Internal Violence Research Articles

Lawmaking Under Pressure: International Humanitarian Law And Internal Armed Conflict by Giovanni Mantilla

Reviewed by: Lawmaking Under Pressure: International Humanitarian Law And Internal Armed Conflict by Giovanni Mantilla David P. Forsythe (bio) Giovanni Mantilla, Lawmaking Under Pressure: International Humanitarian Law And Internal Armed Conflict (Cornell U. Press, 2020), ISBN 9781501752582, 247 pages. Giovanni Mantilla, Assistant Professor at the University of Cambridge, takes up an important question in his 2020 book by Cornell University Press: why would states agree to extend international law to internal wars, thus agreeing to limits on their policy making in matters previously seen as internal and arguably protected from outside concern by the notion of state sovereignty? His concise answer is that law making is a political process, and states in a diplomatic conference find themselves under pressure to conform to the dominant views of the times. Not wanting to be isolated within the conference, or seen as generally uncooperative, they may well accept what they do not really believe in. Thus, to take a good example, Britain and France reluctantly endorsed Common Article Three (CA3) of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, establishing for the first time in written international law a set of obligations on fighting parties in non-international armed conflict. True, the Spanish civil war of 1936–1939 had manifested many atrocities, and this [End Page 835] furthered the humane concern about internal wars.1 But the British and French were worried about sovereign control of their colonies going forward from 1949 and realized that new rules on internal violence, or what they considered to be internal violence, might be burdensome.2 Yet they finally voted for the four treaties, including CA3, as they emerged from the diplomatic conference. Hence from 1949 the international law of armed conflict, or international humanitarian law (IHL), or the modern law of war, mandated a set of core protections for individuals in the frequent but ill-defined situation of internal war. CA3 is an important supplement to international human rights law, as both are concerned with human dignity. Both sets of norms are put to a challenging test in a conceptual zone of violence falling between domestic troubles and tensions on the one hand, and full international war on the other. His longer answer as to why states would legally limit their policy choices requires inquiring how one got to the point in 1949 of even examining the question of humanitarian law applied to internal war in a diplomatic conference. This requires an historical approach, which Mantilla provides in well researched detail. His concerns finally take him from 1949 to 1977, when another Geneva diplomatic conference on the laws of war adopted Additional Protocol Two (APII) to the 1949 Geneva Conventions on the subject of internal war. Again he finds that forum pressures and the prospect of political isolation contributed to the adoption of APII, with the approval of some states who were not convinced that much practical benefit was to be found in that instrument. The ebb and flow of international concern for the victims of internal war, which gets us to 1949 and 1977, is well traced by the author. If we pick up the story in 1864 with the first Geneva Convention for victims of international war, and the start of the International Red Cross (IRC) at about the same time, we find that the concern about internal political violence was quick to appear.3 The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which had started the IRC and pushed for (and actually drafted) the 1864 convention, was reluctant to move very fast on the subject of internal violence. Across time the organization proved conservative, fearful of damaging what had already been legally achieved, but which was not immune from collapse, and also fearful of encouraging (especially leftist) agitation against the established European states that were its chief donors and supporters.4 The result was a pattern of deferring to National RC Societies and letting them provide aid to the insurgent side as well as the government side if they were so inclined.5 Things began to shift a little in 1912 when the American Red Cross, not the ICRC, proposed to the International RC [End Page 836] Conference of that year that RC members provide relief in...

