenza, represents a missed opportunity for enhanced surveillance to better inform public health preparedness.

The role of tourism, energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on ecological footprint: The Turkish case

The current paper aims to examine the impacts of tourism, energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on the environmental quality in Turkey for the from 1963 to 2016. Apart from the previous empirical EKC studies, we tested the validity of the tourism-induced environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by using a more comprehensive ecological quality indicator named Ecological Footprint. For this purpose, we employ FMOLS and DOLS estimators to estimate our model and CCR estimator to check the robustness of the FMOLS and DOLS estimation results. Moreover, we use the VECM approach to detect the causality between variables. Our results reveal that tourism induced EKC is not confirmed for Turkey however results confirm the tourism-led growth for Turkey. Empirical results also show that energy usage, urbanization, and international tourism arrival lead to environmental degradation in Turkey. Hence, the Turkish government should design a more efficient policy that accelerates the transition to renewable energy in the economy, including the tourism sector. Moreover, Turkey needs to benefit from the advantages of circular economy and smart tourism in the country.

The role of tourism in service sector employment: Do market capital, financial development and trade also play a role?

Workers' living standards have recently deteriorated in the service sector throughout the world, although a few decades ago, service was among the fastest growing sectors in industrialised nations. However, in recent years, in service sectors tourism especially has been drying up. This paper examines the symmetric and asymmetric effects of tourism, market capital, financial development, and trade on service sector employment in Australia from the period 1991-2019. The results of the cointegration tests, notably the ARDL and NARDL bound tests, reveal that the variables are related in the long run. The positive effect of tourist arrival on service sector employment in Australia is confirmed by long-run estimates from both ARDL and NARDL approaches. Similarly, both approaches also confirm the long-run positive relation of financial development. However, while ARDL shows long-run negative and positive associations of market capital and trade, respectively, the opposite is found in the case of the NARDL approach. As a result, policy proposals like planning and initiating tools for ensuring consistent international arrivals and easing of entry requirements have been recommended by this study to assist Australia in enhancing service sector employment, thus promoting economic development.

Modelling the association between tourism and real exchange rates

ABSTRACT Fiji’s tourism industry has evolved significantly over the past 3 decades with past and present governments striving to support the development of the sector. In this study, we test the association between tourism measured by international visitor arrivals and Fiji’s real exchange rate using annual data over the period 1980–2018. Structural breaks are identified with the Gregory-Hansen test, and cointegration is confirmed with the Bayer-Hanck test. Nonlinear estimation is conducted with the nonlinear ARDL model. The results indicate that a 1% increase in tourism appreciates the real exchange rate by 0.42% whereas a 1% decrease however would depreciate the real exchange rate by about 0.32%. The findings raise concerns parallel to the Dutch Disease models and has implications for the measurement of tourism prices in tourism demand models.

UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, July 2022

International tourism consolidates its strong recovery despite growing challenges International tourism saw a strong rebound in the first five months of 2022, with arrivals reaching almost half (46%) the levels of the same period of 2019. International tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) more than tripled (+221%) in January-May 2022 over 2021, but remained 54% below 2019 levels. Nearly 250 million international trips were recorded worldwide through May 2022. This compares with the 77 million arrivals seen in the same months of 2021. By regions, Europe and the Americas continued to lead the recovery. Europe welcomed more than four times as many international arrivals as in the first five months of 2021 (+350%). In the Americas (+112%) arrivals more than doubled. Despite the strong rebound, arrivals remained 36% and 40% below 2019 levels in Europe and the Americas respectively. The Middle East (+157%) and Africa (+156%) also saw strong growth in January-May 2022 over 2021 but remained 54% and 50% below 2019 levels respectively. Asia and the Pacific saw arrivals almost double (+94%), though numbers were still 90% below 2019, as some borders remained closed to non-essential travel. By subregions, the Caribbean (-18%) and Central America (-27%) showed the fastest recovery towards 2019 levels, along with Southern Mediterranean Europe, Western Europe and Northern Europe. Tourism expenditure from France climbed to -15% in January-May 2022 compared to 2019, while German spending stood at -23%, Italy at -27% and the United States at -31%. Spending from India, Saudi Arabia and Qatar exceeded pre-pandemic levels. Strong tourism demand during the Northern Hemisphere summer season is expected to consolidate these positive results, particularly as more destinations ease or lift travel restrictions. However, mounting economic and geopolitical challenges continue to pose a risk to recovery. UNWTO’s forward-looking scenarios published in May 2022 point to international arrivals reaching 55% to 70% of pre-pandemic levels in 2022. Scenarios by region show Europe (65% to 80% of 2019 levels) and Americas (63% to 76%) recording the best tourism results in 2022. In Africa and the Middle East arrivals could reach about 50% to 70% of pre-pandemic levels, while in Asia and the Pacific they would remain at 30% of 2019 levels in the best-case scenario, due to stricter policies and restrictions.

