Internally Displaced Research Articles

BEYOND BORDERS: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT ON WOMEN'S REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN NIGERIA

This comprehensive study, titled "Beyond Borders: Understanding the Effects of Internal Displacement on Women's Reproductive Health in Nigeria," delves into the multifaceted impact of internal displacement on the reproductive health of women within the Nigerian context. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, the research investigates the intersection of displacement, healthcare access, and reproductive well-being. Through a synthesis of qualitative and quantitative data, the study aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, healthcare practitioners, and humanitarian organizationsstriving to address the unique challenges faced by internally displaced women.

The status of immunization program and challenges in Ethiopia: A mixed method study.

Immunization helps reduce morbidity and mortality attributable to severe vaccine-preventable childhood illnesses. However, vaccination coverage and the quality of immunization data remain challenging in Ethiopia. This has led to poor planning, suboptimal vaccination coverage, and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks in under-immunized pocket areas. The problem is further compounded by the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the disruption of the health information system due to recurrent conflict. This study assessed the current status of the immunization service and its challenges in Ethiopia. A mixed-methods study was conducted in three regions of Ethiopia from 21 to 31 May, 2023. A survey of administrative reports was done in a total of 69 health facilities in 14 woredas (districts). Nine KIIs were conducted at a district level among immunization coordinators selected from three regions to explore the challenges of the immunization program. Linear regression and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the qualitative data. The findings from the qualitative data were triangulated to supplement the quantitative results. Two-thirds (66.4%) of the children were fully vaccinated, having received all vaccines, including the first dose of the MCV1, by 12 months of age, as reported through administrative reports collected from health facility records. Catchment area population size and region were significantly associated with the number of fully immunized children (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). The vaccination dropout rates of the first to third dose of pentavalent vaccine and the first dose of pentavalent vaccine to the first dose of MCV1 were 8.6% and 7.4%, respectively. A considerable proportion of health facilities lack accurate data to calculate vaccination coverage, while most of them lack accurate data for dropout rates. Longer waiting time, interruptions in vaccine supply or shortage, inaccessibility of health facilities, internal conflict and displacement, power interruption and refrigerator breakdown, poor counseling practice, and caretakers' lack of awareness, fear of side effects, and forgetfulness were the reasons for the dropout rate and low coverage. The result also showed that internal conflict and displacement have significantly affected immunization coverage, with the worst effects seen on the most marginalized populations. The study revealed low vaccination coverage, a high dropout rate, and poor quality of immunization data. Access and vaccination coverage among marginalized community groups (e.g., orphans and street children) were also low. Hence, interventions to address organizational, behavioral, technical, and contextual (conflict and the resulting internal displacement) bottlenecks affecting the immunization program should be addressed.

Efeitos globais de segunda ordem em estruturas de concreto armado: critério simplificado com base no método de Galerkin

Abstract Global second order effects in reinforced concrete buildings can be estimated using numerical or simplified methods, such as the γz coefficient, presented in the Brazilian standard. This paper proposes a new simplified parameter, which is deduced by the Galerkin’s Method by Weighted Residuals. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed methodology, 42 planar frames (21 framed system structures and 21 dual system structures) were analysed in terms of internal forces and displacements. Such results were compared to those obtained by the γz coefficient and to the reference results obtained throughout a geometric nonlinear elastic finite element program. The precision of the results was defined by statistical analyses, which showed that the results using the proposed parameter were closer to the reference ones, even in the recommended range for using the γz coefficient.