Migranthood: Youth in a New Era of Deportation by Lauren Heidbrink

Reviewed by: Migranthood: Youth in a New Era of Deportation by Lauren Heidbrink Amelia Frank-Vitale Lauren Heidbrink. Migranthood: Youth in a New Era of Deportation. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2020. 213 pp. Thinking about my own sense of identity, I realise that it has always depended on the fact of being a migrant, on the difference from the rest of you. So one of the fascinating things about this discussion is to find myself centered at last. Now that, in the postmodern age, you all feel so dispersed, I become centered. What I’ve thought of as dispersed and fragmented comes, paradoxically, to be the representative modern experience! This is “coming home” with a vengeance! Most of it I much enjoy—welcome to migranthood. — Stuart Hall (1987:44) It is fitting that most scholars cite Stuart Hall as the coiner of the term, “migranthood.” In this essay, he discusses his own experience, as a migrant himself, of dispersal and fragmentation. His term, his description, come from expertise based on his own experience. This is one of the arguments at the heart of Lauren Heidbrink’s Migranthood: Youth in a New Era of Deportation. We must take seriously, she tells us, the expertise of young people who migrate and are deported to understand the nature of this condition of being a migrant, of migranthood. Migrant children, she holds, are too often discussed as either passive victims made vulnerable by the poor decisions of adults around them or as an inherently criminal, dangerous, invasive force that cannot be trusted and must be expelled. Heidbrink strives to trouble a public discourse that rests on these two polar but connected tropes by grounding an analysis of Indigenous Guatemalan youth migration in the narratives and reflections of, precisely, Indigenous Guatemalan youth migrants. [End Page 345] One of the core arguments of this book is that migranthood, or “how migration is socially constructed, practiced, and experienced” (5), is not an individual experience. Rather, the decision to migrate as well as the attendant risks and potential rewards are all familial, communal, collective. She makes this argument through detailing how the migration and deportation of children has ripple effects on parents, siblings, grandparents, friends and, conversely, how the migration and deportation of parents has ripple effects on children, families, communities. She reinforces this argument through a similar analysis of how the Indigenous communities in Guatemala where she works have come to experience migration; it is grounded in the historical experience of forced labor, internal labor migration, discrimination, state violence, and neoliberal extractivism. As a work of public scholarship, Migranthood does a remarkable job of weaving together statistical data, survey results, ethnographic storytelling, and history to offer a clear and compelling assessment of how the so-called crisis of unaccompanied minor migrants in 2014 (and the series of migration-related crises since then) is, as Heidbrink calls it, a crisis of policymaking. Importantly, Migranthood, points us toward what I think will be a new and necessary approach to deportation. While many of the stories Heidbrink includes involve the deportations of individuals who have lived for years in the United States, she also brings in the voices of youth (and in some cases their parents) who have been deported without ever having had the chance to arrive. While narratives of displacement and dis-orientation for those deported after making a life elsewhere (see Zilberg 2011, Coutin 2016, among others) have done the crucial work of showing how deportation is not a matter of returning out-of-place people back to their “natural” place (Khosravi 2018), the experiences of those deported without ever having “made it” are also rife with trauma and multiple, layered consequences. Migranthood shows us families and communities grappling with the full range of post-deportation experience, and like the story of Sebastián—who at 20, after three deportations from Mexico, falls into depression and dies of alcohol poisoning (163–164)—suggests that those who never arrive may be the least able to survive deportation. As the United States and other countries in the global North further harden their borders, restrict access to asylum and other forms of protection, and externalize migration enforcement, we will...

The Utility of Collective Security in the Context of Human Security: The Yugoslav and Somali Experiences

When one examines closely the record of performance/non-performance of the UNSC at the crucial moments of the post-Cold War era, where major issues of peace and security are involved, including cases of human security crises, one finds that there is almost always tragic dilatoriness and/or lamentable inactions. While the UN was formed to ‘save succeeding generations from the scourge of war’ the list of scourges is growing. The real threats to international peace and security are no longer confined to violations of state sovereignty. Rather, new assertions of nationalism and sovereignty have sprung up, and the cohesion of States has been threatened by interstate conflict, poverty, infectious disease and environmental degradation, internal violence; including civil wars, genocide, ethnic-cleansing and state-failures, weapons-of-mass-destruction; including chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear-weapons, terrorism, and transnational-organized-crime, discrimination, and massive violations of human rights. All representing international security threats beyond the scope of any one state to solve. While the concept of peace may be easy to grasp, that of international security is more complex, for a pattern of contradictions has arisen. What is more worrisome is that each of these challenges is in a complex relationship of inter-linkage with each other. This paper intends to look at the changing scope of security, in the new environment of growing inter-linkage between peace-security-and-development, and to take a critical look at the new concept of human security and its implications to the treatment of the issue of collective-security in the UN. Data collection was through content analysis and analysed using the quantitative chi-square scientific method.

Second person narrative in War Documentaries.

