Internality Research Articles

Effect of Integrated Psychotherapy on Happiness and Locus of Control among Institutionalized Adolescents

Happiness is a choice. Valerie Bertineli, says there's going to be stress in life, but it's your choice whether you let it affect you or not. Happiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive emotions ranging from contentment to intensejoy. The way you seethe world and attribute it matters a lot in how you conceive happiness. Julian Rotter, developed the concept of “locus of control”, the degree to which individuals believe they have the ability to control what happens to them (internal) or how much they think that forces beyond their control affect their situation external. The present study is conducted with an objective to evaluate the effect of Integrated Psychotherapy on Happiness and Locus of Control among Institutionalized adolescents. A total sample of 30 institutionalizes adolescents identified with the age range of l 4to 18 years, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria from Kannur district of Kerala. The tools used for the study are Oxford Happiness Questionnaire by Michael Argyle and Peter Hills and Internal- External Locus of Control Inventory by Venkatapathy. Paired t-test was conducted for finding statistical analysis and the results revealed that there is a significant change in the level of happiness as well as in dimensions of locus of control before and after intervention especially in the internality and Powerful others. Whereas the chance as a dimension of locus of control did not seem to change.

Characteristics of internality as a factor of the future psychologists’ readiness for personal and professional self-development

У статті обґрунтовано актуальність проблеми оцінювання сформованості інтернальності та готовності до особистісно-професійного саморозвитку майбутніх психологів у контексті високих вимог до особистісного розвитку фахівців цього профілю. Стисло охарактеризовано поняття дослідження. На основі огляду теорії питання сформульовано підсумок, що інтернальність майбутніх психологів можна розглядати в якості чинника їх готовності до особистісно-професійного саморозвитку. Наведено дані сучасних емпіричних досліджень, які підтверджують існування взаємозв’язків між цими властивостями. Встановлено недостатність експериментально-дослідного вивчення характеру їх взаємовпливу. Розкрито запропоновану авторами структуру інтернальності майбутніх психологів (когнітивний, особистісний, регуляторний компоненти) та їх готовності до особистісно-професійного саморозвитку (когнітивний, аксіологічно-мотиваційний, поведінковий компоненти). Зазначено психодіагностичні методики, призначені для оцінки сформованості кожного компоненту.Подано інформацію щодонавчальних закладів та кількості майбутніх психологів четвертих і п’ятих курсів, які взяли участь у констатувальному експерименті. Проілюстровано та проаналізовано статистично значущі кореляційні зв’язки між компонентами досліджуваних явищ (із застосуванням критерію лінійної кореляції К. Пірсона). Встановлено існування статистично достовірного взаємозв’язку між: когнітивним компонентом інтернальності та аксіологічно-мотиваційним компонентом готовності майбутніх психологів до особистісно-професійного саморозвитку; когнітивним компонентом інтернальності та поведінковим компонентом готовності до саморозвитку; регуляторним компонентом інтернальності, когнітивним та поведінковим компонентами готовності до саморозвитку. Розведено результати аналізу показників студентів четвертих та п’ятих курсів. На основі отриманих емпіричних даних зроблено висновок про доцільність розробки програми формування інтернальності як чинника готовності майбутніх психологів до особистісно-професійного саморозвитку.

Mediating effect of anxiety on relationship between mobile phone addiction and locus of control in college students

Objective To explore the relationship among mobile phone addiction, locus of control and anxiety in college students. Methods Using Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI), Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scale (IPC), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), 826 college students were surveyed and the data were analyzed by SPSS17.0 and Amos24.0. Results 73.6% college students had mobile phone dependence. College students being addicted to mobile phone got higher scores on chance(20.17±6.65), powerful others(18.74±7.45) and anxiety(45.95±10.41)than non-cellphone dependent students (chance(17.09±6.67), powerful others(15.03±7.65)and anxiety(40.44±8.29)). There were significant differences(all P<0.01). The scores on mobile phone addiction were positively related to chance, powerful others and anxiety (r=0.289, r=0.261, r=0.267, P<0.01). Anxiety played a partial mediating role between chance and mobile phone addiction and the mediating effect was 26.6%. Conclusion Chance can directly predict mobile phone addiction or indirectly predict cell phone addiction through anxiety. Key words: College students; Locus of control; Mobile phone addiction; Anxiety; Mediating effect

