Internal Stakeholders Research Articles

Corporate Social Responsibility: A Paradigm Shift towards Organizational Care for Employees’ Wellbeing

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained significant attention in recent years, with organizations increasingly focusing on their impact on society and the environment. However, while many organizations prioritize external stakeholders, the well-being of internal stakeholders, particularly employees, is often overlooked. This article contends that an authentic socially responsible organization should care for the well-being of both external and internal stakeholders equally. Through a literature review, this study examined the concept of CSR in the context of employees’ well-being. It developed a conceptual framework to theorize how deliberate organizational initiatives can improve employees' overall well-being, ultimately contributing to their quality of work life and life satisfaction. The study highlights the importance of responsible organizations demonstrating a strong sense of responsibility towards their employees through organizational care and implementing sound workplace practices and policies. This study emphasizes the need for increased attention to the internal dimensions of CSR and greater transparency in reporting structured practices that support employees’ well-being.

Manajemen Keuangan Sekolah dalam Pemenuhan Sarana Prasarana Pendidikan

Research to analyze and gain insights into the financial management of Public Middle School 22 Sijunjung, West Sumatra, in meeting the educational infrastructure needs. A qualitative approach using phenomenology was employed. Informants included the school principal, secretary, and treasurer. Data collection involved interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis. Data analysis included data condensation, presentation, and conclusion drawing. This study shows that the financial management of the school to meet educational infrastructure needs encompasses school budgeting, budget allocation, financial recording, and financial accountability. This study highlights the importance of financial management in providing educational facilities and infrastructure by involving internal and external stakeholders in the evaluation, analysis, monitoring, and fulfilling various school needs.

Lived Experiences of School Heads in School-Based Management (SBM) Implementation

This study explored the lived experiences of school heads in SBM implementation using Collaizi’s phenomenological approach with transcribed semi-structured face-to-face interviews among nine participants who were school heads in the Schools Division of Siargao. Selected through the snowball sampling technique, these participants graciously shared their lived experiences, including the challenges and best practices through SBM implementation. This study was anchored on RA 9155: Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001 and DepEd Order No. 1, s. of 2003 (Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act 9155) as supporting legislative works. Moreover, this study was also in line with Pluralism, Social Cognitive, and Functionalism Theories. Six emergent themes were derived from the study: (1) unified support from stakeholders; (2) pressure; (3) community linkages; (4) transparency and responsibility; (5) challenging journey; and (6) development. The emergent themes comprehensively explained an understanding of the participants’ thoughts about SBM, the perceived challenges and opportunities, best practices, and achievements in collaboration with the internal and external stakeholders. To ensure the aim of this study, it was crucial to develop meaningful programs as recommendations for enhancing quality assurance, particularly within the realm of school-based management across the entire division. Moreover, empowerment not only among internal but also external stakeholders must be established, in order to keep empowering communities and foster unity in diversity for the benefit of enhanced SBM implementation in schools.

Peculiarities of corporate control in insurance

Corporate control is one of the basic elements of effective corporate governance, the main purpose of which is to serve the internal objectives of the company and its internal stakeholders. The purpose of corporate control is to protect company assets by preventing errors and inappropriate actions by promoting policies, procedures and technical safeguards. The stable operation of the insurance sector is of major importance for economic and financial activity, which requires the creation of an internal control system within insurance companies capable of ensuring compliance with the regulations in force and corporate governance norms. The purpose of the conducted research was to present the particularities of internal corporate control within insurance companies. The objectives of the research were to study the essence of internal corporate control, as well as highlight its particularities within insurance companies.

Measuring Perceptions of the Ethical Beliefs of Accountants and Non-Accountants

In this study, a survey was conducted with 210 participants recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk to examine the perceptions that accountants and non-accountants have of (1) their own ethical beliefs and (2) the ethical beliefs of the typical accountant. The results indicate the following. Firstly, the ethical beliefs of accountants are weaker than those of non-accountants. Secondly, compared with non-accountants, accountants perceive that the typical accountant holds weaker ethical beliefs. Thirdly, while accountants perceive that they hold similar ethical beliefs as the typical accountant, non-accountants perceive that they hold stronger ethical beliefs than the typical accountant. Overall, the findings from this study provide insights for accounting practitioners to reflect on and evaluate the effectiveness of the activities that have been undertaken by the profession to strengthen the ethical beliefs of accountants and to improve the ethical reputation of accountants among internal and external stakeholders.

