International Agency For Research In Cancer Research Articles

Evaluating the combined and individual cytotoxic effect of beauvericin, enniatin B and ochratoxin a on breast cancer cells, leukemia cells, and fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Beauvericin (BEA), Enniatin B (ENN B), and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are mycotoxins produced by fungi species. Their main effect on several organs and systems is associated with chronic exposure going from immunotoxicity, estrogenic disorders, and renal failure to cancer (in animals and humans). OTA belongs to Group 1 according to the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) and it has legislated limited values; not happening for BEA nor ENN B. Exposure to mixtures of mycotoxins occurs through food intake in daily consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implication of BEA, ENN B, and OTA individually and combined in producing cytotoxicity in cells for immunological studies and cancer cell lines (human leukemia cells (HL-60), fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells). Cells were treated for 4 h and 24 h at different concentrations of BEA, ENN B, and OTA, respectively. Viability assays were carried out by flow cytometry using DAPI (4′,6-diamindino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride) as a viability dye and the potential effects of synergism, addition, and antagonism were assessed through the Chou and Talalay method. Individual OTA treatment exerted the greatest cytotoxicity for PBMC cells (IC50 0.5 μM) while ENN B for HL-60 (IC50 0.25 μM) and MDA-MB-231 (IC50 0.15 μM). In binary combination [ENN B + OTA] resulted in exerting the greatest cytotoxicity for HL-60 and MDA-MB-231 cells; while [BEA + OTA] in PBMC cells. The triple combination resulted in being highly cytotoxic for PBMC cells compared to HL-60 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In summary, PBMC cells were the most sensible cells for all three mycotoxins and the presence of OTA in any of the combinations had the greatest toxicity causing synergism as the most common cytotoxic effect.

Mapping evidence on the distribution of paediatric cancers in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review protocol

BackgroundPaediatric cancers account for a minor fraction of deaths and hence receive little attention from policymakers. In low-income countries, the absence of comprehensive national paediatric strategies results in a lack of access for a majority of children with cancer. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the burden of childhood cancers is underestimated due to a lack of paediatric cancer registries, poor health care systems and competing healthcare needs. The objective of this study is to map evidence on the distribution of paediatric cancers in the SSA region.MethodA scoping review will be conducted to map literature on the distribution of paediatric cancers in SSA. An electronic literature search will be conducted from the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost (CINAHL and Health Source) and World Health Organization (WHO)/International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) (GLOBOCAN databases). We will also search the reference lists of included studies to source relevant literature. A pilot search was conducted to determine the feasibility of the study. Study selection will be guided by the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After charting the data, a descriptive overview of the studies will be presented in a narrative format. An account of the study characteristics will be described in this narrative. The analysis will be mainly based on mapping the country-specific outcomes emerging from the studies, and a numerical summary of these outcomes will be conducted. Tables, maps and charts will be produced and presented in the result section.DiscussionThis review study will identify existing research gaps for future research to influence policy implementation and to improve the availability of diagnosis and treatment of paediatric cancers in SSA.

Global Consultation on Cancer Staging: To Promote Consistent Understanding and Use of Cancer Stage Terminology

Background and context: Although the TNM stage schema has been the traditional means to classify anatomic extent of disease, in recent years confusion and uncertainty have emerged which underpinned by lack of familiarity concerning underlying rules of staging and their application. In turn such lack of clarity has led increased risk of miscommunication regarding patient care, research, cancer surveillance, epidemiology and cancer control. The UICC TNM Committee has confirmed a lack of uniformity in the application of cancer stage and its rules. In addition to stage, numerous other factors influence the outcome of patients as relate to tumor characteristics, patient descriptors, and the environment where any treatment is administered. A particularly a frequent problem is mixing disease extent and biology which has promoted additional misunderstanding about the importance and relevance of different individual prognostic elements and to what degree biology vs disease burden contribute to outcome. Aim: To ensure uniformity of staging systems, rules and classifications, the TNM Committee developed a global consensus on cancer staging. Strategy/Tactics: A selected literature review of twelve high impact oncology journals was performed and results will be summarized. There was inconsistent understanding and use of cancer stage classification terminology evident in up to 20% of the literature. A survey was developed and found that only 12.5% of those surveyed thought that the application of the TNM staging terminology was consistent and uniform in the literature. Respondents believed that complete T, N and M data should be recorded in cancer registries, 71% considered that other predictive and prognostic factors should also be collected by central cancer registries but that anatomic disease extent should be collected as a separate variable (85%). The Global Consultation on Cancer Staging was held under the auspices of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and Lancet Oncology with support from the United States (US) National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Experts from these organizations and FIGO (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d´Obstétrique), IACR (International Association of Cancer Registries), IARC (International Agency for Research in Cancer), and the ICCR (International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting) attended. Program/Policy process: The purpose of the staging classification was reaffirmed. Important issues about staging processes were annunciated, and inconsistencies in terminology and use were acknowledged. Definitions of frequently misused staging terms were clarified. What was learned: It was determined that methodologies need to be explored to identify and include necessary data elements relevant to personalized treatment. Selection of factors should particularly include attention to their inclusion in cancer registries where appropriate.