Internality of transition, Differentiation of authenticity -Focusing on Kim, In-sook’s novels

Internality of transition, Differentiation of authenticity -Focusing on Kim, In-sook’s novels

Medical students＆#39; communicative skills：problems on and solutions

Formation of communicative ability has internality and chronicity. Currently, eval-uation methods for medical students＆#39; communicative skills include examination, questionnaire, and comprehensive evaluation. Each has its own merits and drawbacks. As an alternative, this paper pro-posed to construct student archives for evaluation of communicative skills and opted for a comprehen-sive mode, based on students＆#39; self-assessment, guided by the teacher, and combined with patients＆#39; assessment. Key words: Medical students＆#39; communicative skills; Evaluation mode; Process evalua-tion; Comprehensive evaluation

The correlation of academic scores and locus of control among nursing freshmen

Objective To explore the characteristics and correlation of locus of control and academic scores among nursing freshmen.Methods A total of 296 nursing freshmen were investigated by questionnaires on demographic data,internality,powerful others and chance scale ( IPCS),and the scores of final examination of five courses in first semester were recorded.Results The scores of humanmorphology,college english,introduction of important theory and physical education in female students were higher than those of male students ( P ＜ 0.05).Female students,non one - child,students from urban had lower scored in internality (P ＜ 0.05 ).Internality had significantly positive correlation with mean academic scores in female students (P ＜ 0.05).Condusions Nursing educators need to seek the factors resulting lower scores in male students.And they should help nursing freshmen to build proper locus of control so as to improve academic scores. Key words: Nursing freshmen; Locus of control; Academic score

Onjectivity and subjectivity in science and psychology

Despite the achievements of the sciences in the last three or four centuries, the erroneous view is still current that the sciences lack objectivity and stability. This view is clearly not based upon concrete observation and analysis, but rather upon absolutistic metaphysical beliefs. It is in order then to examine this situation as it applies to psycho­logy and the other sciences. It is suggested that by considering sorne selected problems of science and psychology, the issue of objectivity versus subjectivity will be considerably illu­minated. The essential message of this article is the need to banish all versions of absolutism and extremism from the domains of existence and knowledge. Absolutism and extremism lead to transcendentalism which has no place in science, including psychology. The pre­sent discussion is addressed to the particular version of transcendentalism which holds that objectivity and stability are absent from science, that all is haphazard and omnivalent in contrast to the efforts and achievements of all the various scientific disciplines. The nonobjective pronunciations reflect a religious and rnetaphysical attitude that is blind to the obvious detailed interbehaviors of scientists with inorganic, organic, and cultural objects and events. As we have indicated jn the text, when observation and analysis of the work and results of concrete investigation are reviewed, there is nothing to support any mythical and mysterious subjectivity and internality in science or in scientific psy­chology.

Shiftwork locus of control effects in police officers.

Personality and experientially-based differences are suggested to moderate the negative effects of shiftworking. This investigation was one of a series of studies aimed at examining the relationship between internal locus of control (internality) and commonly reported outcomes of exposure to shiftworking. The study concentrated on whether or not shiftwork-specific internality appeared to be associated with better experiences for two groups of shiftworkers on different shift rotas. The Shiftwork Locus of Control (SHLOC) scale was completed by each group along with a range of outcome measures (including: sleep disturbance, alertness on shift, psychological well-being, disturbance of social and family life, and fatigue). The analyses controlled for for age, shiftwork experience and years of service effects. The results showed that for the majority of outcome variables, the higher internality was associated with significantly lower levels of shiftwork problems, especially when compared to the low internality group. The findings of this study further support the use of shiftwork-specific locus of control in shiftwork research as an indicator of potentially better tolerance, and possibly as part of an occupational health monitoring process to aid the targeting of interventions.

