International Security System Research Articles

THE GEOPOLITICAL AWAKENING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The article analyses the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the geopolitical transformation of the European Union (EU). It examines the key changes in the EU's security, energy and international relations strategy, as well as the development of its strategic autonomy and role in supporting Ukraine. The study is based on the analysis of scientific sources and political articles related to the EU's foreign policy and security mechanisms. A comparative analysis of the EU's decisions on sanctions, energy security and military assistance to Ukraine is used. Expert assessments of the geopolitical situation and economic consequences of the war are also taken into account. The article contributes to understanding the role of the Russian-Ukrainian war as a catalyst for the EU's political and strategic awakening. In particular, it highlights the development of the EU's strategic autonomy in response to its energy dependence on Russia and the growth of defence cooperation between member states. The author also explores how the war has contributed to the consolidation of European identity and the strengthening of the desire for global leadership in the face of current international challenges. The author notes that the Russian-Ukrainian war has accelerated changes in the EU's approach to foreign and security policy. The EU has strengthened its strategic autonomy, increased economic sanctions against Russia and mobilised resources to support Ukraine. At the same time, the war has shown the need to develop energy resources independent of external suppliers and to increase the EU's internal defence capabilities. Ukraine's integration into the European space has become an important strategic direction of the EU's policy. An important aspect has been the strengthening of European defence cooperation, which demonstrates the EU's desire for greater independence in security matters. Ukraine's integration into the European space is becoming one of the key directions of the EU's foreign policy, which may accelerate the process of Ukraine's accession to the Union in the future. The author also draws attention to the fact that the issue of strengthening the EU's defence capabilities affects the problem of the international security system, which today, as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war, is undergoing the greatest transformations since the Second World War.

THE INTERESTS OF THE UK FOREIGN POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION OF THE AUKUS INTERSTATE ASSOCIATION

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the UK's foreign policy in the period after its withdrawal from the European Union (post-Brexit period) in the context of the country's participation in the formation of the AUKUS (an abbreviation of the English names of Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States). The research methodology was formed by the principles of historicism, systematicity, and objectivity, general scientific methods of logic, comparative analysis, special historical methods of historiographic analysis, historical-systemic, chronological, historical-genetic, retrospective analysis, and comparative-historical methods of scientific knowledge. It is noted that the creation of the interstate association AUKUS in 2021 was a resonant event in the world of international politics. The agreements provide for the development of systemic military-political cooperation between the three states at the strategic level in the long term with the primacy of the US-British alliance, which will potentially have a significant impact on the configuration of the international security system, especially in the context of current attempts to revise it It is stated that the relatively recently launched international security project AUKUS has already become one of the examples of active foreign policy activities of the British governments in the post-Brexit period, which is fully consistent with the Global Britain strategy. By participating in AUKUS, the British side not only contributes to global security and strengthens its military presence in one of the key regions of world politics, protects its own geopolitical and economic interests, but also guarantees the development of high-tech knowledge-intensive industries for the long term. The project of comprehensive sectoral military and defence cooperation proposed by the United States (with the support of two allied states) reflects an attempt to maintain American and British influence in the Indo-Pacific region and globally in the face of the growing conflict with China. With the resumption of the US policy of isolationism and protectionism, and possible financial problems of the UK as the second most important partner, the AUKUS project faces uncertain prospects. Ukraine's international prospects also depend on the success or failure of the AUKUS project.