Cinematic-letters have been an important modality of using a second-person narrative in documentary films. Several filmmakers, such as Marker, Varda, Mekas and Kramer, dedicated themselves to construct and redefine this modality as a non-hegemonic form of documentary and/or as an explicit way to put subjectivity at the foreground.Second person narratives represent a specific strategy to interpellate spectators. Interpellation is “the recognition of someone, who in turn is expected to recognize himself as the immediate interlocutor” (Rascaroli 2009). If address and interpellation are always present in documentary narrative, whether first, second-, or third-person, second person narratives can make the presence and the existence of a “you” explicit, creating thus a specific form of spectator’s participation.In A Diary for Timothy (Jennings 1945), second person narrative has the potential to make explicit a form of address that challenged spectators to leave their comfort zone, and face the uneasy feeling of being the addressed ones. Thus, the film created a specific form of spectator participation in documentary cinema.Similarly, Strange Victory (Hurwitz 1948) “combines reedited archival footage with scenes of contemporary America and acted sequences” with “a male voice over addressing the viewers directly and expressing a sense of urgency and anger” (Decker 2011). As in Timothy, this second person voice-over helps constructing opposition and/or identification relations between the documentary voice and the spectator, in order to deconstruct the vision of a unified nation or emphasize its internal violence and disunity (Decker 2011).

Patriarchy at the helm of gender-based violence during COVID-19.

Gender-based violence (GBV) or violence against women and girls (VAWG), is a global pandemic that affects 1 in 3 women in their lifetime and VAWG is one of the most prevalent human rights violations in the world. The high level of investment going into the COVID-19 recovery plan is a unique opportunity to reshape our patriarchal society, to coordinate across sectors and institutions and to take measures to reduce gender inequalities. Relief efforts to combat the pandemic should take the needs of the vulnerable population, particularly women and girls afflicted by GBV into consideration, as their needs were mostly ignored in the recovery plan of Ebola. GBV is linked to dominance, power and abuse of authority or because any calamity, be it a pandemic, conflict or a disaster. This will further exacerbate pre-existing gendered structural inequalities and power hierarchies as protective mechanisms fail leaves women and girls more vulnerable, fueling impunity for the perpetrators. There is a need for international and domestic violence prevention policies to not only focus on narrowly defined economic or political ‘empowerment’ because that is insufficient when it comes to challenging existing gender inequalities. Incorporating an individual's religious beliefs and community of faith (mosque, church, temple or synagogue) can offer a support system for an individual and her/his family amid a public health crisis. There is a need to engage men and boys by tailoring messages to challenge gender stereotypes and unequal gender roles to overcome patriarchy.

Occurrence of workplace violence and the psychological consequences of it among nurses working in psychiatric outpatient settings.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: There is a scarcity of studies concerning violence in psychiatric outpatient settings in the 2010s in spite of the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric services. Previous research on violence in psychiatric outpatient settings has failed to consider the association between the psychological consequences of violence, exposures to violence and background factors. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: It has been known for some time that exposures to violence are harmful for psychiatric inpatient nurses; the paper demonstrates that psychiatric outpatient nurses are also at risk. The psychological consequences of exposure to violence are highly individualized and influenced by background factors. Nurses who face harassment have a greater risk of suffering psychological symptoms. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: De-escalation interventions should be implemented in psychiatric outpatient settings. Organizations should consider the possibility of internal violence occurring when planning preventive interventions to manage and reduce workplace violence. Education targeted at violence prevention, management and debriefing should be organized systematically in psychiatric outpatient units and be taken into consideration in the mental health nursing curriculum. ABSTRACT: Introduction There is a scarcity of studies concerning violence and its consequences in psychiatric outpatient setting. Aim This study aimed to explore the occurrence of workplace violence and the psychological consequences of exposure to violence among nurses working in psychiatric outpatient settings. Method Research followed a cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected with the VIA-Q instrument. Results During the 12months prior to the study, nurses (n=181) had most often experienced psychological violence, with fatigue being the most common consequence. Harassment most often caused feelings of violated integrity, whereas physical violence most often caused insomnia. Significant relationships between exposure to violence and psychological consequences were identified. Discussion Workplace violence can manifest in a broad array of psychological symptoms and be harmful for nurses in psychiatric outpatient settings. It is important to discuss the subject of workplace violence and its place in the nursing curriculum and to reflect on how nurses are educated and trained to face violence in psychiatric nursing. Implications for Practice De-escalation interventions should be implemented in psychiatric outpatient settings. Organizations should take steps to abolish internal violence. Nurses need appropriate education in order to prepare them to manage workplace violence.