Ensuring the integrity assessment of IoT medical sensors using hesitant fuzzy sets.

Objective: The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is transforming healthcare systems, but concerns about device integrity and sensitive data are growing. The study aims to develop a framework for evaluating and prioritizing integrity schemes in healthcare for IoT-based medical sensor devices, addressing the challenges of selecting the right authentication solution due to its complexity and intricacy. Methods: A unified health-hesitant fuzzy expert system for IoMT sensor integrity assessment in Saudi Arabia is described in this paper. Medical sensor integrity literature and professionals are contacted first. Delphi is used to gather attributes of integrity approaches while an Internet of Things medical sensor integrity specialist supervises the operation. After collecting characteristics, good assessment criteria are created and the hesitant fuzzy analytic network procedure is used to assess integrity. Results: Functional integrity and measurement accuracy are the biggest factors in IoMT sensor security and integrity, according to assessment. The framework achieves 93%, 94%, and 95% precision, accuracy, and recall compared to current approaches. The framework helps healthcare integrity security professionals and stakeholders assess and resolve IoT medical sensor authentication issues. Conclusion: This health-hesitant fuzzy expert system will let Saudi Arabian and international healthcare stakeholders safely deploy IoMT sensors in the changing healthcare landscape.

Core outcome set for studies evaluating interventions to prevent or treat delirium in long-term care older residents: international key stakeholder informed consensus study.

Trials of interventions to prevent or treat delirium in older adults resident in long-term care settings (LTC) report heterogenous outcomes, hampering the identification of effective management strategies for this important condition. Our objective was to develop international consensus among key stakeholders for a core outcome set (COS) for future trials of interventions to prevent and/or treat delirium in this population. We used a rigorous COS development process including qualitative interviews with family members and staff with experience of delirium in LTC; a modified two-round Delphi survey; and virtual consensus meetings using nominal group technique. The study was registered with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative (https://www.comet-initiative.org/studies/details/796). Item generation identified 22 delirium-specific outcomes and 32 other outcomes from 18 qualitative interviews. When combined with outcomes identified in our earlier systematic review, and following an item reduction step, this gave 43 outcomes that advanced to the formal consensus processes. These involved 169 participants from 12 countries, and included healthcare professionals (121, 72%), researchers (24, 14%), and family members/people with experience of delirium (24, 14%). Six outcomes were identified as essential to include in all trials of interventions for delirium in LTC, and were therefore included in the COS. These are: 'delirium occurrence'; 'delirium related distress'; 'delirium severity'; 'cognition including memory', 'admission to hospital' and 'mortality'. This COS, endorsed by the American Delirium Society and the European and Australasian Delirium Associations, is recommended for use in future clinical trials evaluating delirium prevention or treatment interventions for older adults residing in LTC.

Modeling the significance of corporate social responsibility on green capabilities and sustainability performance

This study examines the complex interplay among corporate social responsibility (CSR), green dynamic capabilities, green innovation capabilities, and organizations' economic, environmental, and social performance in the current era of innovation and sustainability. The proposed framework was tested using data from 634 medium- and large-sized Chinese manufacturing firms. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. The findings demonstrate that CSR to external and internal stakeholders positively influences green dynamic capabilities. Meanwhile, CSR to external stakeholders and green dynamic capabilities are positively associated with green innovation capabilities, subsequently influencing the economic, environmental, and social performance of manufacturing firms. Moreover, the results reveal the mediating effect of green dynamic capabilities on the association between CSR and green innovation capabilities. Green innovation capabilities also mediate the association between CSR to external stakeholders and green dynamic capabilities on manufacturing organizations’ economic, environmental, and social performance. This study offers a novel exploration of the intricate interplay among CSR, green dynamic capabilities, green innovation capabilities, and organizational performance within manufacturing organizations. These findings provide valuable insights for managers and offer opportunities for further research that will ultimately contribute to a deeper understanding of the roles of sustainability and innovation in modern corporations.

