Internal Behavior Research Articles

The influence of SEN structure on the flow and solidification phenomena in ultra-large-section beam blank mould

Due to the complex cross-section and scale effects, surface and internal defects are prone to occur in the ultra-large-section beam blank. In this study, a coupled model of steel liquid flow and heat transfer within a 1300 × 510 × 140 mm cross-section beam blank mould was established. The results indicate that single-port SEN reduced the flow activity on the meniscus, and the three-ports SEN led to significant high temperature zones and re-melting of the solidified shell in the flange tip and web. The four-ports nozzle not only optimizes the internal flow behavior of the mould but also enhances the uniformity of temperature and solidification. The maximum circumferential difference in shell thickness under the four-ports SEN was only 8.1 mm, compared to 13.2 mm and 13.8 mm under the single-port and three-ports SEN, respectively.

Individual low-carbon behaviors and influencing factors: Insights from a behavior survey study in China

Climate change is a major global concern. Greenhouse gas emissions that cause global climate change are directly or indirectly affected by human activities. Individual low-carbon behaviors are crucial in reducing CO2 emissions and improving environmental and ecological health. To effectively promote individual low-carbon behavior, this study designed a questionnaire on the factors influencing individual low-carbon intentions and behavior based on theoretical models of environmental behavior. A total of 2430 valid questionnaires were collected in China. This study focuses on analyzing the impact of demographic characteristics, internal and external factors on individual low-carbon behaviors and their interrelationships. The research shows correlations between internal and external factors in determining low-carbon intention or behaviors. Internal factors-related low-carbon behavior is not closely linked with demographic variables, whereas the external factors-related low-carbon behavior vary significantly by age, residence, education, marital status, occupation, and income. The findings have important implications for designing effective policies to promote low-carbon behaviors, such as creating a more favorable external environment and increasing the use of policy tools for reducing CO2 emission.

A Thermodynamic Model for Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Tanks

Hydrogen is used as a fuel in various fields, such as aviation, space, and automobiles, due to its high specific energy. Hydrogen can be stored as a compressed gas at high pressure and as a liquid at cryogenic temperatures. In order to keep liquid hydrogen at a cryogenic temperature, the tanks for storing liquid hydrogen are required to have insulation to prevent heat leakage. When liquid hydrogen is vaporized by heat inflow, a large pressure is generated inside the tank. Therefore, a technology capable of predicting the tank pressure is required for cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks. In this study, a thermodynamic model was developed to predict the maximum internal pressure and pressure behavior of cryogenic liquid hydrogen fuel tanks. The developed model considers the heat inflow of the tank due to heat transfer, the phase change from liquid to gas hydrogen, and the fuel consumption rate. To verify the accuracy of the proposed model, it was compared with the analyses and experimental results in the referenced literature, and the model presented good results. A cryogenic liquid hydrogen fuel tank was simulated using the proposed model, and it was confirmed that the storage time, along with conditions such as the fuel filling ratio of liquid hydrogen and the fuel consumption rate, should be considered when designing the fuel tanks. Finally, it was confirmed that the proposed thermodynamic model can be used to sufficiently predict the internal pressure and the pressure behavior of cryogenic liquid hydrogen fuel tanks.

Effect of cementation on the mechanical response of sands using acoustic emission technique

This study investigates the impact of cementation on the mechanical behavior of sands with various cement content (CSR) in drained triaxial compression, employing both Acoustic Emission (AE) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) measurements. The experimental findings, encompassing quantitative statistics of stress-strain relations, microstructure variations, and AE characteristics, demonstrate that: the addition of CSR from 1% to 20% leads to an exponential rise in peak strength and stiffness, marking a transition from ductile to brittle mechanical failure, which is pinpointed between CSR levels of 5% to 10%. AE characteristics unveil an upward-opening parabola of normalized AE hits with CSR, a clear transition zone identification, and three distinct types of AE rate evolutions corresponding to failure patterns of ductile bulging, shear banding, and brittle fracturing, respectively. It suggests an intimate correlation with the intrinsic differences in micro-mechanical behaviors and AE propagation properties of cemented sands with varying CSRs. Notably, the bulging and shear banding processes are divided by AE into three stages, whereas fracturing is characterized into five stages. Two precursory AE anomalies associated with incipient failure and complex failure modes are observed, emphasizing the advantage of using AE to reflect the internal micro-mechanical behavior of cemented sands over conventional stress-strain manifestations.