ISLAM AS THE UNIFIING FORCE OF THE ATOMIZED STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

The work focuses on establishing and analyzing the main characteristics of international terrorism, which allowed it to act as a powerful tool of influence on the global political process. It is noted, that by the beginning of the XXI century terrorism grew into a form of external armed violence, which made it possible to use an asymmetric strike (September 11th, 2001) against the central state of the modern international system. It is emphasized that despite the gradual fading of power, the USA during this period remained the most powerful actor in both the economic and military spheres. It is emphasized that the analyzed phenomenon provided almost the only possibility of indirect influence both on the US political system and on political processes in the world in general.In the process of analyzing the stated topic, it was established that the key features of international terrorism should include: the non-subordination of the activities of terrorist groups to international security systems, in particular the UN, and the limited means of the latter in putting pressure on a non-state entity. It is noted that the second feature is anti-statism and cross-border nature, which in practice is realized due to the network nature of the use of this type of external armed violence. It is indicated that Islam as the ideology of the analyzed phenomenon belongs to the third characteristic. It is emphasized that the opinions of most researchers agree that Islam is the force that subordinates the decentralized and even atomized structural components of modern international terrorism to single goals. At the same time, it is emphasized that in the academic environment there are significant differences in the understanding of the foundations of international terrorism as a phenomenon, namely in determining the primacy of the socio-economic (social stratification in the modern world) or cultural-religious (struggle for the global spread of Islam) factor. It was noted that efforts are planned to be directed to the solution of the stated contradiction in the following investigations.

A detection and defense security system design for nuclear waste storage against stealth terrorists attack

Abstract The physical protection system (PPS) is one of the main systems used in nuclear facilities to protect these facilities from terrorist attacks, the possibility of bombing, sabotage, and theft. Installation of a security system for nuclear waste stores from the outside is necessary and very important for early detection and physiological deterrence greater than the internal security system. From this perspective, this work provides a solution for the protection of nuclear waste stores, which means detection and defense systems. This paper introduces an advanced security system and proposes a design for a detection and defense security system for nuclear waste storage against stealth terrorist attacks. The security system that is being suggested will have smart camera surveillance system, electric chock system, intense flashlight barrier, high-intensity sound barriers, and dual-side infrared rays. Three consecutive processes – detection, deterrence, and defense – will be operated around the building of the waste storage. The concept may be implemented by establishing an early detection system to detect any intrusion by terrorist attackers through a protected area surrounded by storage. The following step is deterring the attackers from completing their mission by installing advanced deterrence system and putting delay components along the path of their attack on the waste storage to complicate the mission. Then the defense system is operating to stop terrorist progress. Finally, the work make an evaluation process of the overall security system which has been designed by using EASI program to verify the accepted level of physical protection, maintain the validity and updates of security system components, and follow procedures, rules and requirements of the nuclear regulatory authority at the national level and meet the international IAEA concept and recommendations.

International Aspect of PRC Information Security Policy

This article examines the international aspect of China’s information security policy. Due to the fact that the information sphere is becoming increasingly important in relations between states, the appeal to the policy of one of the leading international actors — the People’s Republic of China — is in demand and relevant. China’s experience in ensuring information security may be in demand in other countries, including the Russian Federation.Aim. The purpose of the article is to characterize the international aspect of China’s information security policy and to reveal the specifics of China’s interaction with other countries in this area.Tasks. To achieve this goal was conducted a review of key international documents ensuring the international information security of the People’s Republic of China, as well as the country’s domestic legislation in this area. Also the issue of confrontation between China and the United States in the information space was considered.Methods. The study employs the historical method to examine the development of China’s information security system, document analysis to review China’s domestic and international legislation in the field of information security, and comparative analysis to compare the approaches of different countries in the field of cybersecurity.Results. The conducted research highlights the following key outcomes: In the context of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Сhina demonstrates a commitment to the joint development of international legal norms in the field of information security, as well as actively participates in the creation of cooperation agreements in this area, emphasizing the state’s role as an advocate for a multipolar world in cyberspace. Within the framework of interactions with the BRICS countries, China aims to deepen cooperation in the field of information security through a series of initiatives and agreements aimed at developing common approaches and standards. This cooperation contributes to the creation of a unified protection system in the information sphere among the BRICS countries, strengthening their positions in the international information space. In relations with the United States of America, the interaction of China is characterized by competition and confrontation, especially in the context of cybersecurity. This includes differences in approaches to regulating the information space and cyber espionage. Nonetheless, existing contradictions and conflicts underscore the need for dialogue and cooperation to develop common international rules of behavior in cyberspace, which can contribute to ensuring international information security and stability.Conclusions. The international aspect of the China’s information security policy reveals various forms of interaction with other countries, each with its unique features. These relationships form a multi-level system of international information security, in which the PRC plays a key role, aiming to create a balanced and secure information space.