The Internality of Scale

The Internality of Scale

The mediating effects of coping styles on the relationship between coping resources and psychosomatic health in patients with asthma

Objective To study the role of coping styles in the relationship between coping resources and psychosomatic health in patients with asthma. Methods 184 adult patients with asthma were investigated with General Serf-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scale (IPC), Social Support Rat-ing Scale (SSRS), Defensive Style Questionnaire (DSQ), Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ) and Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36). Results Significant correlation between self-efficacy (r=0.356),locus of control(Ir=0.208, Pr=0.341, Cr=-0.349) ,subjective(r=0.201) and objective(r=0.189)social support, immature and middle ( r = - 0. 257 ) defensive styles and coping styles ( PCr = 0.231, NCr =-0.505 ) with Mental Component Summary (MCS) was found (all P <0.05), but Physical Component Summary (PCS) was only related to self-efficacy( r=0. 175) ,chance(r=0.150),immature(r=-0.256) and middle de-fensive Styles and negtive coping styles (all P < 0.05). PCS (t = - 5.189) and MCS (t = - 6. 758) could be predic-ted effectively by negative coping style (all P<0.01). Moreover, self-efficacy, powerful others and the use of so-cial support could had an effect on the health of patients through negative coping style. Conclusion Negative coping style could not only have a direct effect on the health of asthma patients but also be a mediator between self-efficacy, locus of control, social support and the health of patients. Key words: Coping; Asthma patients; Structural equation modeling; Coping resources; Quality of life; Cross-sectional study

The reliability and validity of SCL-90 scale in immigrants

Objective To analyze the reliability and validity of Chinese-edition SCL-90 scale used in immigrants from Three Gorges Area.Methods The cluster randomized sampling wag selected and immigrants were interviewed with SCL-90 scale by face to face,also calculated scale scores.The reliability,validity of SCL-90 scale wag evaluated respectively by methods of Reliability Analysis,Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Pearson Correlation Analysis.Results ①The Cronbach's α coefficient of ten subscales were between 0.763 and 0.891,and the split-half coefficient were between 0.771 and 0.869.②The correlation coefficient between subscales and total scale was more than 0.754 and less than 0.921,also the statistical test to 10 correlation coefficient were significant(P＜0.01).③The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that x2/df＞5,RMSEA≤0.08,In,CFI,NNFI＞0.90.SRMR＜0.1 in first-order model and second-order model.④The correlation coefficient of 10 subscales were between 0.462 and 0.895,except 3 subscales(obsessive-compulsive,anxiety and psychotism subscale).The correlation coefficient between subscales and total scale of residual subscales were higher than that of between subscales.⑤The scores of 10 subscales were all higher in positive symptoms group than that of in mental health group,and also difference of t-value between two groups were significant(P＜0.01).Conclusion The internality reliability,content validity and division validity of SCL-90 scale were better in immigrants,but the structure validity was not very well. Key words: Chinese-edition SCL-90 scale; Immigrants; Reliability; Validity

Study on the locus of control of the Chinese soldiers

Objective To study the state of the locus of control which include the internality, powerful others and chance of Chinese soldiers. Methods Using cross-sectional study, the locus of control in 331 Chinese soldiers was measured simultaneously by the internality,powerful others and chance scales (IPC). Results The mean score of internality, powerful others and chance were 29.25±7.14, 14.51±7.65 and 15.38±7.48, respectively. The educational background and the concerned about their family had great positive correlation on the internality of the army in Xinjiang area. The coefficient correlations were 0. 155 and 0. 186, respectively. The therapeutic effect on the disease had great negative correlation on the internality. The coefficient correlation was-0.322. The evaluation of themselves health state and the concerned about their family had great negative corre- lation on the powerful others and chance of the army in Xinjiang area. The coefficient correlations were - 0.200, -0.272 and -0.278, -0.328, respectively. Conclusion There' re three key points to promote the locus of control, which is educational background, the therapeutic effect on the disease and the concerned about their family. Key words: Locus of control; IPC; Army

Correlation research between self-efficacy, mastery and mental health of practical nurses