Smallpox and Dracunculiasis: The Scientific Value of Infectious Diseases That Have Been Eradicated or Targeted for Eradication. Is Schistosomiasis Next?

Smallpox and Dracunculiasis: The Scientific Value of Infectious Diseases That Have Been Eradicated or Targeted for Eradication. Is Schistosomiasis Next?

SURVEY OF EMF EMITTED BY LAB EQUIPMENTS IN PHARMACY LABS OF SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY IN BANGLADESH

The aim of this survey is to investigate whether the Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emitted by various lab equipments affects t he students. There is a standard threshold value recommended by WHO for both electric and magnetic fields. Electro -Magnetic Fields commonly known as Non Ionizing Radiation is emitted from high power transmission lines, computer monitor/video display unit, radio waves of different frequencies (extremely low frequency to microwaves), telecommunication, satellite, radar etc. which causes health hazards to living system and environment. The WHO/ International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has classified radio frequency electromagnetic field as possibly carcinogenic to humans. There has been no such study performed in Bangladesh. The data were collected from various labs of department of pharmacy at Southeast University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. These labs are Pharmaceutical, Cosmetology and Biopharmaceutical Lab, Pharmacology Lab, Organic Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Lab, Inorganic Pharmacy Lab and Microbiology Research Lab . Both threshold values of Electric and Magnetic fields were measured for various electronic equipments. Also the maximum value of the magnetic field results showed that in many cases the magnetic field radiated from the different sources are greater than the threshold limit which are the main point of our findings. As a result of the long time efforts of world scientist community WHO formed ICNIRP in 1969.

Cancer reporting - from clinical need to international partnerships and global goals

Aim To develop a process for the production, dissemination and implementation of international evidence-based pathology cancer datasets (IPCDS). Methods The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) was established in 2011 between the Pathology Colleges and Associations of the USA, UK, Canada and Australia. Cancer datasets from various organisations are harmonised and updated by internationally recognised pathologists and subjected to evidentiary and worldwide review, followed by publication in peer reviewed journals. Key international cancer organisations endorse and participate in the process. Results and Discussion Four datasets have been published and posted to the ICCR website to date. The International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has partnered with ICCR to synchronise the publication of subsequent ICCR datasets with future WHO Tumour Classification volumes. The ICCR is engaging with organisations involved in tumour staging including the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC). The European Society of Pathology (ESP) joined ICCR as a founding member in 2013, bringing over 68 countries and more than one billion people under a common process. Conclusions The ICCR has developed an efficient process for the production of standardised and evidence-based IPCDS. Engagement with key international cancer and pathology organisations will foster their adoption worldwide.

Viral carcinogenesis: virus implicated in cancer

The first consistent observations that viruses could be associated with some types of cancer where made almost a century ago. A great deal of effort was involved in unraveling the molecular mechanism underlying carcinogenesis implicated to animal and human viruses. As a result of these studies, a strong link between some viral agents and several human cancers has been established. Some viruses as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), immunodeficienciy virus type I (HIV-1) and several human papillomavirus types (including types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 66) have been classified as group 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC). Infection by these viruses constitutes a heavy burden for human populations as it accounts for almost 15% of all human malignancies. Furthermore, many other viral agents have been classified as probably (group 2A carcinogens) or possibly (group 2B carcinogens) carcinogenic to humans and others have been occasionally found in human tumors suggesting that this figure is just an underestimation of viral involvement in human cancer etiology. Nevertheless, viral infection appears as one of the main cancer risk factors that could be prevented. Prevention and control of infection by these agents could dramatically reduce the incidence of some prevalent cancers and, consequently, have a great impact on public health.