Effects of Internal Forced Displacement on Crime: Evidence from Colombia

Internal forced displacement, a consequence of territorial control strategies by armed groups, has resulted in profound socioeconomic challenges for receiving areas. Approximately eight million people have been affected in Colombia, where internal conflict and criminal networks have prevailed for over five decades. This paper explores the relationship between internal forced migration and crime rates in Colombian municipalities from 2003 to 2016, focusing on spatial dynamics. The study utilizes a spatial panel model and considers five crime categories: homicides, kidnapping, personal injuries, automobile theft, and residential burglary. The results reveal significant associations between forced displacement and certain types of crime, highlighting the importance of spatial analysis in understanding the interaction between migration and crime. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and researchers, facilitating informed policy interventions and community initiatives to address the repercussions of internal migration on crime dynamics.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПРОБЛЕМИ ДЕФІЦИТУ КАДРІВ НА РИНКУ ПРАЦІ НА ПРИКЛАДІ МЕБЛЕВОЇ ГАЛУЗІ

Modern russian-Ukrainian war deepened in February 2022 drastically reshaped the labour market, causing emigration and internal people displacement and as a consequence the significant workforce shortage for all industries, especially in manufacturing. Solving this problem is crucial for resolving several major challenges, including defence procurements. The relevance of this topic lies in on-date quantitative and qualitative analysis of labour market deficiencies during martial law. The aim of this article is to evaluate and analyse the labour market imbalance and workforce shortages in production industries, with a focus on the furniture industry, and to seek solutions to these problems. Observation disclosed that official statistical data is overdue and does not fully show the volume of the shortages. This article presents findings from the authors’ own research, scientific inquiries, reviews, surveys, and labour market monitoring by business communities and donor organizations. A survey of furniture industry enterprise representatives identified the distribution of personnel needs in production specialties across Ukrainian regions. In-depth interviews with industry experts provided diagnostic insights into the current state and prospects of the industry. The article also examines the trend of labour shortages across Ukraine’s labour market from the early months of the invasion to the present, using data from online job search portals. The increasing workforce shortage is illustrated through the furniture industry, with diagnostic conclusions about the industry’s state and prospects. The article develops recommendations for advancing the furniture industry and training new personnel for vacant production positions. Three options to address the labour market shortage are proposed: utilizing artificial intelligence and radical business process automation, attracting labour migrants from poorer countries, and establishing training and retraining centres. The initial results of testing the latter option for furniture companies demonstrate the approach’s potential. The article underscores the importance of addressing the personnel shortage issue for businesses and the state budget both now and in the coming years. The proposed measures can help overcome the labour market crisis, contribute to economic stabilization, and provide the necessary resources for the country’s recovery.

A formally exact theory to construct nonreactive forcefields using linear regression to optimize bonded parameters.

This article derives theoretical foundations of force field functional theory (FFFT). FFFT studies topics related to the functional representation of nonreactive forcefields to achieve various desirable properties such as: (a) formal exactness of the forcefield's energy functional under certain conditions, (b) a formally exact ansatz separating the bonded potential energy from the nonbonded potential energy within a bonded cluster in a way that enables bonded parameters to be optimized using linear regression instead of requiring nonlinear regression, (c) the potential energy's continuous differentiability to various orders with respect to energetically accessible internal coordinate displacements within a subdomain defined by one electronic ground state, (d) forcefield design that guarantees the reference ground-state geometry is exactly reproduced as an equilibrium structure on the forcefield's potential energy landscape, (e) reasonably accurate and broadly applicable frugal model potentials, (f) computationally efficient embedded feature selection that identifies and removes unimportant forcefield terms, (g) well-designed methods to parameterize the forcefield from quantum-mechanically-computed and (optionally) experimental reference data, and (h) forcefields that approximately reproduce experimentally-measured properties. This article also introduces: (1) an angle-bending model potential that more accurately describes physical dynamics and is continuously differentiable to all orders with respect to internal coordinate displacements even when the bond angle is linear (i.e., θ = π (180°)) and (2) a first-principles-derived stretch potential that accurately describes short-range Pauli repulsion and the long-range bond dissociation energy. This new angle-bending potential gave good agreement to CCSD quantum-chemistry calculations for CaH2, CO2, H2O, HNO, Li2O, NO2, NS2, SF2, SiH2, and SO2 molecules. This new bond-stretch potential reproduced the first 12+ and 30+ vibrational energy levels of H2 and O2 molecules, respectively, within a few percent of experimental values. Studying the C-F bond stretch in C6F6 as an example, the new ansatz (item (b) above) reduced sensitivity of the optimized force constant's value to choice of nonbonded interaction parameters by an order of magnitude compared to the old ansatz. Normal mode analysis of optimized flexibility models for CO2, H2O, HNO, and SO2 molecules yielded vibrational transition frequencies within a few percent of experimental values. These results demonstrate advantages of this new approach.