Labour Migration and Tourism Flows: the Case of the EU

During the last decades, the deepening of globalisation has led to an intensification of two forms of international human mobility – tourism and migration. Considering the high proportion of migrant workers in the tourism industry, migration’s possible negative or positive impact on international tourism comes to the forefront. The current article aims to explore the influence of migration, including labour migration, on tourism flows and the impact of tourism flows and migration on the labour market both in donor and host countries. The statistical basis of the analysis was the annual panel data on labour market and tourism indicators for selected EU member states. We have built three panel data econometric models on 17 member states of the European Union on the data from 2005 to 2019. The results suggest that migration and labour migration are significant factors for international tourism and the labour market, with immigration positively impacting both the tourism industry and labour market. At the same time, emigration has a negative effect mainly due to the possible “brain drain” in the donor countries. On the other hand, international tourism has a strong positive influence on the labour market, providing strong evidence for the phenomena of migration-led tourism in the selected member-states of the European Union. Our primary assumption in this regard is that immigration and labour migration contribute to the increase in international tourism arrivals through VFR tourism and cultural enrichment of the destination countries. The current study contributes to the modern research on the interconnections between labour market and tourism. Policy makers can use the results to improve labour market and tourism conditions.

I CAN’T GET NO SATISFACTION: EXPLORING INDONESIAN GUESTS’ SATISFACTION AND SERVICE QUALITY IN SOUTH AFRICAN HOTELS

This study aims to determine whether the dimensions of service quality affect the satisfaction of Indonesian tourists who visit South Africa and use hotel services, as well as to analyse the most dominant factors in influencing Indonesian tourists' satisfaction toward hotels’ service in South Africa. The population in this study were Indonesian tourists who had just returned from South Africa and used hotel accommodations. Samples were obtained randomly at the Soekarno Hatta International Arrival Terminal, Tangerang, Indonesia in 2019 before the Covid-19 pandemic. The sample was taken around 100 respondents by using non-probability sampling approach with the accidental sampling method. It is discovered that Indonesian guests are pleased with the service quality of the hotels during their stay in South Africa and that the Indonesia guest’s revisit intention quite high. Also, it is suggested that the hotel managements in South Africa need to maintain the elements that have been rated satisfactory by Indonesian guests and need to improve the things that are still lacking. This study contributes an empirical basis in strategic aspect for managing foreign tourists/hotel guests’ satisfaction from abroad perspective.

