Internal Symptoms Research Articles

넙치의 외부 및 내부 질병 증상을 이용한 넙치 질병 예측 알고리즘 비교 연구

Fish that live in fish farms spread very quickly when they get sick, so if they do not prevent it in advance, they will cause significant losses to fish farms. Currently, research is actively being conducted to detect and predict external and internal disease symptoms of fish through various deep learning technologies. However, even for a specific disease, the symptoms that are expressed for each disease are not clear, and symptoms are frequently expressed across multiple diseases, so the disease classification performance based on symptoms is still low. In this study, we use deep learning techniques to find external and internal disease symptoms in fish, propose various methodologies to predict disease in fish, and select the best disease prediction algorithm through performance comparison. We propose a total of three methodologies as disease prediction algorithms: a method based on a disease symptom table analyzed by a fish disease expert, a disease prediction method based on data statistics, an ensemble model, and a prediction method based on deep learning model training. Experiments show that disease symptom tables and data statistics-based prediction methods performed 48.45% and 50.91%, respectively, while disease prediction methods using ensemble model and deep learning model training performed 70.10%, showing the highest prediction accuracy.

Fungi Associated with Olive Tree (cv. 'Nocellara del Belice') Decay in Trapani Province (Sicily, Italy).

Recently, in several locations in the province of Trapani (Sicily, Italy), olive growers have reported cases of decaying olive trees of cv. 'Nocellara del Belice', showing symptoms of defoliation, branch drying, xylem browning, and reduced production. Internal symptoms include white and brown wood rot, starting from the base of the trunk. These alterations have been observed in trees irrigated using a pipe system at the trunk with spray sprinklers. To identify the causal agents of decay, some trees were eradicated and dissected, and woody samples were processed to isolate and identify the associated fungal micro-organisms. The most common colonies were identified using morphological (macro- and microscopical observation) and molecular (PCR amplification of the rDNA-ITS region) analyses. Nine fungal taxa were identified, of which four were associated with this decay syndrome (Coriolopsis gallica, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Kirschsteiniothelia sp., and Pleurostoma richardsiae), three were considered ubiquitous and opportunistic fungi (Alternaria spp., Aspergillus amstelodami, and Trichoderma sp.), and the other two were mycelia sterilia. Artificial inoculation satisfied Koch's postulates, confirming the pathogenicity of the aforementioned fungi, even though the infections in the fields seem to be related to the irrigation system. This hypothesis would seem to be confirmed by the progression of decay over time in the trees subjected to the irrigation system described but not reported in olive groves differently managed. It is therefore considered appropriate to conduct further and more in-depth investigations aimed at studying the correlation between the irrigation system, presence of fungal agents, and manifestation of the syndrome. A further ongoing investigation is aimed at the use of biostimulants (Agrusaver, Savory Sun, VA LLC) on symptomatic trees, with the aim of both improving the vegetative performance of the host and limiting the symptoms detected in the field.

Assessing the Pathogenicity of Berkeleyomyces rouxiae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Using a Rapid and Robust Seedling Screening Method.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the most important fibre crop worldwide. Black root rot and Fusarium wilt are two major diseases of cotton caused by soil-borne Berkeleyomyces rouxiae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), respectively. Phenotyping plant symptoms caused by soil-borne pathogens has always been a challenge. To increase the uniformity of infection, we adapted a seedling screening method that directly uses liquid cultures to inoculate the plant roots and the soil. Four isolates, each of B. rouxiae and Fov, were collected from cotton fields in Australia and were characterised for virulence on cotton under controlled plant growth conditions. While the identities of all four B. rouxiae isolates were confirmed by multilocus sequencing, only two of them were found to be pathogenic on cotton, suggesting variability in the ability of isolates of this species to cause disease. The four Fov isolates were phylogenetically clustered together with the other Australian Fov isolates and displayed both external and internal symptoms characteristic of Fusarium wilt on cotton plants. Furthermore, the isolates appeared to induce varied levels of plant disease severity indicating differences in their virulence on cotton. To contrast the virulence of the Fov isolates, four putatively non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) isolates collected from cotton seedlings exhibiting atypical wilt symptoms were assessed for their ability to colonise cotton host. Despite the absence of Secreted in Xylem genes (SIX6, SIX11, SIX13 and SIX14) characteristic of Fov, all four Fo isolates retained the ability to colonise cotton and induce wilt symptoms. This suggests that slightly virulent strains of Fo may contribute to the overall occurrence of Fusarium wilt in cotton fields. Findings from this study will allow better distinction to be made between plant pathogens and endophytes and allow fungal effectors underpinning pathogenicity to be explored.