Prevalence and associated factors of acute diarrhea among under-five children living in Hargeisa Internally Displaced Persons, Somaliland: a community-based cross-sectional study.

in developing countries, diarrhea is a major cause of child death among those under five years old. Dehydration, malnutrition, delayed physical development and early childhood mortality are the major consequences of diarrheal diseases. In Somaliland, diarrheal diseases have been endemic and a major problem since 1994, with epidemics occurring annually. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of acute diarrhea among children under five years old living in Hargeisa Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), Somaliland. a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers of children under five from August to September 2020 in Hargeisa IDPs. A total of 383 mothers were selected using single population proportional formula. Data was entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 22. To explore the association between variables, bivariate logistic regression was performed for each independent variable with the dependent variable. Variables with a p-value of < 0.05 were adjusted in multivariate logistic regression. Finally, variables with a p-value < 0.05 were recognized as determinants of acute diarrheal disease. the prevalence of diarrhea among children under five living in Hargeisa IDPs was 51% (95% CI: 46%-56%). Children older than one year (AOR= 3.59, 95% CI: 2.05-5.20), those not exclusively breastfed (AOR= 4.01, 95% CI: 3.27-4.60), those not given colostrum milk (AOR= 36.41, 95% CI: 25.76-47.90), those drinking water stored in jerry-cans (AOR = 4.90, 95% CI: 1.31-8.39), and those with poor hand washing practices (AOR = 5.74, 95% CI: 1.38-7.82) were more likely to develop diarrhea than their counterparts. this study concludes that the prevalence of diarrhea was very high (51%). Lack of awareness of exclusive breastfeeding and colostrum feeding, storing drinking water in unprotected containers, and poor hand-washing practices were identified as significant predictors for childhood diarrhea (p-value < 0.05).

An Integrated Attribution Approach to attribute internal displacement to human-induced climate change

An Integrated Attribution Approach to attribute internal displacement to human-induced climate change

Technophilia: Viable Tool for Actualizing Refugee Education

The use of computers and associated hardware, software, and networks, to provide learning through virtual learning systems have become a means of supplementing the existing traditional teaching method. This innovation, though new in a developing country such as Nigeria, is capable of serving the needs and requirements for improving the quality of education in the numerous Internal Displacement Camps in Nigeria. In this research, the education of school-age children in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps is examined with particular focus on the enrollments, and the quality of provided education. Also, case studies of various African countries’ programs geared towards improving the quality of education, and skilling up her students for employment using various Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools, are presented. The innovations directly or indirectly yielded positive impacts on national economies of the deploying countries. Targeting school age children in the over 140,000 IDP camps in Nigeria with ICT-based learning, will have the triple effect of quality education, skill acquisition, and reduction in the growing number of IDPs in the camps as a result of unwanted pregnancies. National Communication Commission’s Digital Job Creation for Youth (DJCY), which follows a customized boot camp, with the beneficiaries being offered computers with associated connectivity toolset, and set up as Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) after training them in ICT services, is recommended for the youth in the IDP, while immersive learning (VR lens) should be used for interactive learning experience for the younger children, with Google expedition for control of accessed content. The framework for refugee education is adapted to specifically focus on ICT-based education, training, and skill acquisition for refugees. Keywords: Quality Education, Virtual Reality, Google Expedition, Internally Displaced Persons, Education Innovation, National Communication Commission (NCC) CISDI Journal Reference Format Olebara, C.C. (2023): Technophilia: Viable Tool for Actualizing Refugee Education. Computing, Information Systems, Development Informatics &amp; Allied Research Journal. Vol 13 No 4, Pp 31-44 Available online at https://www.isteams.net/cisdijournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CISDI/V14N4P3