Mycotoxins are conventional and novel risk biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant disease with poor prognosis. To improve the clinical outcome, early diagnosis of HCC arising from nonviral agents and hepatitis virus is important. Among several etiological factors, mycotoxins defined as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) might be one of the critical risk factors for nonviral HCC. Aflatoxin B1 is the most well-known carcinogenic mycotoxin for HCC, but the role of the other types of mycotoxin remains unclear. Several studies have reported that a chromatographic separation technique based on high-performance liquid chromatography can successfully detect the concentration of mycotoxins in plasma. Recently, serum level of ochratoxin A (OTA), a widely distributed mycotoxin classified as Group 2B by IARC, was evaluated in HCC patients in Egypt. The results suggested that serum OTA levels might be a good biomarker for HCC. In this article, we review recent studies of OTA, and discuss its possible significance as a biomarker of HCC.

Computation of Societal Risk Abatement Cost and Long Run Marginal Financial Cost with Regard to Dioxin and Furan Emission Standards for Common Hazardous Waste Incinerator of India

Dioxins and Furans are generated unintentionally during incineration of halogenated hazardous waste which warrants adequate pollution control measures. International Agency for Research in Cancer(IARC) reported that population exposed to the most highly carcinogen 2,3,7,8-TCDD (one of the congener of dioxin) is more prone to increased risk of cancer, beyond this, societal risks are enhanced to people living in nearby areas even if they are not exposed directly. The study compares societal costs of dioxin & furan emission with events such as water borne diseases, rail and road accidents etc. The basic approach is adopted to convert impact of various risks into reduction in life span of the total population to form a common basis for comparison. This paper find out the “break even” standard for dioxin and furan emission where emission control costs and societal costs are equal. This is an attempt to develop a conceptual approach to consider societal cost as one of the determinants for developing emission standard in future. The reason is that the break even number 0.15 ng TEQ/Nm3 should not be taken as sacrosanct since studies are based on a variety of assumptions.

76 PERSISTENTLY HIGH TESTICULAR CANCER MORTALITY RATES DURING THE LAST DECADES: THE CHILEAN CASE

You have accessJournal of UrologyGeneral & Epidemiological Trends & Socioeconomics: Evidence-based Medicine & Outcomes II1 Apr 201276 PERSISTENTLY HIGH TESTICULAR CANCER MORTALITY RATES DURING THE LAST DECADES: THE CHILEAN CASE Francisco Lopez, Mario Fernandez, and Fernando Coz Francisco LopezFrancisco Lopez Santiago, Chile More articles by this author , Mario FernandezMario Fernandez Santiago, Chile More articles by this author , and Fernando CozFernando Coz Santiago, Chile More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.122AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Testicular cancer incidence has doubled in the last 40 years, presenting a wide range of rates worldwide. The latter is mainly attributed to racial factors, being far more frequent in young, white Caucasian men. However, since the introduction of platinum-based chemotherapy, mortality has decreased, becoming one of the least important causes of death from cancer. The aim of this study was to assess mortality rates and trends in Chile, comparing them to those of other countries worldwide. METHODS Mortality rates adjusted for age were constructed for the period 1983-2009 using data from the National Statistics Institute, including cases coded for testicular cancer according to the ICD-10 classification. Time trends were analyzed by joinpoint regression. Geographical distribution was assessed using a Poisson regression model. Mortality rates were compared by means of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) databases. RESULTS During the studied period, a mean number of 100 deaths were annually observed in our country. Trend analysis showed a constant 1.6% annual decreasement in mortality rates, reaching 1.4/100,000 habitants in 2009. Deaths where homogeneously distributed throughout the country. According to the IARC database, Chile has the second most important testicular cancer mortality rate worldwide. Meanwhile, according to the WHO data, Chile presents the highest mortality rate because of testicular cancer worldwide. CONCLUSIONS Although mortality is decreasing, Chile is one of the leading countries in testicular cancer mortality. Measures in order to decrease this rate cannot be proposed at this point, because no particular factor has been associated to this high mortality in our population so far. A study exploring tumoral as well as social factors is needed in order to identify possible causes of this phenomenon. © 2012 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 187Issue 4SApril 2012Page: e32 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2012 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Francisco Lopez Santiago, Chile More articles by this author Mario Fernandez Santiago, Chile More articles by this author Fernando Coz Santiago, Chile More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Disparities in cancer care between the United States of America and India and opportunities for surgeons to lead