Grammatical Alliance in Malay Language: A Study of Linguistic Typology

This article is entitled Aliansi Gramatikal Na Lingua Melayu: Study of Linguistic Typology. This study of the Malay language's grammatical alliance aims to understand (1) the basic construction of clauses, (2) the construction of complex sentences, (3) the pivotal system, and (4) ultimately the definition of the grammar alliance system. This study uses the theory of language typology as the main theory proposed by Comrie. (1988). These research data are clauses and sentences. Qualitative descriptive. This approach aims to understand the existence of the overlap of different external and internal symptoms of the subject being the subject of the study. Data from the coordinative construction and subordinative construction of the Malay language typologically leads to the finding that in syntax, the Malay languages treat S equally with A, and give different treatment to P (S`=`A`≠ P). The Malay language is a group of languages that works with the S/A pivot system. A system of grammatical alliances such as this suggests that Malay is syntaxically a language of nominative-akusative type. Observing the behavior of S on the intransitive clause with the behaviour of A and P on the transitive clauses of Malay language which indicates that S is equal to A and equally equal with P, then morphologically Malay language has a tendency as a nominative-akusative language.

Identification of fungal species associated with gall oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv.) decline in Iran.

The gall oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv.) tree is one of the most important and valuable forestry species in the Northern Zagros forests in the west of Iran. Gall oak decline is considered to be one of the most important diseases currently affecting the oak Zagros forests in Iran. The main objective of the present study, conducted in the years 2021-2023, was to investigate the possible role of fungi as causative agents of gall oak dieback in the Zagros forests of Iran. Wood samples were taken from gall oak trees showing canker, dieback, and internal wood discoloration symptoms. Fungal isolates recovered from gall oak trees were identified based on cultural and morphological characteristics, as well as phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA (ITS) and partial beta-tubulin (tub2). Achaetomium aegilopis, Alternaria tenuissima, Apiospora intestine, Botrytis cinerea, Coniochaeta sp., Coniothyrium palmarum, Coniothyrium sp., Cytospora rhodophila, Dialonectria episphaeria, Diatrype sp., Diatrypella macrospora, Endoconidioma populi, Fonsecazyma sp., Fusarium ipomoeae, Jattaea discrete, Kalmusia variispora, Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Paecilomyces lecytidis, Paramicrosphaeropsis eriobotryae, Paramicrosphaeropsis ellipsoidea, and Seimatosporium pezizoides were identified from diseased trees. Pathogenicity tests were performed by artificial inoculation of excised branches of healthy gall oak trees under controlled conditions and evaluated after 35 days by measuring the discolored lesion length at the inoculation site. N. dimidiatum was the most virulent species and caused the longest wood necrosis within 35 days of inoculation. In the greenhouse test, only some species induced typical symptoms of canker. All isolated fungi are reported for the first time on gall oak trees in the world.

The longitudinal relationships between problematic smartphone use and anxiety symptoms among Chinese college students: A cross-lagged panel network analysis

Anxiety and problematic smartphone use (PSPU) are prevalent issues among college students, and traditional research has tended to focus on cross-sectional data and grounded only in overall levels, thereby ignoring the complex interactions between the two over time. The development of network analysis methods has provided a new perspective for in-depth exploration of the relationship. This study aimed to explore the complex longitudinal interactions and specific pathways between problematic smartphone use and anxiety among Chinese college students from an internal specific symptom perspective. This study constructed a cross-lagged network model using longitudinal data on problematic smartphone use and anxiety symptoms in two waves of college students collected from 2022 to 2023 (N=741, Mage = 18.49, SD=0.81, 45.6 % male). The study found that anxiety symptoms and problematic smartphone use interacted with each other and had a vicious cycle of symptoms over time, with the effects of anxiety symptoms being more pronounced. “Feeling afraid” and “Uncontrollable worrying” had the most significant effects on the other symptoms, with “Impatient without the phone” and “Can’t stand not having a phone” were more likely to be influenced by other symptoms. “Feeling afraid” may be a bridge symptom in the network to connect the anxiety and problematic smartphone use communities. The findings suggest that accurately intervening in the intrinsic link between problematic smartphone use and anxiety symptoms can combat the exacerbation of both problems simultaneously, resulting in more effective and comprehensive treatment.