Study on the biodynamic characteristics and internal vibration behaviors of a seated human body under biomechanical characteristics.

To provide reference and theoretical guidance for establishing human body dynamics models and studying biomechanical vibration behavior, this study aimed to develop and verify a computational model of a three-dimensional seated human body with detailed anatomical structure under complex biomechanical characteristics to investigate dynamic characteristics and internal vibration behaviors of the human body. Fifty modes of a seated human body were extracted by modal method. The intervertebral disc and head motions under uniaxial white noise excitation (between 0 and 20Hz at 1.0, 0.5 and 0.5m/s2 r.m.s. for vertical, fore-aft and lateral direction, respectively) were computed by random response analysis method. It was found that there were many modes of the seated human body in the low-frequency range, and the modes that had a great impact on seated human vibration were mainly distributed below 13Hz. The responses of different positions of the spine varied greatly under the fore-aft and lateral excitation, but the maximum stress was distributed in the lumbar under different excitations, which could explain why drivers were prone to lower back pain after prolonged driving. Moreover, there was a large vibration coupling between the vertical and fore-aft direction of an upright seated human body, while the vibration couplings between the lateral and other directions were very small. Overall, the study could provide new insights into not only the overall dynamic characteristics of the human body, but also the internal local motion and biomechanical characteristics under different excitations.

A STUDY ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR TOWARDS SOFT DRINKS: A CASE STUDY IN BANGALORE

Understanding consumer behavior of an essential component in developing a marketing plan since customers are the most crucial aspect in the success of any organization. The study of what consumers purchase, how they buy it, where they buy it, and how much of it they buy at what time and place. Along with the choice of whether to buy or not, there is also the choice of which source to use. The purpose of this study is to examine soft drink consumer preferences and purchasing trends. Understanding consumer behavior is one of the essential elements in developing a marketing plan, as customers are the most important aspect of the success of any business. Consumer demand is key in the context of the perpetual business as it has been proven to drive companies into the organization. Therefore, you need to understand the importance of their actions while creating and executing your marketing tactics. Consumer behavior is the object of study. What to buy, why to buy (price, advertising), why to buy (product), where (store), how (method) to buy (method of purchase), etc. In addition, factors that influence internal and external behavior, such as self-concept, age, family, social and cultural background, and views on both socioeconomic class and personality. Keywords: Consumer buying behavior, buying soft drinks, product, price, place, promotion.

Three-Dimensional Printed Teeth in Endodontics: A New Protocol for Microcomputed Tomography Studies.

This study aimed to describe a support material removal protocol (SMRP) from inside the root canals of three-dimensional printed teeth (3DPT) obtained by the microcomputed tomography (microCT) of a natural tooth (NT), evaluate its effectiveness by comparing the 3DPT to NT in terms of internal anatomy and behaviour toward endodontic preparation, and evaluate if 3DPT are adequate to assess the differences between two preparation systems. After the SMRP, twenty 3DPT printed by PolyJet™ were microCT scanned before preparation and thereafter randomly assigned into two groups (n = 10). One group and NT were prepared using ProTaper Gold® (PTG), and the other group with Endogal® (ENDG). MicroCT scans were carried out after preparation, and the volume increase, volume of dentin removed, centroids, transportation, and unprepared areas were compared. For the parameters evaluated, no significant differences were found between the 3DPT and NT before and after preparation (p > 0.05), and no significant differences were found between the 3DPT PTG group and the 3DPT ENDG group (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that the SMRP described is effective in removing the support material SUP706B™. PolyJet™ is adequate for printing 3DPT. Furthermore, 3DPT printed with high-temperature RGD525™ have similar behaviour during endodontic preparation with PTG as the NT, and 3DPT can be used to compare two preparation systems.