SPATIAL FEATURES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF FORCED INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN THE ODESA REGION

Problem Statement and Purpose. In today's context, migration is becoming one of the most important issues for Ukraine. The socio-economic disparities in each region of the country are largely influenced by large-scale forced internal migration, which has both positive and negative aspects. Timely identification of problems and development of solutions to them makes it possible to bring the situation under control. Odesa region is a leader among the southern regions of the country in terms of the number of registered internally displaced persons (IDPs). The relevance of the study of this type of migration is due to its impact on the socio-economic status of communities and the level of integration of IDPs in the region. The article presents a structural, dynamic and regional analysis of the movement of internally displaced persons in Odesa region. In the course of the study, the trends in the distribution of internal migrants and the factors that influence it were identified. The positive and negative factors of this type of migration on the socio-economic status of the region's communities are analyzed. Ways to solve these problems were proposed. Data &amp; Methods. The study of the processes of forced internal migration of the population was based on a documentary analysis of the legislative framework and policy on migration processes in Ukraine. For the statistical analysis, data from the official websites of the relevant executive authorities of the country, the administration of Odesa region and the International Organization for Migration in Ukraine were used. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: dialectical, empirical, modeling, and comparison. Results. The study of the movement of forced internal migration in Odesa region found that the rapid growth of new population is affecting the economic, environmental, and socio-cultural spheres of the region. The analysis of migrants' settlement in the region showed that the settlement is uneven. The leader in terms of the number of registered migrants among the seven districts of the region is Odesa district with the regional center of Odesa, with 93524 people registered as of January 2023, which is 67% of the total number of registered IDPs. This indicates that IDPs choose settlements with developed infrastructure, high economic and social standards of living of the local population, and a larger number of support programs from local governments aimed at solving problems and supporting IDPs. The overwhelming majority of migrants come from Mykolaiv and Kherson regions, due to the territorial proximity of these southern regions. The study identified the factors of influence of forced internal migration on the socio-economic situation in Odesa region. Among the main positive factors are: increased production and attraction of new investments in the communities of the region. The following negative factors were identified: unregulated control of registered migrants, burden on the economic, educational and medical funds of the region, and increased anthropogenic impact on the environment. As a result of the analysis of the identified problems and needs, ways to solve them were proposed, namely: to increase investments to improve infrastructure in each district of the region, which will allow developing programs for the uniform resettlement of the population, improving the system of social and financial programs for different groups of migrants, and increasing the level of patriotic education among the local population. All this will help internally displaced persons to adapt better in new communities, and the local population will improve their living standards and reduce discrimination in the region.

ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIORAL FACTORS AND LEVEL OF ANXIETY OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

Background. The mental health of Ukrainian children is of great concern. The current study aims to investigate the behavioral factors and level of anxiety of schoolchildren aged 11-17 years old in Kremenchuk in the conditions of war. Method: A total of 114 children took part in the survey in 2022. In addition, a total of 156 children filled out questionnaires on behavioral factors in 2021, and 114 children filled out questionnaires on behavioral factors in 2022. Of note, children’s questionnaires were available to their parents, who were able to correct children’s answers on the state of health and lifestyle. The level of situational and personal anxiety, and the dynamics of behavioral factors of students were assessed. The scale of personal and situational anxiety by Spielberger and Khanina was used to assess situational and personal anxiety. Result. The mean age of the respondents in 2021 was 13.8±1.7 years (max = 17; min = 11), with 78 (68.4%) women and 36 (31.6%) men. In addition, 20 (17.5%) participants were internally displaced persons. Of note, internally displaced persons (IDPs) had a 5.4 times greater chance of situational anxiety than the local schoolchildren (odds ratio, OR=5.4, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.66-9.39, p=0.045). Additionally, the level of personal anxiety in women is 6.6 times higher than in men (OR=6.66, 95% CI: 2.79-15.92, p =0.028). Furthermore, eating junk food was associated with higher odds of situational anxiety in war conditions (OR=3.11, 95% CI: 1.37-7.03, p=0.035). Conclusion. The mental health and sleep health among children living in Kremenchuk are worrisome. The current study indicates the high psychological burden on Ukrainian children, especially IDPs. Constant mental health care during the initial period of resettlement is urgently needed.