Epidemiological Trends of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Sierra Leone From March 2020 to October 2021.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a serious public health challenge the world over, has led to significant health concerns in Sierra Leone. In the present study, epidemic indices, such as the number of cases, positivity rate, reproduction rate (R0), case fatality rate (CFR), age, and sex, were used to characterize the epidemiological trends of COVID-19. As of October 31, 2021, a total of 6,398 cases and 121 related deaths had been confirmed. The total number of COVID-19 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests conducted to October 31, 2021, was 249,534, and the average positivity rate was 2.56%. Three waves of COVID-19 were recorded, occurring during weeks 15–46 in 2020 (2,369 cases), week 47 in 2020 to week 16 in 2021 (1,665 cases), and weeks 17–43 in 2021 (2,364 cases), respectively. Remarkably, there was no increase in the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases despite rising test numbers throughout the three waves. Moreover, three high R0 values were observed before each wave. The number of positive cases significantly correlated with positive numbers of international arrivals (P < 0.01), deaths (P < 0.01), and the positivity rate of tested samples (P < 0.01). Moreover, all of the deaths occurred during the peak of the three waves. Our results indicate that there was a low level of COVID-19 epidemic in Sierra Leone and that COVID-19's introduction led to local transmission. It is vital to fight against the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from the source of origin by strengthening testing and management of people entering the country. Our findings will provide important clues for expanding sample screening and will contribute to the reasonable allocation of medical resources.

Was the Reduction in Seasonal Influenza Transmission during 2020 Attributable to Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Contain Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan?

We quantified the effects of adherence to various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the seasonal influenza epidemic dynamics in Japan during 2020. The total monthly number of seasonal influenza cases per sentinel site (seasonal influenza activity) reported to the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases and alternative NPI indicators (retail sales of hand hygiene products and number of airline passenger arrivals) from 2014–2020 were collected. The average number of monthly seasonal influenza cases in 2020 had decreased by approximately 66.0% (p < 0.001) compared to those in the preceding six years. An increase in retail sales of hand hygiene products of ¥1 billion over a 3-month period led to a 15.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.9–20.0%; p < 0.001) reduction in seasonal influenza activity. An increase in the average of one million domestic and international airline passenger arrivals had a significant association with seasonal influenza activity by 11.6% at lag 0–2 months (95% CI: 6.70–16.5%; p < 0.001) and 30.9% at lag 0–2 months (95% CI: 20.9–40.9%; p < 0.001). NPI adherence was associated with decreased seasonal influenza activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, which has crucial implications for planning public health interventions to minimize the health consequences of adverse seasonal influenza epidemics.

Network Structure Influence on Tourism Industrial Performance: A Network Perspective to Explain the Global Tourism Development

Global tourism development can be seen as a tourism network evolution; however, how the network structure influences the tourism industrial performance has not been clearly outlined. This paper utilizes complex network theory to understand the global tourism network changes and detect the global network structure effects on international tourism industrial performance, aiming to explain the tourism development from a network perspective and help to organize international tourism effectively. Using the data of 222 regions’ statistics from 1995 to 2019, this paper explores the influence of the global-level network structure on the tourism industry through Pearson’s correlations test and the individual-level effects through a combination of the gravity model with the mixed-effect model. At the global level, results indicate that a network structure with a higher density or clustering coefficient can improve the global tourism arrivals, but the high value of the network average path length and small-worldness characteristic have negative effects. At the individual level, the node’s characteristics including the high degree, closeness, and betweenness centrality of a region in the network positively improve its international tourism arrivals, while the eigenvector centrality and local clustering coefficient generate negative effects. Additionally, most network structure measurements of a region show stronger effects on its own tourism performance than the regions with which it connects. This paper verifies that the network structure has significant impacts on tourism performance and development, which can aid international tourism development both globally and individually.

UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, May 2022

Tourism recovery gains momentum as restrictions ease and confidence returns International tourism continued to recover from the COVID-19 crisis at a strong pace in January-March 2022. Destinations welcomed almost three times as many international tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) as in the same period of 2021, with Europe leading the rebound. International arrivals increased 182% year-on-year in Q1 2022 to an estimated 117 million international arrivals compared to 41 million in Q1 2021. Of the extra 76 million international arrivals, about 47 million were recorded in March. Despite the strong rebound experienced in Q1 2022, international tourism remained 61% below 2019 levels. International arrivals improved from -66% in January 2022 (over 2019) to -60% in February and -56% in March, as more countries eased travel restrictions and Omicron-related disruptions decreased. By region, Europe (+280%) welcomed almost four times as many international arrivals as in Q1 2021, while in the Americas (+117%) arrivals more than doubled. However, arrivals were still 43% and 46% below 2019 levels respectively. The Middle East (+132%) and Africa (+96%) also saw strong growth in Q1 2022 over 2021, but remained 59% and 61% below 2019 respectively. Asia and the Pacific recorded 64% increase but stood at -93% compared to 2019. By subregion, the Caribbean (-26%) and Southern and Mediterranean Europe (-27%) showed the fastest recovery towards 2019 levels, with international tourism recovering more than 70% of pre-crisis levels. The ongoing recovery can also be seen in outbound tourism spending, with expenditure from France reaching 80% of pre-crisis levels in Q1 2021 and German spending grew to 65%. The gradual recovery of international tourism is expected to continue throughout 2022, as more destinations ease or lift restrictions and pent-up demand is unleashed. The latest UNWTO Confidence Index survey indicates that 81% of tourism professionals see better prospects for 2022 and that a higher number of experts (48%) now see a potential return of international arrivals to 2019 levels in 2023. Based on the latest results, UNWTO revised its outlook for 2022, with international arrivals now expected to reach 55% to 70% of 2019 levels.

ЮНВТО Всемирная туристская Барометр, и статистическое приложение Обновленная информация, Май 2022 года

Tourism recovery gains momentum as restrictions ease and confidence returns International tourism continued to recover from the COVID-19 crisis at a strong pace in January-March 2022. Destinations welcomed almost three times as many international tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) as in the same period of 2021, with Europe leading the rebound. International arrivals increased 182% year-on-year in Q1 2022 to an estimated 117 million international arrivals compared to 41 million in Q1 2021. Of the extra 76 million international arrivals, about 47 million were recorded in March. Despite the strong rebound experienced in Q1 2022, international tourism remained 61% below 2019 levels. International arrivals improved from -66% in January 2022 (over 2019) to -60% in February and -56% in March, as more countries eased travel restrictions and Omicron-related disruptions decreased. By region, Europe (+280%) welcomed almost four times as many international arrivals as in Q1 2021, while in the Americas (+117%) arrivals more than doubled. However, arrivals were still 43% and 46% below 2019 levels respectively. The Middle East (+132%) and Africa (+96%) also saw strong growth in Q1 2022 over 2021, but remained 59% and 61% below 2019 respectively. Asia and the Pacific recorded 64% increase but stood at -93% compared to 2019. By subregion, the Caribbean (-26%) and Southern and Mediterranean Europe (-27%) showed the fastest recovery towards 2019 levels, with international tourism recovering more than 70% of pre-crisis levels. The ongoing recovery can also be seen in outbound tourism spending, with expenditure from France reaching 80% of pre-crisis levels in Q1 2021 and German spending grew to 65%. The gradual recovery of international tourism is expected to continue throughout 2022, as more destinations ease or lift restrictions and pent-up demand is unleashed. The latest UNWTO Confidence Index survey indicates that 81% of tourism professionals see better prospects for 2022 and that a higher number of experts (48%) now see a potential return of international arrivals to 2019 levels in 2023. Based on the latest results, UNWTO revised its outlook for 2022, with international arrivals now expected to reach 55% to 70% of 2019 levels.