1956, 1968, 1981: The Faces of Central-European Memory: A Postcolonial Perspective

This article deals with two issues. The first concerns the problem of collective memory of the past, which is divided here into shared memory, separate memory and non-memory. Shared memory plays a lesser role in Central Europe than separate memory, the latter being the core of national and social identity. Shared memory is an unattainable ideal proposed by some politicians and cultural researchers. A significant role is played by non-memory, which temporarily annihilates difficult matters related to the past. History vies with collective memory in Central Europe as a means of preserving the past. This is the result of centuries-old conflicts, changing political systems, shifting borders and, above all, many nations losing their sovereignty. This situation made the problem of domination and subordination a fundamental problem of history and collective memory. For this reason, the second part of the article focuses on the postcolonial aspects of collective memory, and in particular on its relation to the events of 1956, 1968, and 1981 connected with the military reaction of the communist system to attempts at reform. These events, with all their historical differences, are caused by external violence (1956, 1968) or by internal violence caused by external pressure (1981). Central European societies also shape mutual relations through their attitudes to selected elements of the past. The author of the article depicts the inconspicuous aspects of shared internal and international memory by means of an analysis of four aspects: ressentiment, unremembering, historical politics and aesthetisation.An analysis of the events that took place in 1956, 1968, and 1981 in the context of these four aspects of postcolonial memory reveals the fragile (moderately strong) existence of common areas. These areas are dominated by non-memory and separate memory, which deform historical realities. This proves that it is difficult for Central European societies to move beyond slogans and general declarations. True shared memory is the task for the future.

Extent and risk factors of psychological violence towards physicians and Standardised Residency Training physicians: a Northern China experience

PurposePhysicians and Standardised Residency Training physicians (SRTPs) have relatively high exposure to psychological violence. Its adverse effects are far greater than those of physical violence. However, no previous research has paid attention to the problem of psychological violence among them. This study aims to evaluate the extent, characteristics, and risk factors of psychological violence among SRTPs in comparison to physicians, and also to highlight the psychological violence experienced by SRTPs and suggest preventive measures.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in northern China. 884 physicians and 537 SRTPs completed a questionnaire which compiled by the ILO, ICN, WHO and PSI in 2003 to measure violence in the workplace. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to analyse results.ResultsThe effective response rates of physicians and SRTPs were 63.1%(884/1400) and 86.3%(537/622) respectively. 73.0%(645/884) of physicians and 24.8%(133/537) of SRTPs suffered psychological violence in the past year. Compared to physicians (29/645, 4.5%), SRTPs (42/133, 31.6%) experience more internal violence. Further, after experiencing psychological violence, physicians are willing to talk to family and friends, but SRTPs generally take no action. Shift work was a risk factor for both physicians (OR 1.440, 95% CI 1.014–2.203) and SRTPs (OR 1.851, 95% CI 1.217–2.815) suffering from psychological violence. In contrast, no anxiety symptoms protected physicians (OR 0.406, 95% CI 0.209–0.789) and SRTPs (OR 0.404, 95% CI 0.170–0.959) against psychological violence.ConclusionsSRTPs and physicians in northern China have a high risk of experiencing psychological violence, and physicians experience more. Meanwhile, there are obvious differences in responses to psychological violence and risk factors between them. Therefore, medical institutions should pay more attention to psychological violence, especially among SRTPs, such as supporting the reporting of psychological violence, strengthening team relationships, and providing psychological comfort and counselling.Trial registration number (Project Identification Code: HMUIRB20160014), Registered May 10, 2016.

The Relevance of Islamic and Customary Law on Concerning of Domestic Violence in Bali's Case Study

This study aims to determine the relevance of Islamic and customary law in Bali with acts of domestic violence, which are related to Law No. 23/2004. This research is a qualitative study with a normative juridical approach, through literature studies and exploration methods from secondary data. The objects examined in this study are Balinese Customary Law, Islamic Law, and Law No. 23/2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence. The case object in this study originated from several cases of domestic violence in Bali. The results of the study showed that domestic violence increased every year, where the majority of victims were women. Several factors cause cases to occur, where the Balinese tradition with the patrilineal system is an important factor that creates a gap between men and women. Referring to Islamic and customary law in Bali does not explicitly explain the rules and sanctions related to internal violence. However, this local regulation still does not justify the existence of acts of violence in the household by applicable law.