Objective To explore the influence of self-efficacy and mastery on mental health of practical nurses. Methods 226 practical nurses were investigated in the self-efficacy, mastery and mental health using General Self-Efficacy Scale （GSES）, Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scale （IPC）, and Symptom Checklist 90 （SCL-90）. Results The scores of GSES and the Internality part of IPC of practical nurses were lower than those of normal nurses, and the difference had statistical meaning （P 〈 0.05）. Total score of SCL-90 and scores of obsession, interpersonal relationship sensitivity, anxiety and terror were higher than those of Chinese normal nurses, and the difference had statistical meaning （P 〈 0.05）. Correlation analysis revealed that there were statistically significant correlation between self-efficacy, mastery and many parts of SCL-90. Multiple regression analysis revealed that mental health could be predicted by self-efficacy, chance and internality. Conclusions Mental health of practical nurses is affected by their own self-efficacy and mastery. Key words: Practical nurses; Self-efficacy; Mastery; SCL-90

An evaluation of validity and reliability on the internality,powerful others and chance scales using for Chinese soldier

目的 探讨内控性、有势力他人及机遇(IPC)量表用于中国军人心理控制能力测量的可能性.方法 采用横断面研究,使用IPC量表对新疆地区331名军人的心理控制能力进行问卷调查测定,分析其信度、效度.结果 本次研究中,IPC量表的总分半信度为0.72,量表中的内控性、有势力他人及机遇3个分量表的分半信度分别为0.66,0.70,0.81;内控性、有势力他人及机遇3个分量表的同质性信度分别为:0.60,0.75,0.78,满足群组比较的要求.因子分析产生的3个共因子与理论结构基本一致,结构效度的累积方差贡献为60.12%.结论 为IPC量表适用于中国军人心理控制能力调查提供一定的科学证据。

Stress and aging. A counter-cultural development of locus of control and coping behavior in the elderly

Large international comparative surveys showed that study of intra-cultural differences and of their modifications with aging could be a fertile way to understand the influence of culture on psychological processes. People who attribute what happens to them to internal and controllable causes use more coping strategies focused on the problem than people who put forward external causes. Results obtained on child and adult in occidental societies showed dominant tendencies towards the norm of internality and coping focused on problem solving. We assumed the converse hypothesis of a decreasing belief in the internal control and a recentering coping behavior on emotional regulation in the elderly, which results in an increasing maladjustment to dominant intracultural tendencies. We studied 215 French elderly subjects with a French scale assessing the type l locus of control (internal versus external) through 7 sources of reinforcement and with the French validation of the Vitaliano et al. coping scale assessing the strategies of adaptation (focused on problem solving versus on emotional control). The results showed that advancing age, contrary to the main intracultural injunctions, was linked to an increasing belief in external factors regulating life events and with an emotion focused coping of avoidance type when facing a recent stress. Unlike to the continuous emphasis, in our individualistic cultures, on the adaptation of the world to the self involving problem solving, it is the adaptation of the self to the world by managing the feelings, characteristic of collectivist cultures, which seems gradually to prevail during aging and could contribute to difficulties in adjustment of the elderly.

How Perceived Control and Congruent Spouse Support Affect Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Employing a person-situation fit model, this study assessed the effects of congruence between wives' trait internality (I-E) and their spouses' encouragement of self-reliance (SRE) or reliance on others (ORE) on several measures of psychological distress. Age was treated as an important moderator of person/situation interaction processes. Subjects were 36 middle-aged and older-aged adult women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their spouses recruited from an outpatient rheumatology practice. Regression analyses revealed three-way interactions of internality, age, and a difference score of SRE-ORE. Younger subjects with low internality scores on the locus of control scale reported less psychological distress if their spouse engaged in increased encouragement of control, while older low internals reported greater distress under the same conditions

Intentionality as internality

Intentionality as internality

Suárez on the externality an internality of relations

Suárez on the externality an internality of relations

Internality, controllability, and the effectiveness of attributional interpretations in counseling.

Internality, controllability, and the effectiveness of attributional interpretations in counseling.

Internality and extraversion-introversion.

Internality and extraversion-introversion.