Evaluation of Eye-Blinking Dynamics in Human Emotion Recognition Using Weighted Visibility Graph

Purpose: Designing an automated emotion recognition system using biosignals has become a hot and challenging issue in many fields, including human-computer interferences, robotics, and affective computing. Several algorithms have been proposed to characterize the internal and external behaviors of the subjects in confronting emotional events/stimuli. Eye movements, as an external behavior, are habitually analyzed in a multi-modality system using classic statistical measures, and the evaluation of its dynamics has been neglected so far.
 Materials and Methods: This experiment intended to provide an innovative single-modality scheme for emotion classification using eye-blinking data. The dynamics of eye-blinking data have been characterized by weighted visibility graph-based indices. The extracted measures were then fed to the different classifiers, including support vector machine, decision tree, k-Nearest neighbor, Adaptive Boosting, and random subset to complete the process of classifying sad, happy, neutral, and fearful affective states. The scheme has been evaluated utilizing the available signals in the SEED-IV database.
 Results: The proposed framework provided significant performance in terms of recognition rates. The highest average recognition rates of > 90% were achieved using the decision tree.
 Conclusion: In brief, our results showed that eye-blinking data has the potential for emotion recognition. The present system can be extended for designing future affect recognition systems.

Experimental analysis and safety assessment of thermal runaway behavior in lithium iron phosphate batteries under mechanical abuse

Mechanical abuse can lead to internal short circuits and thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, causing severe harm. Therefore, this paper systematically investigates the thermal runaway behavior and safety assessment of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries under mechanical abuse through experimental research. Mechanical abuse experiments are conducted under different conditions and battery state of charge (SOC), capturing force, voltage, and temperature responses during failure. Subsequently, characteristic parameters of thermal runaway behavior are extracted. Further, mechanical abuse conditions are quantified, and the relationship between experimental conditions and battery characteristic parameters is analyzed. Finally, regression models for battery safety boundaries and the degree of thermal runaway risk are established. The research results indicate that the extracted characteristic parameters effectively reflect internal short circuit (ISC) and thermal runaway behaviors, and the regression models provide a robust description of the battery's safety boundaries and thermal runaway risk degree. This work sheds light on understanding thermal runaway behavior and safety assessment methods for lithium-ion cells under mechanical abuse.

Internal Marketing, Faculty Engagement, and Innovative Behavior: An Empirical Study in Higher Education

The current research study investigated the significance of internal marketing (IM) to enhance faculty innovative behavior (FIB) and faculty engagement (FE) in higher education (HE). Furthermore, the mediation of FE in the association between IM and FIB has been investigated. Three hundred teachers from three major public sector universities in union territory (Jammu and Kashmir) in India have been contacted to gather responses. The study contributes in numerous ways to the literature—dimensions of IM have a significant and positive impact on FIB in the HE sector. FE significantly mediated the effect of IM and its dimensions on FIB. This study also enlarged the scope of social exchange theory by using it from faculty perspectives in HE. Furthermore, the study has made an attempt to modify the scale to measure constructs for making them suitable in the HE sectors. Research findings offer numerous suggestions for administrators in HE institutions.

Impact assessment of major operating factors on internal tracking behavior in a phase-separated ditch

Impact assessment of major operating factors on internal tracking behavior in a phase-separated ditch

Discrete element method study of the mixing and heat transfer behaviour of a binary‐size granular system in a rotating drum

AbstractUnderstanding the internal solid motion and heat transfer behaviour within rotating drums is paramount for their design and operation across various industries. The discrete element method (DEM) is utilized to elucidate the general flow, mixing, and heat transfer characteristics of particles within rotating drums. Following model validation, this study delves into the mixing behaviour and heat transfer patterns of binary‐size particles in the rotating drum, while also assessing the impact of size ratio and rotating speed. The findings reveal that variations in particle size result in noticeable radial segregation, consequently affecting the heat transfer dynamics of solid phase within the system. Higher rotating speeds enhance mixing and dispersion of solid phase but lead to a decrease in the averaged particle temperature. Furthermore, the heat flux exhibits a negative correlation with particle size. Distinct heat transfer behaviours are observed among particles of different sizes in both active and passive areas, with larger particle size ratios exacerbating segregation, potentially impacting final product quality. In summary, these findings offer crucial insights into heat transfer phenomena in rotating drums, aiding in the design and operation of apparatus.