Harmonizing Maritime Innovation: Enhancing International and National Standardization in Intelligent Ship Transport Systems

Abstract The rapid advancement of maritime technologies, particularly in the domain of autonomous ships and maritime intelligent transport systems (MITS), necessitates a robust framework for digital interoperability at both national and international levels. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current state of standardization within MITS. It emphasizes the importance of harmonizing efforts to facilitate the integration of innovative technologies into the maritime sector, ensuring safety, efficiency, and environmental sustainability. To gain broader insights, standardization practices from other industries are examined. In conclusion, the paper argues that enhancing collaboration and standardization in MITS is essential for the successful implementation of maritime innovations. It calls for a collective effort from national and international stakeholders to develop a unified framework that supports the growth of autonomous ship technology and the evolution of intelligent maritime transport systems.

Proposed categories for reporting of service organization in rehabilitation in clinical trials: a discussion paper.

The lack of standardized reporting for crucial organizational factors in rehabilitation poses a significant barrier to understanding their impact on patient outcomes in clinical trials and meta-analyses. Based on the categories in the International Classification of Service Organization in Rehabilitation (ICSO-R 2.0), we aimed to develop reporting standards specifically for organizational factors in clinical trials. A comprehensive two-step process was conducted. In Step 1, important categories were identified. The identification was based on previous results from a Delphi survey with international stakeholder participation, two systematic literature reviews and results from focus groups with users in Germany, Indonesia and Norway. Step 2 involved the necessary reduction of categories and the proposal of reporting specifications, achieved through two voting rounds among key researchers, stakeholders and users. The suggested minimum reporting set comprises Context and Setting as well as Quality assurance and management. The Context and Setting is proposed to include whether the intervention is delivered by Hospital, Community or Other service providers. The Mode of delivery is proposed to be specified as Inpatient, Outpatient, In-home, or Tele-rehabilitation. Furthermore, the Level of specialization (Primary/Secondary) and the Phase of service delivery Acute, Subacute or Long-term rehabilitation services should be reported. The Quality assurance and management should be reported as Yes or No, with the option Yes requiring description of the quality assurance applied in the methods section. This study proposed a compulsory and standardized reporting of organizational factors in clinical trials to facilitate the generation of scientific evidence regarding effective service provision and delivery in rehabilitation medicine. Authors are encouraged to consider the proposed reporting set to testing, criticism, and modification to enhance its applicability and robustness.

Strategies of the Manado State Christian Institute in Implementing Christian Cyber University-Distance Leaning

Distance learning at state Christian higher education institutions is something new. Therefore, this research aims to determine the appropriate strategy for implementing distance learning at Manado State Christian Institute. This research method uses a mixed method design, mixed method research that combines qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods in one study and is carried out from April to June 2023. The method used by the respondents was the purposive sampling method. Respondents were selected from internal and external stakeholders, consisting of information technology and database unit staff, lecturers and students, and experts in the field of implementing distance learning. The instruments are the researchers themselves, interview guidelines, and questionnaires. Data analysis in the study uses SWOT and QSPM analysis methods. The results showed that based on the results of the IE analysis, the Manado State Christian Institute's position is in Quadrant II Growth Strategy (concentration through horizontal integration) with coordinate values (2.84, 3.39), which means that Manado State Christian Institute can improve its performance with internal and external resources. While the results of the QSPM analysis show that the three priority strategies for implementing distance learning are 1) Conducting benchmarking studies for the distance learning team with accredited excellence universities that offer distance education, 2) Strengthening the authority and responsibilities of distance education managers, and 3) Enhancing digital/cyber-based governance. This strategy is a priority strategy that will be implemented.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Employee Advocacy and its Role in Enhancing Brand Loyalty

This bibliometric analysis explores the intricate relationship between employee advocacy and brand loyalty, providing insights into how internal stakeholder engagement impacts consumer perceptions and brand success. Utilizing a systematic review of academic literature from more than past two decades, the study highlights the pivotal role of employees as brand ambassadors and the subsequent effect on customer trust and loyalty. Through an examination of key studies, including works by Aaker (2011) and Chaudhuri & Holbrook (2001), the research underscores the significance of aligning employee experiences with external brand promises to enhance brand equity. The findings suggest that effective employee advocacy programs are crucial for fostering brand loyalty, particularly in environments where competition and consumer expectations are continuously evolving. Strategic implications are discussed, emphasizing the need for organizations to adapt their employee advocacy efforts in response to dynamic market conditions and evolving technological landscapes.