Combining cyclic lipopeptides and cinnamon extract enhance antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum strains pathogenic to banana and delay Fusarium wilt under greenhouse conditions

Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is a widely distributed disease that generates devastating losses in banana production. Foc belongs to the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) which includes several evolutionary lineages. Nine of them are pathogenic to banana such as F. phialophorum, F. grosmichelli, F. duoseptatum and the most aggressive F. odoratissimum tropical race 4 (TR4). No control method has been successfully implemented to manage FWB, then enhancing the potential of management approaches can avoid or delay disease epidemics and reduce disease severity. Here we determined the antifungal effect of different plant-based extracts against Foc in vitro, and whether the combination of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) extract and Bacillus tequilensis EA-CB0015 cyclic lipopeptides had an additive effect against different Foc lineages in vitro and against FWB in banana plants in greenhouse. We found, from 17 plant-based natural extracts, that cinnamon was highly active against Foc strain IB (race 1). Furthermore, cinnamon and cyclic lipopeptides inhibited different strains of various evolutionary lineages of Foc belonging to race 1 and TR4, and their combination increased in 1.4-fold the effect of the single extracts in vitro. Our results showed that soil concentration of F. odoratissimum TR4-II5 decreased by 1000-fold when treated with the combination of 488 mg L−1 cinnamon and 128 mg L−1 lipopeptides in a soil microcosm system after 5 days of incubation, followed by a partial population recovery after 21 days. In greenhouse experiments, the combination reduced external but not internal FWB symptoms, and cinnamon extract had a significant impact on internal plant symptoms. Taken together, the effect of cyclic lipopeptides with cinnamon extract on Foc supports their function towards delaying the effect of disease progression and suggests that the combination enhances the effect of the single extracts.

Recognition of Davidsoniella virescens on Fagus sylvatica Wood in Poland and Assessment of Its Pathogenicity.

Davidsoniella virescens is so far only known in North America. However, recently in southern Poland, blackish growth consisting of fungal mycelia and sporulation structures was found on the wood of Fagus sylvatica. As a result of isolation, 17 cultures of this fungus were obtained. All cultures produced an intense sweet odor. This fungus, both in situ and in vitro, abundantly produced perithecia with long necks and asexual stage. Particularly characteristic was the production of variable endoconidia in two types of phialophores differing mainly in the width of the collarette. The nucleotide sequences for five gene fragments of representative cultures were used in phylogenetic analyses: 18S; the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, including the 5.8S gene (ITS); 28S region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA), β-tubulin 2 (TUB2) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1). Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the fungus on European beech in Poland was identified as Davidsoniella virescens. The optimal temperature for radial colony growth was 20 °C. However, the differences between colony diameter at 25 °C compared to that at the optimal temperature were not statistically significant. Six D. virescens isolates were used for pathogenicity assay. They were inoculated into wounds on stems of two-year-old seedlings of Fagus sylvatica and Acer saccharum (36 seedlings of each tree species). Final evaluation was performed 4 months after inoculation. No external symptoms were observed in any A. saccharum seedling, neither in the crown nor on the stem. However, 13.9% of F. sylvatica seedlings showed wilting symptoms throughout the entire crown within 3-6 weeks after inoculation. Moreover, after 4 months on the stems of 30.6% beech seedlings, necrotic lesions with a length of 1.3 to 7.2 cm were formed, without any symptoms of wilting. The most noticeable internal symptom was the discoloration of the wood, which was observed in all inoculated seedlings of both tree species. All D. virescens isolates caused greater wood discoloration in F. sylvatica than in A. saccharum. Most of the differences found in the extent of discoloration between host plants were statistically significant. The discoloration caused by all D. virescens isolates in F. sylvatica was significantly greater than in the control. However, none of the isolates tested on A. saccharum caused significantly greater wood discoloration compared to the control. Pathogenicity tests showed that the D. virescens isolates identified in southern Poland may pose a greater threat to native European beech than to foreign sugar maple.

Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) as the major contributor to early olive drop in northern Italy.