Baromètre OMT du tourisme mondial et annexe statistique, mai 2022

Tourism recovery gains momentum as restrictions ease and confidence returns International tourism continued to recover from the COVID-19 crisis at a strong pace in January-March 2022. Destinations welcomed almost three times as many international tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) as in the same period of 2021, with Europe leading the rebound. International arrivals increased 182% year-on-year in Q1 2022 to an estimated 117 million international arrivals compared to 41 million in Q1 2021. Of the extra 76 million international arrivals, about 47 million were recorded in March. Despite the strong rebound experienced in Q1 2022, international tourism remained 61% below 2019 levels. International arrivals improved from -66% in January 2022 (over 2019) to -60% in February and -56% in March, as more countries eased travel restrictions and Omicron-related disruptions decreased. By region, Europe (+280%) welcomed almost four times as many international arrivals as in Q1 2021, while in the Americas (+117%) arrivals more than doubled. However, arrivals were still 43% and 46% below 2019 levels respectively. The Middle East (+132%) and Africa (+96%) also saw strong growth in Q1 2022 over 2021, but remained 59% and 61% below 2019 respectively. Asia and the Pacific recorded 64% increase but stood at -93% compared to 2019. By subregion, the Caribbean (-26%) and Southern and Mediterranean Europe (-27%) showed the fastest recovery towards 2019 levels, with international tourism recovering more than 70% of pre-crisis levels. The ongoing recovery can also be seen in outbound tourism spending, with expenditure from France reaching 80% of pre-crisis levels in Q1 2021 and German spending grew to 65%. The gradual recovery of international tourism is expected to continue throughout 2022, as more destinations ease or lift restrictions and pent-up demand is unleashed. The latest UNWTO Confidence Index survey indicates that 81% of tourism professionals see better prospects for 2022 and that a higher number of experts (48%) now see a potential return of international arrivals to 2019 levels in 2023. Based on the latest results, UNWTO revised its outlook for 2022, with international arrivals now expected to reach 55% to 70% of 2019 levels

COVID 19 RAMIFICATIONS ON TOURISTIC RESULTS IN 2020

The number of COVID 19 infections worldwide by the end of September 2020 rose to more than 34 million cases. At the same time number of fatalities caused by the same virus exceeds one million. In the year 2020 about ten per cent drop of economic growth was experienced compared to the previous year due to COVID 19 crisis and with probably the biggest impact on tourism industry. The results of global tourist international arrivals in April, May and June 2020 with drop of 95-98 per cent are self-explanatory. Thus, stabile and continuing growth from the beginning of 21st century has been suddenly brutally interrupted returning the tourism industry on level of at least 30-40 years back, maybe even more. The consequences of COVID 19 on touristic results have been analysed in the paper. The analysis is based on four different geographical areas – global, European, Southeast European and Croatian, based on the last 20 years of tourism results. Since similar dramatic situation has also affected air transport industry, the correlation between the tourism and air carriers’ results in the last two decades is also considered in this paper. Different scenarios of the future recovery of tourism industry are considered in the paper.

Optimal use of COVID-19 Ag-RDT screening at border crossings to prevent community transmission: A modeling analysis.

Countries around the world have implemented restrictions on mobility, especially cross-border travel to reduce or prevent SARS-CoV-2 community transmission. Rapid antigen testing (Ag-RDT), with on-site administration and rapid turnaround time may provide a valuable screening measure to ease cross-border travel while minimizing risk of local transmission. To maximize impact, we developed an optimal Ag-RDT screening algorithm for cross-border entry. Using a previously developed mathematical model, we determined the daily number of imported COVID-19 cases that would generate no more than a relative 1% increase in cases over one month for different effective reproductive numbers (Rt) and COVID-19 prevalence within the recipient country. We then developed an algorithm-for differing levels of Rt, arrivals per day, mode of travel, and SARS-CoV-2 prevalence amongst travelers-to determine the minimum proportion of people that would need Ag-RDT testing at border crossings to ensure no greater than the relative 1% community spread increase. When daily international arrivals and/or COVID-19 prevalence amongst arrivals increases, the proportion of arrivals required to test using Ag-RDT increases. At very high numbers of international arrivals/COVID-19 prevalence, Ag-RDT testing is not sufficient to prevent increased community spread, especially when recipient country prevalence and Rt are low. In these cases, Ag-RDT screening would need to be supplemented with other measures to prevent an increase in community transmission. An efficient Ag-RDT algorithm for SARS-CoV-2 testing depends strongly on the epidemic status within the recipient country, volume of travel, proportion of land and air arrivals, test sensitivity, and COVID-19 prevalence among travelers.