Interrogating the Nexus between Party Politics and Party Institutionalization in Nigeria

This article critically examines the nature of party politics in Nigeria since the inception of the Fourth Republic. It contends that party politics in Nigeria's Fourth Republic is characterised by dysfunctional evolution of political parties, lack of unity and focus, electoral fraud, lack of internal party democracy, intergovernmental disharmony, political violence, ideological deficit, gross indiscipline and elite antagonism. The article is methodologically conceptual. Relevant secondary data comprising of journal articles, textbooks, workshop papers, and national dailies were consulted. The article discovered that party politics in Nigeria's Fourth Republic is highly defective and volatile, thus forestalling party institutionalization and, by extension, democratic stability. The article concludes with recommendations on how Nigeria's party politics could be redefined to facilitate party institutionalization and improve the quality of democratic governance

Revisitando responsabilidades e violência através de agentes religiosos, na África do Sul e no País Basco.

Este texto trata de aspectos novos e desconfortáveis que enfatizam processos de gestão da violência interna e reconstrução nacional. Especificamente, analiso mobilizado por agentes religiosos que questionam esses esforços, mostrando outras figuras de responsabilidade e de sofrimento que normalmente são minimizados para colocar todos os olhos e dispositivos no atividades vítima-agressor essencializada par. Discuto isso a partir de exemplos de dois contextos diferentes: o pós-apartheid da África do Sul e o processo de paz basco (Espanha). O material etnográfico aborda os efeitos e várias facetas que envolvem pedidos de "restituição" mobilizada pela entidade sul-Africana Restitution Center que, sem abandonar a categoria de reconciliação que dominava o CVR, visa sensibilizar a comunidade branca sobre sua dívida, a sua responsabilidade durante o apartheid. O segundo é xm registro etnográfico de um mobilizados pela Diocese de Bilbao (País Basco) "BAKE topaketa, Encontro para a Paz", que visa sensibilizar o público em geral sobre casos de evento vítimas menos conhecidas, que por sua vez têm relacionamento com os vitimadores do ETA (organização ETA). É interessante pensar na complexidade das dimensões que englobam processos de violência interna que, com o passar dos anos, mostram novas facetas e novos protagonistas. A dimensão religiosa aqui funciona como uma força motriz para outros movimentos, através de especialistas ativistas religiosos, com sua retórica e recursos específicos.

Psychosocial work exposures and suicide ideation: a study of multiple exposures using the French national working conditions survey

BackgroundOur study aimed to explore the associations between psychosocial work exposures, as well as other occupational exposures, and suicide ideation in the French national working population. An additional objective was to study the cumulative role of occupational exposures in this outcome.MethodsThe study was based on a nationally representative sample of the French working population of 20,430 employees, 8579 men and 11,851 women (2016 French national Working Conditions survey). Occupational exposures included 21 psychosocial work factors, 4 factors related to working time/hours and 4 factors related to the physical work environment. Suicide ideation within the last 12 months was the outcome. The associations between exposures and outcome were studied using weighted logistic regression models adjusted for covariates.ResultsThe 12-month prevalence of suicide ideation was 5.2% among men and 5.7% among women. Among the occupational exposures, psychosocial work factors were found to be associated with suicide ideation: quantitative and cognitive demands, low influence and possibilities for development, low meaning at work, low sense of community, role conflict, job insecurity, temporary employment, changes at work, and internal violence. Some rare differences in these associations were observed between genders. Linear associations were observed between the number of psychosocial work exposures and suicide ideation.ConclusionsPsychosocial work factors were found to play a major role in suicide ideation, and their effects were cumulative on this outcome. More research on multiple and cumulative exposures and suicide ideation and more prevention towards the psychosocial work environment are needed.