The recent report from International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) predicted a threefold increase in the global cancer burden by 2030 with a disproportionate rise in cases from the developing world countries such as India. The aim of this study is to compare the cancer care between the developed and developing countries such as the United States of America and India and suggest avenues for surgeons to take a lead in addressing these disparities.

Viral Origins of Human Cancer

The first consistent observations that viruses could be associated with some types of cancer where made almost a century ago. Since then researchers have spent a great deal of effort to address the infectious origins of human cancer. As a result of these studies, a strong link between some viral agents and several human cancers has been established. Some viruses as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) and several human papillomavirus types (including types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 66) have been classified as group 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC). Infection by these viruses constitutes a heavy burden for human populations as it accounts for almost 15% of all human malignancies. Furthermore, many other viral agents have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans and others have been occasionally found in human tumors suggesting that this figure may be an underestimation of virus involvement in the etiology of human cancer. Therefore, viral infection appears as one of the main preventable cancer risk factors. We summarize the current state of knowledge concerning virus-induced/associated cancers and discuss its significance in the context of human carcinogenesis. Prevention and control of infection by these agents could dramatically reduce the incidence of some prevalent cancers and, consequently, have a great impact on public health.

Cancer incidence and mortality in the Caribbean

21110 Background: Nearly 10% of immigrants to the United States come from the Caribbean region. In this paper, we analyzed incidence and mortality rates of the major cancers in the Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad and Tobago, and compared them with US patterns. Methods: We obtained age-standardized, sex-specific cancer incidence and mortality rates for cancers of the bladder, breast, cervix, esophagus, large bowel, liver, lung, pancreas, prostate, and stomach for eight Caribbean countries and the US from the GLOBOCAN program of the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) and for the US population from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the NCI. Results: GLOBOCAN incidence and mortality rates for the overall US were lower than but correlated with overall SEER rates. Based on GLOBOCAN data, the incidence and mortality rates of cancers of the breast, prostate, large bowel, and lung, and, among males, bladder cancer were lower in the Caribbean countries than the US. Caribbean countries had higher rates of cancers of the cervix, esophagus, liver, and stomach. Haiti had the highest incidence and mortality rates of cervix and liver cancers. Jamaica and Haiti had the highest rates of stomach cancer. Conclusions: Cancer incidence and mortality in the Caribbean generally follow known patterns of association with economic development, infectious agents, and racial/ethnic origin. Studying these patterns and how immigration changes them may yield clues to cancer etiology. A better understanding of cancer incidence and mortality rates may help health policymakers to implement state-of-the-art treatment and preventive services for people of Caribbean descent both in their native countries and in immigrant communities in the US. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Exposure and Health Risk of Gallium, Indium, and Arsenic from Semiconductor Manufacturing Industry Workers