Homelessness within Homeland: Oppression of Hazara in Hosseini’s The Kite Runner

In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, I explore the ethnic tension between the Pashtun and Hazara communities and the Pashtun's suppression of the Hazara community. Hosseini advocates for the oppressed Hazara minority in the novel, as a member of the ruling Pashtun community, he unconsciously glorifies his own racial superiority by presenting the Hazara as voiceless and miserable, unable to survive without the aid of the Pashtun community. Regarding Hazaras in the novel, the concept of citizen is not applicable since they are discriminated against and excluded by Sunni extremists in Afghanistan. Sunnis are “privileged,” and this position has created a situation of discrimination and inequality towards the underprivileged Hazaras, and they are denied to have equal rights. Hazaras in Afghanistan are not treated as “citizen subjects,” and they have been living in a stateless condition, full of discrimination, inequality, and mistreatment. To deal with the issues, the internal displacement of Hazara communities and the historical background of refugees in Afghanistan, I have brought the ideas of Derrida, Foucault, Hannah Arendt, Balibar, Hemel, Agamben, Ranciere, as my theoretical tools as well as other references from migration, displacement, and refugee and try to connect the refugee crisis of The Kite Runner in a global spectrum.

Legal basis and international standards for ensuring the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons by local government bodies

The article is devoted to researching the legal foundations and international standards of ensuring the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons by local self-government bodies. The article draws attention to the fact that the relevance of the study of international legislation regarding the status of internally displaced persons is determined by the degree of analysis of international legal acts related to the protection of internally displaced persons and the procedure for their reception and accommodation by local self-government bodies, as well as the identification of interesting positions on the determination of the status of internally displaced persons persons in some foreign countries with the possibility of their introduction into national legislative practice. It is concluded that due to the rapid spread of forced internal displacement around the world, the million number of internally displaced persons in Ukraine, the need to create a single international document, for example, the UN Convention on the Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons, is ripe. Attention is drawn to the fact that Ukraine can initiate the creation of such a document, since it is at the center of problems related to mass internal displacement of persons and is actively considering ways to solve them, including the creation of a special legislative framework and the provision of legal and social guarantees. The article emphasizes that in order to effectively solve these issues, it is necessary to hold joint discussions with the participation of international organizations and state authorities, local self-governments and public organizations of Ukraine, which are involved in this process. Decisions related to the improvement of the legal regulation of ensuring the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons should be made taking into account international standards for the protection of human rights and norms of international humanitarian law, as well as taking into account the national experience and the experience of other countries regarding the activities of local authorities in this sphere.

ОБЛІК БЮДЖЕТНИХ АСИГНУВАНЬ В ЗАКЛАДАХ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я: ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-УПРАВЛІНСЬКІ ТА ЦИФРОВИЙ АСПЕКТИ