In recent years, a new phenomenon of early olive drop is causing production losses in olive groves throughout northern Italy. To analyze the possible causes, field and laboratory trials were performed to assess the involvement of fungal pathogens and insect pests in this disease. External and internal symptoms of fungal infections or insect-feeding activities were researched. Fungi present in healthy and dislodged olives were investigated. The relationship between olives that fell and Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) infestation was assessed in a controlled infestation trial, and the effectiveness of an insecticidal strategy in reducing early olive drop was tested in open field conditions. A comparable number of fungi, mostly endophytes, were isolated and identified from both healthy and dislodged olives. The damage observed on dislodged olives was primarily ascribed to pentatomids feeding activity. Six stink bugs species were found in olive canopies, that is, the invasive H. halys, which was by far the most abundant, and Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, Nezara viridula (Linnaeus), Palomena prasina (Linnaeus), Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricious), and Rhaphigaster nebulosa (Poda). Halyomorpha halys caused intense fruit drop in the controlled infestation trial, and its infestation level significantly correlated with the number of olives that fell. Native stink bugs, present in much lower population compared to H. halys, could also partially contribute to early drop of olives. Insect proof net significantly reduced the early olive drop disease, while insecticide applications only partially reduced the stink bugs population density and, proportionally, early olive drop.

Lay perceptions of mental health among Afghan forced migrants residing in Finland

ABSTRACT This study explores lay perceptions of mental health among Afghan forced migrants in Finland. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants. Reflexive thematic analysis was used as the method of analysis. The analysis produced two main themes: external symptoms (changes in physical appearance and behavior) and internal symptoms (burdensome feelings and sensations). Participants rarely used explicit mental health terminology, preferring nuanced culture-specific, individual expressions, and indirect communication about stress and trauma. This study contributes to the understanding of Afghan forced migrants’ lay perceptions of mental health and calls for culturally-safe approaches in social work and mental health services for forced migrants.

Towards the DSM-6: Results of a Survey of Experts on the Reintroduction of First-Rank Symptoms as Core Criteria of Schizophrenia and on Redefining Hallucinations.

Diagnostic criteria for mental disorders are subject to change. This is particularly true for schizophrenia, whose diagnostic criteria in the current DSM-5 bear little resemblance to what Kraepelin once named "dementia praecox" and Bleuler termed "the schizophrenias." The present study reports results from a survey of experts on two core topics of schizophrenia: (a) whether subsequent editions of the DSM should once again give the Schneiderian first-rank symptoms (FRS; eg, thought broadcasting) the prominent role they had in the DSM-IV and (b) whether the currently quite narrow definition of hallucinations in the DSM-5 requiring them to be vivid and clear and have the full force and impact of normal perceptions should be broadened to incorporate perceptual-like phenomena that the individual can differentiate from proper perceptions but still perceives as real and externally generated. The aim of the survey was to learn about experts' opinions with no clear hypotheses. International experts on schizophrenia were recruited via various sources and invited to participate in a short online survey. The final sample comprised 136 experts with a subgroup of 53 experts with verified identity and at least 6 years of clinical and/or research experience. Slightly more experts voted in favor (49.3%) of returning FRS to the prominent role they had in earlier versions of the DSM than against (34.6%). Approximately four out of five experts agreed that the definition of hallucinations in the DSM should be expanded. According to the results, alongside internal symptoms that are phenomenologically indistinguishable from true perceptions, sensory intrusions that the holder is convinced were inserted from another source (ie, not self-generated) should be included in the definition. While a large majority of experts recommend a change in the definition of hallucinations, the experts' opinions on FRS are more mixed. We hope that this article will stimulate future studies targeting the diagnostic relevance of these symptoms and encourage discussion about the definition of core psychotic symptoms and the diagnostic criteria for the upcoming edition of the DSM.

A case study on blast fishing in illegal small scale fisheries in the Aegean Sea: Catch composition and observed external and internal abnormalities for 18 Osteichthyes fish species

Blast fishing is an illegal, ecologically destructive fishing method, fatal for many fish species at large scales. Blast fishing using dynamite is preferred by the fishers, especially small scale fisheries in Turkey, as it requires minimal effort but still results in higher catches. In the current study, demonstration of 20 controlled real-time blasting results involves species composition, size of fish, catch rates, catch composition, commercial/discard ratios, CPUE estimates and clinical observations of external and internal abnormality symptoms of fish species. Blasting trials were carried out with special permission in limited numbers because of its harmful effect. The collected data was tested using PRIMER v6 and diversity indices were also analysed. For the similarity between collected species cluster analysis was used to examine the stability of the results. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was also applied for the assessment of fish species in the catch. A total of 1014 individuals (63.8 kg) were collected and 18 fish species belonging to seven families were examined. According to laboratory examinations, it was found that blasting caused different external and internal abnormality symptoms in the sampled fish species during the study.