The semiconductor manufacturing industry is a chemically-intensive, modern industry in which workers are potentially exposed to toxic metals of the IIIA, IVA, and VA families, including gallium (Ga), indium (In), and arsenic (As) (Liao et al., 2006; Chen, 2006). These metals or metalloids are known to have several toxicities and to cause carcinogenesis in animals and humans (Chepesiuk, 1999; Fowler et al., 1993). Symptoms of acute poisoning (including gastrointestinal discomfort, vomiting, coma, and sometimes death) usually occur within 30 min of ingestion of GaAs and InAs, whereas the consequences of chronic poisoning (including anemia, leucopenia, skin cancer, and other internal cancers) are much more insidious (Betoulle et al., 2002). A single dose of 100 mg/kg of GaAs and InAs resulted in acute pulmonary inflammation and pneumocyte hyperplasia after 14 days (Betoulle et al., 2002; Tanaka et al., 1996; Webb et al., 1986). Chronic exposure (2-year observation period) to lower doses (<1 mg/L) of GaAs and InAs produced systemic toxicity and definite pulmonary lesions (Ohyama et al., 1988). In addition, testicular toxicity was observed, and tumor occurrence increased significantly in mice when GaAs and InAs were injected intraperitoneally (Omura et al., 2000). There was also evidence of renal toxicity. CD rats exposed to GaAs developed mitochondrial swelling of renal proximal tubule cells and dose-dependent inhibition of d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in the blood, kidney, and liver (Goering et al., 1988; Conner et al., 1995). Arsenic has been classified by International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) as a Group I carcinogen, which means that it is a documented human carcinogen. Much of the information linking arsenic to cancer has been obtained through studies of human exposure. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic is a potential occupational hazard. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandate permissible limits for occupational exposures to ensure the safety and health of workers. The permissible exposure limit (PEL) for arsenic was set at 10 lg/m for an 8-hr day in a 40-hr workweek, and the short-term exposure limit (STEL) measured over a 15-min period was set at 2 lg/m (ATSDR, 2006). Moreover, the biological exposure index (BEI) of total arsenic in urine was set at 35 lg/L (ACGIH, 2004). Taiwan’s history of economic development is well known. The semiconductor manufacturing industry, in particular, has played a decisive role in the development of Taiwan’s economy. Taiwan is the largest producer of CDROMs and light emitting diodes (LEDs) with integrated circuit (IC) products, accounting for 70% and 50% of total worldwide production, respectively. Semiconductor production increased 54% in Taiwan from 1993 to 2000. Currently, about 350 companies in Hsinchu Science-based Industrial Park (HSIP) manufacture ICs, computers and peripheral devices, telecommunication devices, optoelectronics, biotechnology products, and precision machinery. These companies employ over 30,000 people (Chen and Huang, 2004; Chen, 2006). Because workers in the semiconductor manufacturing industry are potentially exposed to a variety of heavy metals, their health may be at risk. In this study, we examined workers’ personal exposure to gallium (Ga), indium (In), and arsenic (As) by monitoring the concentrations of these substances in inhalable-air and H. W. Chen (&) Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Science and Technology, 306 Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China e-mail: hwchen@mail.ypu.edu.tw

Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the Caribbean

Background: Nearly 10% of immigrants to the United States come from the Caribbean region. In this paper, we analyzed incidence and mortality rates of the major cancers in the Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad and Tobago, and compared them with US patterns. Methods: We obtained age-standardized, sex-specific cancer incidence and mortality rates for cancers of the bladder, breast, cervix, esophagus, large bowel, liver, lung, pancreas, prostate, and stomach for 8 Caribbean countries and the United States from the GLOBOCAN program of the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) and for the U.S. population from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the NCI. Results: GLOBOCAN incidence and mortality rates for the overall United States were lower than but correlated with overall SEER rates. Based on GLOBOCAN data, the incidence and mortality rates of cancers of the breast, prostate, large bowel, and lung, and, among males, bladder cancer were lower in the Caribbean countries than the United States. Caribbean countries had higher rates of cancers of the cervix, esophagus, liver, and stomach. Haiti had the highest incidence and mortality rates of cervix and liver cancers. Jamaica and Haiti had the highest rates of stomach cancer. Conclusions: Cancer incidence and mortality in the Caribbean generally follow known patterns of association with economic development, infectious agents, and racial/ethnic origin. Studying these patterns and how immigration changes them may yield clues to cancer etiology. A better understanding of cancer incidence and mortality rates may help health policymakers to implement state-of-the-art treatment and preventive services for people of Caribbean descent both in their native countries and in immigrant communities in the United States.

Crystalline silica and lung cancer: A review of recent experimental evidence

The International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has recently stated that crystalline silica should be regarded as a potential carcinogen. The IARC bases this statement on a finding that there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in animals. Recent laboratory animal experiments demonstrating a carcinogenic response to silica exposure have intensified scientific and regulatory concern for crystalline silica as a respiratory carcinogen. Studies of human populations have been contradictory in demonstrating a causal relationship between crystalline silica exposure and lung cancer. This paper reviews recent experimental evidence and attempts to identify the gaps and inconsistencies in our understanding of the relationship between exposure to crystalline silica and the two diseases of concern: silicosis and pulmonary neoplasia. Given our current level of understanding and the need for more scientific data it seems premature to initiate changes in exposure regulations at this time.