The healthcare sector of Ukraine needs special support at the national level of governance under martial law. An important priority in the context of the implementation of the Plan for the Recovery of Ukraine's Healthcare system from the consequences of war until 2032 is the introduction of effective governance tools that will ensure professional sustainability in the healthcare sector, as well as the formation of an effective management system for healthcare institutions in general. Building an effective management system for healthcare institutions requires high-quality accounting and analytical support for the management of budget allocations, in particular, when they are distributed and used by subordinate institutions. All stated issues determined the relevance of the chosen problem. The aim of the research is to study and substantiate peculiarities of the budget allocation accounting in health care institutions, taking into account organizational, managerial and digital aspects, in order to improve the efficiency of their activities and ensure the security of the accounting system as a whole. In the course of the study, general scientific theoretical methods of cognition were used, namely: tabular - for analytical assessment of the dynamics and structure of budget allocations of the health care institution under study; visual interpretation - for visualization of the process of organizing the accounting of budget allocations and their management system; analogy, abstraction and formalization - to reveal the features of financial and management accounting of budget allocations. The article attempts to substantiate the need to improve the synthetic and analytical accounting of budgetary allocations of a health care institution, taking into account organizational, managerial and digital aspects in the context of the post-war recovery of the national economy. Practical significance is in the fact, that based on the scientific and theoretical results of the study, actual proposals have been developed to improve the accounting of budgetary allocations of a health care institution, taking into consideration organizational, managerial and digital aspects. Prospects for further research consist in implementation of theoretical substantiation of the need to change the priorities of health care institutions within the framework of the Plan for the Restoration of the Health Care System of Ukraine until 2032, in particular, to increase medical services to meet the needs of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and people with special needs caused by the hostilities in Ukraine (rehabilitation, intensive care, development of "Specific Medical Guarantee Packages" for war victims) and disclosure of the peculiarities of their accounting reflection.

Emergent network patterns of internal displacement in Somalia driven by natural disasters and conflicts

In Somalia, extreme droughts, floods, and conflicts have generated a great wave of internally displaced persons (IDPs) involuntarily moving within the country’s boundaries. Despite increasing concerns about the IDP problem, we still do not fully understand the emergent properties of IDP flows from the network perspective. Particularly lacking is quantitative information on how natural disasters and conflicts differently or similarly shape IDP networks. These knowledge gaps are critical for IDP studies with complex interactions because the gaps may misconnect IDP flows with socio-environmental data at inappropriate spatial scales. To address these gaps, this study applies a series of network analyses to compare emergent patterns in disaster-induced and conflict-induced IDP networks. Push patterns were random without hub formation in both cases. Social connections were critical to incoming IDP flows but not to outgoing IDP flows. Natural disasters and conflicts produced similar triadic structures of IDP networks, suggesting possible interactions between natural disasters and conflicts in driving IDP flows. Community patterns were more scattered by the number and formation in the conflict-induced IDP network than in the disaster-induced IDP network. From the community detection, Natural disasters were likely to move IDPs within the regional boundaries, but conflicts relocated IDPs to relatively remote areas out of the boundaries. The communities were more modular in the disaster-induced IDP network than in the conflict-induced IDP network. These findings are useful for understanding IDP network patterns as a starting point for developing a nexus between climate, conflict, and migration.

ANALYSIS OF EQUITABILITY IN HUMANITARIAN AID DISTRIBUTION: A CASE STUDY OF NORTH-EAST NIGERIA

This study examines equitability in humanitarian aid distribution in the context of the North-Eastern region of Nigeria, focusing on food security among host communities and internally displaced persons (IDPs). The North-East has been plagued by a decade-long insurgency, resulting in significant displacement of people and dependence on humanitarian assistance. While numerous aid organizations operate in the region, food insecurity and poverty persist at alarming rates, with over 71.5% of the population living below the international poverty line. Using a cross-sectional dataset from the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), this study employs ordinal probability regression and ordinary least squares regression models to analyse the impact of various factors on food security. The result reveals that a higher proportion of IDPs experience high food insecurity compared to host communities, and asset ownership significantly influences food security, with host community households possessing higher asset values. Interestingly, employed households are more likely to be food insecure, suggesting the need for labour market improvements for both groups. These findings underscore the importance of equitable aid distribution, especially in conflict-affected regions, and calls for targeted interventions to address the varying needs of host communities and IDPs. Further research and policy measures are essential to alleviate food insecurity and poverty in the North-Eastern region.

Основні групи населення, які потребують соціального захисту в умовах воєнного стану

In the contemporary geopolitical context, Ukraine faces unprecedented challenges that demand specific approaches to the social protection of the most vulnerable population groups under wartime conditions. This article addresses the key aspects of legal and social assistance to three primary categories: internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, war veterans and combat participants, and families of those killed in combat. IDPs and refugees encounter numerous legal and social challenges, ranging from basic bureaucratic obstacles in accessing social services to issues with labor market entry. War veterans and combat participants require comprehensive support, encompassing medical rehabilitation, psychological aid, and social adaptation. Families of the deceased face the harsh reality of loss, necessitating not only moral but also financial assistance. Analyzing these issues within a legal framework will promote a better understanding and an effective response to them.