A research data management (RDM) community for ELIXIR.

Research data management (RDM) is central to the implementation of the FAIR (Findable Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) and Open Science principles. Recognising the importance of RDM, ELIXIR Platforms and Nodes have invested in RDM and launched various projects and initiatives to ensure good data management practices for scientific excellence. These projects have resulted in a rich set of tools and resources highly valuable for FAIR data management. However, these resources remain scattered across projects and ELIXIR structures, making their dissemination and application challenging. Therefore, it becomes imminent to coordinate these efforts for sustainable and harmonised RDM practices with dedicated forums for RDM professionals to exchange knowledge and share resources. The proposed ELIXIR RDM Community will bring together RDM experts to develop ELIXIR's vision and coordinate its activities, taking advantage of the available assets. It aims to coordinate RDM best practices and illustrate how to use the existing ELIXIR RDM services. The Community will be built around three integral pillars, namely, a network of RDM professionals, RDM knowledge management and RDM training expertise and resources. It will also engage with external stakeholders to leverage benefits and provide a forum to RDM professionals for regular knowledge exchange, capacity building and development of harmonised RDM practices, keeping in line with the overall scope of the RDM Community. In the short term, the Community aims to build upon the existing resources and ensure that the content of these remain up to date and fit for purpose. In the long run, the Community will aim to strengthen the skills and knowledge of its RDM professionals to support the emerging needs of the scientific community. The Community will also devise an effective strategy to engage with other ELIXIR structures and international stakeholders to influence and align with developments and solutions in the RDM field.

Mediating Roles of Perceived Quality and Perceived Behaviour Control in Shaping Chinese Consumer’s Purchase Intention for Domestic Infant Milk Formula (IMF)

The 2008 melamine crisis led to widespread consumer distrust of Chinese domestic infant milk formula (IMF), which was substituted through a surge of imported products. Recent studies, however, suggest a revival in consumer confidence in Chinese domestic products and regulatory supervision. This coincides with a rise in consumer ethnocentrism and increased concern about foreign IMF, which arose during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate the multifaceted factors that influence consumers’ intention to purchase domestic IMF, using a structural equation model based on a survey of 563 online consumers. Our findings challenge conventional thinking that food safety governance, consumer ethnocentrism, and COVID-19 have no significant direct impact on IMF purchase decisions. Instead, consumer purchase intentions are driven more indirectly by mediating factors of perceived product quality and perceived behavioural control. The findings have significant implications for Chinese policymakers and industry stakeholders seeking to rebuild trust and strengthen the market position of domestic IMF in the post-melamine and post-pandemic era. By understanding the nuanced dynamics and consumer preferences in this market, international stakeholders can also develop more effective strategies to navigate and compete in the ever-evolving landscape of the Chinese IMF industry.

On Waterfall's cryptoeconomic forecast

This work presents a system dynamics modeling approach to evaluate critical economic metrics on the Waterfall platform, a decentralized public network. The constructed model serves as a significant tool for understanding the intricate economic processes within the platform and supports informed decision-making by stakeholders. By using input parameters such as the number of network validators and transactions per second (TPS) over time, the model projects key metrics like the inflation rate and total supply of coins, providing insights into the platform's economic stability. The Waterfall platform is designed as a scalable smart contract ecosystem, underpinned by cryptoeconomics, to ensure a self- sustaining and self-regulating environment that maximizes stakeholder benefits. The platform's mainnet, launched in June 2024, has shown consistency between testnet results and theoretical calculations, demonstrating the robustness of the underlying economic model. However, as with any economic system, forecasting is essential for decision-making and improving efficiency. The system dynamics model allows for the exploration of different scenarios, considering various growth assumptions for validators and TPS, to project future economic conditions of the platform. Three scenarios – pessimistic, realistic, and optimistic – are considered, each with distinct growth trajectories for the number of validators and TPS. The outcomes highlight that while the initial stages of the network are characterized by high reward rates due to a smaller number of validators, these rates decline as more validators join, affecting the inflation rate over time. The relationship between the minting of new coins (as validator rewards) and the burning of transaction fees determines the system's inflationary dynamics. Under certain conditions, an increase in TPS could lead to deflation, enhancing the platform's economic sustainability. The results suggest that Waterfall's cryptoeconomic model has a strong potential for long-term stability and growth. The model's flexibility allows for adjustments based on real-time data and expert judgments, making it a valuable tool for both internal stakeholders and external analysts. This approach could also be applied to studying the cryptoeconomics of other decentralized networks, providing a broader understanding of their economic stability and long-term viability.