The Deteriorating Status of Vocational Studies in Nigerian Universities; an Impediment to the Nation’s Future

Nigeria and the course of her future make an interesting topic especially with being the most populous black nation on earth as well as a regional power in Africa. Despite these and her being endowed with abundant natural and human resources, Nigeria has always been tagged by several scholars and analysts as a state with an uncertain future due to her inability to maximize her numerous resources, utilize opportunities as well as the inability to halt the impending threats of internal violence, terrorism, and militancy; coupled with her failure to tackle new security threats and challenges properly plus her inability to actualize some of her goals and visions due to corruption, tribalism among others. In all these projections, the field of education has a gigantic role to play in putting the future of the country on the right path but has been found wanting with the standard of education in Nigeria declining seriously, especially the much-needed vocational studies. Asides providing the tutelage essential to the growth of the pupil’s personality; the importance of the universities in providing the necessary skills for advanced and futuristic jobs as well as undertaking research works to expand the volume of intellectual understanding of current and projected issues in the country and their application to such issues, cannot be undermined with regards to the country’s future. This text thus seeks to address the deteriorating status of vocational studies in Nigerian Universities as an impediment to the future of the country.

It’s Wrong, but that’s the Way it is. Youth, Violence and Justice in North-Eastern Brazil

This article discusses the vertiginous proliferation of violence suffered and perpetrated by juveniles in the state of Bahia, north-eastern Brazil. Based on documentary and ethnographic evidence, it anatomizes the workings of law enforcement, juvenile justice and juvenile custody. It argues that the strategies of the police, the criminologies put into practice by the judiciary and the functioning of Youth Detention Centres collaborate to foster, rather than curb, youth offending and the violence committed by and against young citizens. Whereas prosecution and the dispensation of justice emphasize juvenile offenders’ responsibility for their ‘decision’ to become a ‘bandit’, juvenile custody, as a result of deep-rooted clientelist practices, is dominated by precarious conditions of incarceration which promote internal violence and the (self)ascription of a deviant juvenile identity. At the same time, the Othering of large sections of youth from the urban periphery has fuelled a vicious cycle of violence and counter-violence between members of drug factions and police forces, resulting in an increasing illegibility of the state at its margins.

Workplace violence against nurses at Minia district hospitals

Introduction: Violence against nurses at the workplace is an alarming problem in both developed and developing countries affecting the quality of their work. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of external (patient initiated) and internal violence (initiated by staff members) against nurses and studying the violence-associated factors such as perpetrators, the attitude of nurses following aggression incidents, consequences, and impact on nurses and work.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study included 385 nurses from three different hospitals in Minia district was agreed to participate in the study. These hospitals included Health Insurance Hospital, Minia University Hospitals (Minia University Gynecological, Obstetric, and Pediatric Hospital and Minia Renal Hospital), and Minia general hospital. The well-structured questionnaire covered four main domains; sociodemographics, lifetime working experience of violence, external and internal violence and its effects on work, the perpetrators of violence, and attitude of nurses following violent incidents.
 Results: More than half of nurses (55.8%) were exposed to workplace violence during their working lifetime. Experiencing external violence (patient initiated) during the past year was significantly higher (57.4%) than the internal (staff initiated) type (33.5%). Verbal violence was the most common type of violence. Reporting violence incidents were done by 68.3% and 38.7% of the nurses who were exposed to external and internal violence, respectively.
 Conclusion: Violence against nurses working in different health-care facilities at Minia district was prevalent and has a significant impact on nurses and their work.

Teaching bias in history lessons: An example using Maltese history

Historians collect and verify evidence and then interpret it in an acceptable way. A general consensus is that history does not present us with an absolute truth – the most we can hope for is historians' reliable, evidentially based interpretations of the historical topic. History not viewed as interpretation has long raised alarm bells in history pedagogy circles. History educators are acutely aware that history taught as an uncontested body of positivistic knowledge with a canon of given factual information can promote prejudice, bias and bigotry – it can ultimately fuel civil and international conflict and violence. Alternatively, history teaching as a constructivist process with multiple interpretations can be used to promote positive values – history pedagogy can be a tool to support peace, reconciliation and conflict resolution. This places a major responsibility on a key objective of history teaching: addressing the concept of historical bias with effective methods of teaching on how to detect and analyse bias in historical sources for both primary and secondary schools. This paper reports an attempt at teaching secondary school students (aged 13 to 14 years) how to detect bias in primary written history sources while learning about a controversial topic in Maltese history – church– state relations in Malta in the 1960s. The method employed is qualitative research – specifically pedagogical research – which is research into the processes and practices of learning and teaching. In this case, the researcher tries new teaching methods with a small group of students, and their feedback regarding the exercise is examined. The students' ultimate answers after trying out the new scaffolding activities were quite encouraging, and show that breakdown of tasks is the key to helping understanding in history learning. The pedagogy employed is discussed in comparison to other approaches to teaching about bias. The paper also analyses student feedback on their learning about bias. Crucially, the paper addresses the impact of a specific intervention strategy to improve student understanding of, and ability to detect, bias in historical sources.