Evaluation of Serum Amyloid A and some Biochemical markers in Iraqi patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

An autoimmune condition called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is caused by long-term inflammation. Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis results in nephropathy and other internal symptoms, including death. The current study set out to look at the relationship between serum amyloid A (SAA) levels in circulation and SLE patients. Methods: Sixty SLE patients and 30 healthy with age range (19-55) yearswere involved in this study. A SLE patient wasidentified in the teaching hospital in Baghdad. In this study, laboratory indicators such as blood lipid, kidney function, test results, and total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), SAA, and ALB were assessed using an automated biochemical analyzer. Results: Patients with active SLE had serum amyloid A (SAA) values 5.83 mg/L [IQR: 2.08–10.87], 4.92 mg/L [IQR: 1.57–11.43], and 1.33 mg/L [IQR: 0.13–3.12], respectively, substantially upper than personswith inactive SLE or healthy control subjects (P < 0.001). ESR values in healthy control subjects, patients with inactive SLE, and patients with active SLE. In conclusion, the current study's findings offered more proof of SAA's potential involvement in SLE and suggested that it might be valuable biomarkers that could reveal more details about the disease's activity.

Faktor Penghambat Kembali Bekerja pada Pasien Gangguan Mental Umum

This research aims to analyze the factors that prevent individuals who experience mental disorders in general from being able to return to work. The method used is a systematic review by searching for articles tailored to formulating research questions with PEO formulations in seven databases: Scopus, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Proquest, Sage Journals, Oxford, Taylor & Francis. The research found two categories: internal factors, job status, workability, positive attitude, symptom severity, self-efficacy, and male. In contrast, external factors were supervisor support, loss of work contract, initial unemployment, low control over work, job tension, inflexible working hours, and no possibility of working from home. In conclusion, recovery can be achieved if internal and external factors work together and contribute positively to the client. Keywords: Inhibiting Factors, Common Mental Disorders, Return to Work

Task Force Dyspnoe unit (DU)

Acute dyspnoea is one of the most common internal medicine symptoms in the emergency department. It arises from an acute illness or from the exacerbation of a chronic illness. Symptom-related emergency structures and corresponding structural guidelines already exist in the stroke and chest pain units for dealing with the leading symptoms of acute stroke and acute chest pain. These are lacking in Germany for the key symptom of dyspnoea, although the benefits of these structures have already been proven in other countries. The German Society for Pneumology and Respiratory Medicine (DGP) has now set up a task force together with the Association of Pneumology Clinics (VPK), in order to deal with the topic and develop appropriate structural guidelines for such "dyspnoea units" in Germany. At the end of the process, the certification of such units at German hospitals is optional.

The status of binocular visual functions among Taiwan high-tech industry engineers and its correlation with computer vision symptom

To analyze the status of binocular visual functions, the relationship between binocular visual function and computer vision-related symptoms in the high-tech industry group. The study sample was comprised of 33 participants aged between 20 and 40 years of age. After completing basic information and the Computer Vision Symptom Scale (CVSS-17) questionnaire, the participants underwent a comprehensive examination of binocular visual function. All data were statistically analyzed with SPSS V26.0 software. The value of the binocular vision function of the Taiwan high-tech industry group was significantly different compared with the Scheiman and Morgan standard value. Study subjects were generally found to exhibit larger exophoric at distance, which in turn might lead to a lower ability to maintain binocular fusion to a single image, or recover from fusional disruption at distance. Subjects also experienced accommodation and convergence problems at near at the same time. Age, gender, and refractive errors had no significant impact on CVSS-17 scores, only the duration of computer usage showed a significant effect, particularly for internal symptom factor (ISF) dimensions. In addition, the interaction between the ISF and external symptom factor resulted in more severe visual symptoms. Long-term use of electronic devices may lead to an imbalance in binocular vision function, thereby increasing or exacerbating visual symptoms. If the use of electronic devices is an unchangeable trend, interventions in prescription, visual training or the visual design of electronic products become worthwhile topics for development.