Research on pressure pulsation characteristics of a pump-turbine in pump mode with rotating stall: Focus on the broadband frequency

To investigate the adverse effects of rotating stalls on the pressure pulsation characteristics of a pump-turbine in pump mode, an unsteady numerical simulation was carried out by applying the partially averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model. The numerical methods were carefully verified, and the onset flow rate of the hump at the performance curve and heads were in good agreement with the experimental data. The rotating stall appeared in the guide vane when the flow rate ranged from 0.514 to 0.887 times the best efficiency point (QBEP), with a frequency of 11.7% times the rotational frequency. In the period of a rotating stall, a sudden intensive pressure pulsation in the guide vane channel was observed and named as the component of the broadband frequency, and its corresponding flow mechanism was explained as the vortex evolution between the adjacent guide vane blades based on the dynamic mode decomposition technology. There were three distinct characteristics of broadband frequency: (i) intermittent occurrence when the rotating stall cell propagated to the current flow channel, (ii) a wide range of the frequency varying with flow rate, (iii) a considerable amplitude, e.g., reaching 21.1%–42.2% times that of the rotating stall frequency. In addition, both the frequency range and amplitude of the broadband frequency gradually decreased as the flow rate increased to 0.887QBEP. This study clarified the internal flow mechanism and frequency behaviors of a sudden intensive pressure pulsation if a rotating stall occurred, which was important to assess the stability of pump-turbine units.

Experimental and simulation research on rupture behavior of coal-based solid waste material backfilling column under non-uniformly distributed load with different loading ratios

Artificial construction backfilling columns underground based on coal-based solid waste materials is an important method to slow down surface subsidence and reduce the environmental pollution caused by coal gangue hills and fly ash. Taking the Xinyang coal mine as an example, based on a self-developed non-uniform load application device, acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring technology, the evolution law of rupture behavior of coal-based solid waste material backfilling columns under different loading ratios was revealed. When the loading ratios are 1, 1.1319, 1.3585, 1.6371, and 2.0631, the average compression strength with the same material ratio is 3.96 MPa, 4.05 MPa, 4.22 MPa, 4.57 MPa, and 3.94 MPa, respectively. It is indicated that an increase in the loading ratio within the critical range is beneficial for stimulating the collaborative bearing of different parts inside the backfilling columns. From the perspective of the internal rupture behavior of the backfilling columns, the increase in loading ratio promotes a significant increase in the proportion of shear cracks, which has increased from 17.07% to 37.02%, resulting in the shear failure of backfilling columns. Meanwhile, as the loading ratio increases, the crack initiation position gathers from the left and right sides to the middle, and the final crack shape gradually transitions from two inclined and parallel main cracks to an inverted "V" shaped intersecting main cracks. The research is of great significance for improving the understanding of the failure law of backfilling columns and the safety evaluation of engineering-bearing structures under non-uniform loads.

Emotion regulation and internal behavior problems in young autistic children-preliminary study

Emotion regulation and internal behavior problems in young autistic children-preliminary study

Numerical evaluation of the internal fracture mechanism of the single PBL shear connector considering the effects of position and strength of the transverse rebar

AbstractThe perfobond (PBL) shear connector reinforced with transverse rebar effectively contributes to sufficient ductility, bearing capacity, and anti‐fatigue behavior to hybrid structures. The construction practice involves the placement of the transverse rebar at the bottom position within the concrete dowel, whereas past studies employed transverse rebar in the center of the dowel; hence, there exists a gap between literature and design practices. Furthermore, there is no specific information in the design guidelines for hybrid structures on the influence of the position of the transverse rebar. Therefore, the current research deals with the analytical investigations employing the coupled Rigid Body Spring Model (RBSM) and the nonlinear solid Finite Element Method (FEM) that encompass the internal fracture behavior of concrete with the various parameters of transverse rebar, particularly the position and strength, to recognize the failure mechanism. It was determined that the numerical model accurately captured the test shear capacity and failure modes. The internal failure process of a specimen with transverse rebar at the bottom position, identical to actual field practice, revealed that as the height of the concrete region above the rebar rises, more compressive stresses in a trapezoidal manner are being generated, leading to an enhancement of the deformation capacity. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the specimen with the transverse rebar inserted at the bottom generates the greatest axial force, which is followed by the greatest shear capacity.

Adversarial Attacks on the Interpretation of Neuron Activation Maximization

Feature visualization is one of the most popular techniques used to interpret the internal behavior of individual units of trained deep neural networks. Based on activation maximization, they consist of finding synthetic or natural inputs that maximize neuron activations. This paper introduces an optimization framework that aims to deceive feature visualization through adversarial model manipulation. It consists of finetuning a pre-trained model with a specifically introduced loss that aims to maintain model performance, while also significantly changing feature visualization. We provide evidence of the success of this manipulation on several pre-trained models for the classification task with ImageNet.