Opening up safely: public health system requirements for ongoing COVID-19 management based on evaluation of Australia\u2019s surveillance system performance

BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) community transmission was eliminated in Australia from 1/11/2020 to 30/6/2021, allowing evaluation of surveillance system performance in detecting novel outbreaks, including against variants of concern (VoCs). This paper aims to define system requirements for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surveillance under future transmission and response scenarios, based on surveillance system performance to date.MethodsThis study described and evaluated surveillance systems and epidemiological characteristics of novel outbreaks based on publicly available data, and assessed surveillance system sensitivity and timeliness in outbreak detection. These findings were integrated with analysis of other critical COVID-19 public health measures to establish future COVID-19 management requirements.ResultsTwenty-five epidemiologically distinct outbreaks and five distinct clusters were identified in the study period, all linked through genomic sequencing to novel introductions from international travellers. Seventy percent (21/30) were detected through community testing of people with acute respiratory illness, and 30% (9/30) through quarantine screening. On average, 2.07% of the State population was tested in the week preceding detection for those identified through community surveillance. From 17/30 with publicly available data, the average time from seeding to detection was 4.9 days. One outbreak was preceded by unexpected positive wastewater results. Twenty of the 24 outbreaks in 2021 had publicly available sequencing data, all of which identified VoCs. A surveillance strategy for future VoCs similar to that used for detecting SARS-CoV-2 would require a 100–1000-fold increase in genomic sequencing capacity compared to the study period. Other essential requirements are maintaining outbreak response capacity and developing capacity to rapidly engineer, manufacture, and distribute variant vaccines at scale.ConclusionsAustralia’s surveillance systems performed well in detecting novel introduction of SARS-CoV-2 while community transmission was eliminated; introductions were infrequent and case numbers were low. Detection relied on quarantine screening and community surveillance in symptomatic members of the general population, supported by comprehensive genomic sequencing. Once vaccine coverage is maximised, future COVID-19 control should shift to detection of SARS-CoV-2 VoCs, requiring maintenance of surveillance systems and testing all international arrivals, alongside greatly increased genomic sequencing capacity. Effective government support of localised public health response mechanisms and engagement of all sectors of the community is crucial to current and future COVID-19 management.

The impact of air quality on international tourism arrivals: a global panel data analysis.

Using data from World Development Indicators (WDI), this research constructs panel data of 99 countries from 1996 to 2018 and employs a spatial econometric model to analyze the impact of air quality on international tourism arrivals. Evidence shows that Moran’s I values are significantly positive, indicating a strong positive spatial dependence in each country and that poor air quality does have a negative impact on the number of tourist arrivals. The results of grouped data illustrate that middle-income countries, low-income countries, high concentrations of PM2.5, and countries with less numbers of tourists have negative effects on tourist arrivals in neighboring countries. The contrary groups, however, have positive effects on tourist arrivals – that is, the influence of air quality on the number of tourist arrivals exhibits heterogeneity. In addition, tests of the interaction term show that countries with higher R&D intensity have better air quality and thus attract more tourists. Therefore, countries with poor air quality should improve the environment through international cooperation and undertake technology transfer, thus ultimately increasing the number of tourists.

Do national cultures matter for tourism development? Some international evidence

This research examines whether a destination’s national culture has a substantial effect on tourism development. It focuses on six national culture proportions of Hofstede (2010). To account for probable asymmetric and non-linear associations among factors, the study tests a quantile regression by utilizing panel data from 101 nations and finds that most national cultures are non-linearly and statistically significant in explaining diverse quantiles of international traveler arrivals and international tourism receipts, whereas they do not do so for travel and leisure industry returns. We show that masculinity and indulgence negatively affect traveler arrivals, while power distance positively affects traveler arrivals.