Dissecting postharvest chilling injuries in pome and stone fruit through integrated omics.

Lowering the storage temperature is an effective method to extend the postharvest and shelf life of fruits. Nevertheless, this technique often leads to physiological disorders, commonly known as chilling injuries. Apples and pears are susceptible to chilling injuries, among which superficial scald is the most economically relevant. Superficial scald is due to necrotic lesions of the first layers of hypodermis manifested through skin browning. In peaches and nectarines, chilling injuries are characterized by internal symptoms, such as mealiness. Fruits with these aesthetic or compositional/structural defects are not suitable for fresh consumption. Genetic variation is a key factor in determining fruit susceptibility to chilling injuries; however, physiological, or technical aspects such as harvest maturity and storage conditions also play a role. Multi-omics approaches have been used to provide an integrated explanation of chilling injury development. Metabolomics in pome fruits specifically targets the identification of ethylene, phenols, lipids, and oxidation products. Genomics and transcriptomics have revealed interesting connections with metabolomic datasets, pinpointing specific genes linked to cold stress, wax synthesis, farnesene metabolism, and the metabolic pathways of ascorbate and glutathione. When applied to Prunus species, these cutting-edge approaches have uncovered that the development of mealiness symptoms is linked to ethylene signaling, cell wall synthesis, lipid metabolism, cold stress genes, and increased DNA methylation levels. Emphasizing the findings from multi-omics studies, this review reports how the integration of omics datasets can provide new insights into understanding of chilling injury development. This new information is essential for successfully creating more resilient fruit varieties and developing novel postharvest strategies.

Establishment and study of a rat internal haemorrhoid model

To establish a relatively stable internal haemorrhoid model in rats. A total of 48 SPF SD rats were selected and randomly divided into a blank group of 16 and a model group of 32. The model was created by croton oil-mixed liquid stimulation combined with standing and swimming experiments, and the modelling times were 1 week and 2 weeks, respectively. By observing the symptoms and signs of rats, pathological morphology and immunohistochemical staining of anorectal tissue, anorectal laser speckle blood-flow imaging and defecation contrast, etc., the effect of different modelling times was evaluated. The stability of the model was evaluated after feeding for 2 weeks. Both model-formation times caused rats to produce local symptoms of tissue bulging in the haemorrhoid area. Microscopy showed that the rectal submucosal interstitial blood vessels were dilated, and inflammatory cell infiltration and other manifestations were observed. Laser speckle blood-flow imaging revealed increased anorectal blood perfusion and capillary dilatation, and defecography showed a longitudinal and continuous rectal mucosa. After 2 weeks of normal feeding, lifting of the haemorrhoidal tissue was still present. The effect of modelling for 1 week was most in line with the clinical manifestations of internal haemorrhoids. The 1-week modelling scheme in this study can effectively establish a rat internal haemorrhoid model that closely approximates clinical internal haemorrhoid symptoms and pathological manifestations. The operation is simple, the success rate is high, and the model has certain stability. This model can be used as an important basis for studying various treatment methods for internal haemorrhoids.

Characterisation of internal tremors and vibration symptoms

ObjectivesTo describe the experiences of patients who have postacute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection with internal vibrations and tremors as a prominent component, we leveraged the efforts by Survivor Corps, a grassroots...

Isolation and Reproductive Structures Induction of Fungal Pathogens Associated with Xylem and Wood Necrosis in Grapevine.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a disease complex including five diseases: esca, Petri disease, black-foot disease, Botryosphaeria dieback, and Eutypa dieback. The main symptom is a general decline in affected plants, which show xylem necrosis and discoloration or sectorial necrosis in the wood. Their diagnosis is tedious due to four main reasons: (i) the wide diversity of internal symptoms that we can find; (ii) the great diversity of fungi that are associated with them; (iii) the high frequency of co-infections in the same plant; and (iv) the different behavior that the fungal species associated with GTDs show in vitro. Here, we describe a detailed protocol to isolate the different fungal trunk pathogens associated with GTDs as well as methods to induce sporulation and formation of fruiting bodies (pycnidia) to make easier their morphological characterization.