THE BOSNIAN ISLAMIC COMMUNITY AND ITS POSITION ON INTER-RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE, INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND THE NATURE OF BOSNIAN SOCIETY

This essay presents and discusses The Platform of the Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina for Dialogue (2006), a programmatic document of the Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its first section sets out basic principles for Bosnian Muslim participants in inter-religious dialogue on religious diversity and coexistence. The second one deals with inter-ethnic and international relations, human rights, and violence. The third section highlights the Bosnian Muslim perspective on the 1991-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the post-war restoration of a pluralist society. The Platform offers a rare but clear statement of the Islamic Community’s position on dialogue and cooperation and was reasonably positively received by Christian theologians in the region.

COMMUNICATION AND PUBLICITY: THE LAST HOPE FOR ADDRESSING INTERNAL VIOLENCE AGAINST REFUGEE AND IMMIGRANT WOMEN'S STAYING IN CAMPS

With no doubt, all refugees and immigrants staying in camps are suffering for many reasons. Every individual who lives in camps under poverty and stressful situation everywhere on earth is suffering. This is something that happens in Greek camps as well. Among individuals who stay at camps women experience the greatest danger. They are at great risk as they may be victims of rapes, as they stay for hours alone at containers looking after the housekeeping and children nurturing, as they live in fear and danger for many reasons. Within this framework, communication and publicity of hazard situation that exists in the camps is considered the last hope for addressing internal violence against refugee and immigrant women’s staying there. Communication and publicity of the particular problem may wake up those who are responsible for this situation and the defense of human rights. They have to do all necessary for the sooner and best resolution of this mess. Article visualizations:

Courageously critiquing sexual violence: responding to the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize

Abstract Marysia Zalewski's work has taught us, as a collective of feminist scholars, to be cautious of neat instruction manuals and coherently set out plans of action; of claims to sure knowledge about danger, violence, and its subjects and remedies; of the fanfare of grand arrivals; and of the quieter staking of ground that has been seemingly won. Zalewski has persistently reminded us in different ways that we/she does ‘not even know what gender is or does’. Far from a flippant response to the emptiness of gender mainstreaming policies, this seemingly simple statement instead serves as a glaring post-it note on the margins of our texts about International Relations theory, feminism, sex/gender and violence— both those that we read, as well as those that we write. However, this lesson is often forgotten in our rush to understand and establish gendered harms as valid and important, and to seek their redress. Gleaning insights from Zalewski's work, this article critically considers possible responses to the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize. Its aim is not to delve into a discussion of the politics or effects of the Peace Prize as such, but to instead use the 2018 Peace Prize as a marker—a moment to consider the possibility for critique in relation to sexual violence.

Nurses Between the Hammer and the Anvil: Analyzing the Role of the Workplace Prevention Climate in Reducing Internal and External Violence.

The aim of this study was to test a model including relationships among internal and external violence, workplace violence-prevention climate, exhaustion, and intention to leave (ITL) in a sample of nurses. Data were collected by a self-report questionnaire involving nurses (n = 313) from two multispecialist hospitals in Italy. The survey was cross-sectional and nonrandomized. Path analyses showed the presence of the mediating role of internal violence between workplace prevention climate and exhaustion, as well as the mediating function of both types of violence between workplace prevention climate and ITL. Moreover, an indirect effect through exhaustion between internal violence and ITL was highlighted. These findings suggested that organizations that invest in preventive measures may reduce incidents of violence and, in turn, prevent negative consequences on worker well-being.