Hello From the Other Side: External Stakeholder Paradoxes Matter for Organizational Ambidexterity

Organizational ambidexterity (OA)—the simultaneous pursuit of explorative and exploitative innovations—engenders nested (paradoxes manifesting across organizational levels) and knotted paradoxes (intertwined co-occurring paradoxes at the same or across organizational levels). Both nested and knotted paradoxes are managed by internal stakeholders using approaches that are socially constructed by influences emanating from within and beyond an organization. External stakeholders also help shape organizational innovations but their influence on the management of paradoxes has largely been overlooked. In this study, we collected and analyzed data from internal ( n = 19) and external stakeholders ( n = 18) in organizations pursuing explorative and exploitative clean energy transitions at nine Canadian energy utilities. We find that the external stakeholders engage with knotted inclusivity–efficiency and existing–emerging needs paradoxes. Our findings add to OA and business and society literature by revealing how the approaches that internal and external stakeholders adopt for paradox management have implications for each other, and thus OA. We also provide practical insight into how external stakeholder paradoxes can be managed through stakeholder inclusivity and enhanced transparency of innovation plans, with positive implications for OA.

Top management and employees’ commitment to sustainability as internal drivers of a company’s ESG performance

Social and environmental issues gain more importance for society that stimulates companies to adopt and integrate more sustainability practices into their business activities. This study is embedded in almost uncovered in the literature context of Russian business that undergoes its ESG transformation in conditions of unprecedented sanctions and hostile institutional environment. The study aims to reveal the role of internal stakeholders (top managers, line managers, and employees) in successful implementation of a company’s ESG practices along various dimensions. Using the primary data from 29 large Russian companies the fsQCA method is applied to identify various configurations of contingencies that stimulate their ESG performance. The analysis results in identification of two alternative core conditions for high ESG performance in Russian companies: high top management commitment to sustainability and low employees’ commitment to sustainability or the employees’ awareness about sustainability. At the end, the study results in two generic profiles composed of top management commitment, line management support, and employees’ awareness, behavior, and commitment towards ESG performance. The results show two different approaches towards ESG transformation that may bring a company to the comparably similar desired outcome. The study has a potential for generalization on a wider scope of emerging market contexts.

The influence of stakeholder theory and Islamic faith on employee perception of CSR

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influences of employee perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the Readymade Garment Industry (RMG). The RMG industry in Bangladesh has faced constant criticism of their working practices, and following some fatal incidents, the industry was faced with external pressures of implementing CSR practices and policies. Manufacturers invested and initiated CSR in their business and marketing strategy to survive in the global competition. Employees are internal stakeholders that help to implement and disseminate strategies successfully; however, there is not enough knowledge in the area of employee perception of CSR. Design/methodology/approach The paper is an exploratory study using the quantitative data collection method. In total, 128 responses have been collected from participants who are employees of garment factories in Bangladesh to understand their perception of CSR. Regression analysis has been conducted to ascertain the relationships between the factors that influence employee perception. Theories of stakeholder management, organizational citizenship behaviour, social exchange theory and employee engagement have been used to analyse the factors that influence employee perception. Findings The findings show that the factors that influence perception of CSR are not confined to the stakeholder’s initiatives but are significantly dependent on the employees’ direct involvement, engagement and personal values as a beneficiary and an executioner. In addition to the stakeholder’s initiatives that are a key deliverable to the marketing strategy, the employees are influenced by their personal beliefs and practices that can be associated with influences of religion, culture and the wider social landscape. Research limitations/implications The data is limited to a small number of factories located near the capital, Dhaka, this is a small sample compared to the 4,000 factories in Bangladesh. Further research can be conducted based on a larger data set, which could represent a wider range of employee perspectives from different factories relating to size, product category and geographical location. The study does not expand on the factors that influence employee perception specifically. Practical implications The findings of the study can help the employers understand that the organization’s priority and participation are not the only factors that influence the employee’s perceptions. The employees’ assessment of the stakeholder’s intentions of CSR, which are reflected in the organization’s priority, shapes employee perceptions that are influenced by their personal values and beliefs. The awareness of the factors that influence the employees will enable organizations to motivate them and deliver on expectations of the business partners. Social implications It is the practices aimed at the employees that enhance their engagement in CSR that enable them to reciprocate and influence their perception of the organization’s fair and genuine motives. The effectiveness of this aids the macro-marketing aspects of managing social concerns and the impact of businesses. Originality/value The data collected is primary data from employees of garment manufacturers. The hypothesized framework is developed by the authors, and the outcomes of the factors that influence the employee perception of CSR are escalated from the analysis conducted by the authors.