Spatial Evolution of Internal Displacement Field for Open-Pit Bench Blasting

Spatial Evolution of Internal Displacement Field for Open-Pit Bench Blasting

Early effectiveness of Ti-Robot assisted femoral neck system for minimally invasive treatment of elderly Garden type Ⅱ and Ⅲ femoral neck fractures

To investigate the early effectiveness of the Ti-Robot assisted femoral neck system (FNS) in the treatment of elderly Garden type Ⅱ and Ⅲ femoral neck fractures. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 41 elderly patients with Garden type Ⅱ and Ⅲ femoral neck fractures who were admitted between December 2019 and August 2022 and met the selection criteria. Among them, 21 cases were treated with Ti-Robot assisted FNS internal fixation (study group), and 20 cases were treated solely with FNS internal fixation (control group). There was no significant difference in baseline data, including gender, age, side, cause of injury, time from injury to surgery, fracture Garden classification, and fracture line classification, between the two groups ( P>0.05). Surgical effectiveness was evaluated based on parameters such as operation time (including incision time and total operation time), reduction level, number of dominant pin insertions, intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency, incision length, whether to extend the incision, need for assisted reduction, postoperative hospital stay, fracture healing time, incidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score at 1 day, and Harris hip score at last follow-up. The study group showed significantly shorter incision time, fewer dominant pin insertions, fewer instances of extended incisions, fewer intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency, and smaller incisions than the control group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in total operation time, reduction level, and assisted reduction frequency between the two groups ( P>0.05). Both groups achieved primary wound healing postoperatively, with no complications such as incision leakage or skin infection. All patients were followed up 12-24 months with an average of 14.6 months. Fractures healed in both groups, with no significant difference in healing time ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in postoperative hospital stay between the two groups ( P>0.05). The study group showed significantly better VAS score at 1 day after operation and Harris hip score at last follow-up when compared to the control group ( P<0.05). No complication such as internal fixation failure, fracture displacement, or hip joint varus occurred in both groups during the follow-up. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head occurred in 1 patient of the control group, while no was observed in the study group, and the difference in the incidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head between the two groups was not significant ( P=0.488). Compared to sole FNS internal fixation treatment, Ti-Robot assisted FNS internal fixation for elderly Garden typeⅡ and Ⅲ femoral neck fractures can reduce incision time, achieve minimally invasive and accurate nail implantation, and decrease intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency, leading to improved postoperative hip joint function recovery.

Assessing and improving the sanitation services in Kabarto 2 IDP camp using the Smart sanitation approach

Sanitation is a critical issue in internally displaced people (IDP) camps, where the lack of proper infrastructure and services can pose major health and environmental dangers. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the sanitation situation in Kabarto 2 IDP Camp in Iraq using the Smart Sanitation Approach comprising of three tools: SFD (Shit Flow Diagram), CSDA (Citywide Sanitation Diagnostic Assessment), and ECAM (Energy and Carbon Assessment for Environmental Management). The results show that the camp's sanitation infrastructure is wholly unsafe, with faecal sludge (FS) not being properly contained, emptied, or treated. The operation of the desludging trucks and the incomplete treatment are the main causes of the sanitation system's greenhouse gas emissions. The paper offers recommendations for enhancing the design and construction of the containment systems and restoring or upgrading the treatment plant. In conclusion, the study suggests improving data collection and monitoring, clear roles and responsibilities for the developing a faecal sludge management policy. The paper also makes suggestions for potential future applications of these tools, including the use of these technologies in more IDP camps or humanitarian settings to produce more data and knowledge about the provision of sanitation services in these settings and promote service improvement in the region.