Low-carbon behavior between urban and rural residents in China: An online survey study

This study examines the variances in low-carbon behaviors between urban and rural residents in China, highlighting the importance of tailoring strategies to foster sustainable lifestyle shifts. A notable innovation of our research is the detailed assessment of 24 low-carbon behaviors across five categories: clothing, eating, housing, transportation, and using, where the highest engagement was found in eating-related behaviors and the lowest in using. Remarkably, rural residents typically exhibit more favorable low-carbon behaviors than their urban counterparts, except in transportation. Another innovation of our research is the integration of the theory of planned behavior with external factors, we uncover how both internal and external influences shape low-carbon behaviors across demographics. We demonstrate that external factors, such as infrastructure, publicity and education, and economic factors, can both directly and indirectly encourage low-carbon behaviors. Infrastructure, particularly green transportation, emerges as vital for enhancing low-carbon behaviors in rural areas. These insights suggest policymakers can enhance low-carbon behavior promotion through modifications to external factors. Additionally, we advocate for demographic-specific policies to ensure interventions are precisely targeted and more efficacious, underscoring our contribution to the nuanced understanding of low-carbon behavior promotion strategies.

Associations between Atopic Dermatitis and Behavior Difficulties in Children.

Background and Objectives: There has been increasing evidence that atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with behavioral difficulties (BDs). There is currently a lack of evidence of how the severity of the disease determines BDs and what additional factors may contribute to their manifestation. The aim is to determine what kind of BDs occur in children with AD compared to healthy children and to find out what additional factors may contribute to the development of BDs in AD patients. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, prospective study with the application of a risk assessment instrument for behavior difficulties (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL 6/18) in pediatric patients with AD and healthy controls (6-17 years) between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2022. For statistical comparison, mainly Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Student's t-test were used, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: This study included a total of 101 children: 48% with AD, 52% non-AD. The mean age was 10 ± 2.7 years for AD, and10.5 ± 3.1 years for the control patients. AD patients had higher internal behavior scale scores and T-scores (6.6 ± 6.4 vs. 9.6 ± 6.9 and 47.9 ± 9.5 vs. 52.3 ± 10.2, p = 0.01), anxiety/depression scale score and T-score (2.8 ± 2.7 vs. 4.3 ± 3.5 and 47.7 ± 8.4 vs. 52.5 ± 11, p = 0.02), and somatic problems scale score and T-score (2.1 ± 2.3 vs. 3.5 ± 3 and 47.6 ± 8.5 vs. 52.7 ± 10.9, p = 0.005). Patients with severe AD had sleep disturbance and itching scores higher than those with mild-moderate AD (5.4 ± 2.6 vs. 2.4 ± 2.2, p = 0.000 and 6.6 ± 2.4 vs. 4 ± 2.8, p = 0.001). The mean morning serum cortisol concentration was lower in AD patients compared to controls (252.91 ± 304.34 vs. 351.55 ± 126.09 nmol/L, p = 0.047). Conclusions: Children with AD present a higher risk of BDs than healthy controls. Patients with severe AD experience more sleep disturbances and a greater intensity of itching compared to mild-moderate AD. The occurrence of BDs was not related to serum cortisol levels. The cortisol level, severity, age, gender, duration of illness, intensity of pruritus, and sleep disturbance did not affect the development of BDs.

Parental Burnout and Child Behavior: A Preliminary Analysis of Mediating and Moderating Effects of Positive Parenting.

Despite its significant growth over the past fifteen years, research on parental burnout is just beginning to explore the relationships of the syndrome with child behavior. Previous research with adolescents has shown the existence of associations between parental burnout and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in the offspring. The current study is an attempt to (i) replicate this preliminary evidence specifically among Chilean preschool children and (ii) explore the mediating/moderating effects of positive parenting that may be involved in these putative associations. A sample of 383 Chilean mothers participated in this cross-sectional online study. The results confirmed the associations between parental burnout and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors. We also observed that positive parenting was a mediator in the relationship linking parental burnout and the child's internalizing (full mediation) and externalizing (partial mediation) behaviors. Positive parenting also partially mediated the association between the child's externalizing behavior and parental burnout. Our results further suggested that the child's externalizing behavior was possibly a more substantial contributing factor to parental burnout than the child's internalizing behavior.