Sustainability performance of food supply chains with internal and external evaluation perspectives

Abstract The challenges of food security, water use, energy consumption and the growing global demand for food raise the importance of ensuring sustainability of the food supply chains (FSCs). Studies in relevant literature discuss the sustainability performances of FSCs generally without distinguishing between the internal and external stakeholders’ concerns or clarifying the existence of greenwashing or bluewashing attempts, jeopardising true sustainability. This is why modelling towards some holistic treatment of the problem that satisfies those concerns is required. This paper proposes a framework to evaluate the true sustainability performance of FSCs by considering Triple-Bottom-Line (TBL) indicators, i.e. economic, environmental and social. In light of the proposed framework, two models have been developed, one calculating the internal and the other an external sustainability score. The presented models can handle interval or ordinal qualitative and quantitative indicators concurrently while considering desirable and undesirable factors. These novel models have been implemented on data from fifty FSCs in Istanbul, using a two-stage Imprecise Data Envelopment Analysis (IDEA) with a special multiplier. To facilitate visualisation of true sustainability assessment, an internal-external sustainability performance matrix is proposed. Results reveal that the internal sustainability performance of the focal FSCs is better than the external one. The economic dimension predominates in Turkish FSCs’ internal sustainability performance, while the environmental and social dimensions predominate in the external sustainability performance of the FSCs.

The NEXUS story and its Stakeholder Analysis: Digitalising Multimodal Logistics and the Associated Value Chain Worldwide

The NEXUS project involves innovation and entrepreneurship. The first task of the project team, which is eclectic and includes several different profiles (research assistants, researchers, managers, engineers, designers and marketing specialists) was to do a stakeholder analysis, which involved doing some field work – six unstructured interviews – as well as some secondary data analysis (scientific articles on the Scopus database; Google searches; among others). The main concerns were to: unlock value through stakeholder engagement; move from concept to collaboration – for sustainable port development; and to connect ports worldwide which will involve international stakeholder collaboration and synergies for sustainable innovation. A Stakeholder analysis is a process consisting of identifying the individuals or groups that have a specific interest in a project, which can affect them, or be affected by them, including large groups such as customers and suppliers; employees; shareholders and investors. It is necessary to sort them according to their impact and consequences regarding the project. It is essential to manage stakeholder expectations when making decisions, especially in a project with thirty-five partners and with a global reach. The initial funding is around 92 million euros (approved by the Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP)), to ensure the ambitious implementation of the new NEXUS platform and other related products. To minimize backlash, early as well as ongoing stakeholder involvement is a prerequisite. Strategy formulation should not occur in an “ivory tower” and involvement is key. For effective and efficient decision-making, to minimize risks, which need to be identified as well as all the connections and relationships to be created and nurtured. The research question at the outset was: How may we successfully implement a multi-partner project which involves considerable investment, and which aims to digitalize maritime ports worldwide? The theme is, currently, without precedent as the impact intended is for there to be a positive impact on all stakeholders involved – a win-win situation all around. The project will finish in 31-12-2025 and will produce 28 innovative solutions for commercialization. NEXUS is a green and digital project which is up to date as regards the latest sustainability norms and regarding overall operational efficiency in multimodal logistics. Work Package 10 is a specific exploitation, internationalization, promotion, and dissemination package.