ЮНВТО Всемирная туристская Барометр, и статистическое приложение Обновленная информация, Март 2022 года

Перевод охватывает основные главы публикации. Отдельные главы публикуются на языке оригинала (Английский). Tourism enjoys strong start in 2022 while facing new uncertainties International tourism continued its recovery in January 2022, with much better performance compared to the weak start of 2021. World arrivals more than doubled (+130%) compared to January 2021, an increase of 18 million. This is the same increase as in the whole of 2021 compared to 2020. Despite the robust results, the pace of recovery in January was impacted by the Omicron variant and the re-introduction of travel restrictions in several destinations. Arrivals were at -67% in January 2022 compared to 2019, after reaching -60% in Q4 2021. All world regions enjoyed a significant rebound in January 2022 compared to the low levels of January 2021. Europe (+199%) and the Americas (+97%) continued to post the strongest results, though international arrivals were still around half of pre-pandemic levels (-53% and -52% respectively). The Middle East (+89%) and Africa (+51%) also saw growth in January 2022 over 2021, but these regions saw a drop of 63% and 69% respectively compared to 2019. While Asia and the Pacific recorded a 44% year-on-year increase, several destinations remained closed to non-essential travel resulting in the largest decrease in international arrivals over 2019 (-93%). By subregions, the best results were recorded in Western Europe which saw four times more arrivals in January 2022 than in 2021, but 58% less than in 2019. Additionally, the Caribbean (-38%) and Southern and Mediterranean Europe (-41%) showed the fastest rates of recovery towards 2019 levels. After the unprecedented growth of 2022 and 2021, international tourism is expected to continue its gradual recovery in 2022. As of 24 March, 12 destinations had no COVID-19 related restrictions in place and an increasing number of destinations were easing or lifting travel restrictions, which is helping to unleash pent-up demand. However, high uncertainty derived from the military offensive of the Russian Federation on Ukraine coupled with a challenging economic environment and the travel restrictions still in place due to the ongoing pandemic, could affect overall confidence and disrupt the upward trend seen in tourism in 2021.

Baromètre OMT du tourisme mondial et annexe statistique, mars 2022

Seuls les principaux chapitres de la publication ont été traduits. Le reste de la publication figure dans la langue originale (Anglais). Tourism enjoys strong start in 2022 while facing new uncertainties International tourism continued its recovery in January 2022, with much better performance compared to the weak start of 2021. World arrivals more than doubled (+130%) compared to January 2021, an increase of 18 million. This is the same increase as in the whole of 2021 compared to 2020. Despite the robust results, the pace of recovery in January was impacted by the Omicron variant and the re-introduction of travel restrictions in several destinations. Arrivals were at -67% in January 2022 compared to 2019, after reaching -60% in Q4 2021. All world regions enjoyed a significant rebound in January 2022 compared to the low levels of January 2021. Europe (+199%) and the Americas (+97%) continued to post the strongest results, though international arrivals were still around half of pre-pandemic levels (-53% and -52% respectively). The Middle East (+89%) and Africa (+51%) also saw growth in January 2022 over 2021, but these regions saw a drop of 63% and 69% respectively compared to 2019. While Asia and the Pacific recorded a 44% year-on-year increase, several destinations remained closed to non-essential travel resulting in the largest decrease in international arrivals over 2019 (-93%). By subregions, the best results were recorded in Western Europe which saw four times more arrivals in January 2022 than in 2021, but 58% less than in 2019. Additionally, the Caribbean (-38%) and Southern and Mediterranean Europe (-41%) showed the fastest rates of recovery towards 2019 levels. After the unprecedented growth of 2022 and 2021, international tourism is expected to continue its gradual recovery in 2022. As of 24 March, 12 destinations had no COVID-19 related restrictions in place and an increasing number of destinations were easing or lifting travel restrictions, which is helping to unleash pent-up demand. However, high uncertainty derived from the military offensive of the Russian Federation on Ukraine coupled with a challenging economic environment and the travel restrictions still in place due to the ongoing pandemic, could affect overall confidence and disrupt the upward trend seen in tourism in 2021.