Problems of war and peace in the context of growing external threats to Russian sovereignty (2012–2022)

Importance. The purpose of the study is to consider the state of problems of war and peace in the dynamics of growing external threats to the sovereignty of the Russian Federation in 2012–2022. Among them, there is a special interest in war as a phenomenon that has once again become a radical tool for conducting interstate relations.Research Methods. The research is based on the principles of historicism, the unity of the objective and the subjective. Along with general scientific methods, such as analysis, dialectical method, case-study, elements of decisional, historical-comparative, retrospective and other methods from interdisciplinary knowledge were used.Results and Discussion. It is noted that the main reason for the escalation of the “hot phase” of the war is the actual refusal of the West to end the Cold War. The difference is given in the peculiarities of understanding modern war and its instruments in the goals and methods of international policy pursued by the United States using the examples of the actions of the administrations of Barack Obama and Donald Trump, the Russian Federation under the leadership of President V.V. Putin. It is shown that the emerging trend towards the rejection of unilateralism, changes in the internal and external environment, was transformed into a radical political course of the United States under Barack Obama. The strengthening of the United States as a state, despite the contradictions between factions of the establishment, and its role as the center of the West, in the presence of acute inter-party discourse, under Trump is an instrument of the struggle for his global hegemony. While categorically rejecting the aggressive actions of Washington and NATO, the Russian leadership does not exclude the possibility of peaceful coexistence with the United States.Conclusion. The period under review was not only a fixation of trends launched by the West, but also seriously transformed Russia’s national security understanding. The concept of “hybrid warfare” seems to be the most productive to describe the current stage. In order to build a more stable international security system in the 21st century, it will be necessary to take into account changes in the nature of a number of international relations fundamental problems related to the war and peace problems.

Global challenges to modern international security system

Global challenges to modern international security system

THE INFLUENCE OF CONFLICTS ON THE STATE OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND WAYS OF REGULATING GEOPOLITICAL TENSION

The growth of geopolitical tension and conflicts in the modern world pose a serious threat to the international security system. It has been established that in recent years conflict at the international level has reached a critical level with the highest risk of nuclear confronta- tion based on the results of the conducted research. In this regard, issues of constructive reso- lution of international conflicts, establishment and maintenance of a stable structure of inter- national relations are gaining significant relevance. The purpose of the article is to determine the essence of conflicts with the study of their impact on the state of international security and to build an analytical basis for the formation of systemic decisions aimed at their settlement in the conditions of growing geopolitical tension. Analysis of conceptual approaches, theories and concepts of conflict research has been provided in the course of the research. Classifications and typologies of international conflicts are considered with an emphasis on the main structural elements of the conflict. The formation of an analytical system for supporting strategic decision-making has been proposed in order to solve issues related to the settlement of international conflicts and the ef- fective development of international relations. The proposed system combines four subsys- tems, namely: the subsystem of forming information databases, the subsystem of determining relationships, the subsystem of modelling and the subsystem of forming strategic decisions. The practical use of the proposed system will make it possible to form analytical infor- mation and determine the dominant factors of influence on the socio-economic state and the conflict situation. It is possible to determine the trends in the development of international con- flicts and to form strategies for their settlement and increase the efficiency of international re- lations, taking into account the long-term perspective on the basis of obtaining analytical in- formation.

The Impact of Contemporary International Wars on International Security - A Case Russia's War on Ukraine and Israel's War on Gaza

The conflict between states since the dawn of history is natural because of the existence of scruples and motives in the structure of human existence. The methods of this conflict evolve with the development of technologies, political systems and the nature of interests. Therefore, the wars directly and indirectly affect various aspects of life, especially peace and community security, regionally the internationally. This happens in particular in light of the globalization of the world and mutual relations and common interests, and the development in the means of communication and technology. Thus, distant parties suffer from the effects and consequences of wars and conflicts in other regions because relations and the need for waterways or economic aspects may be affected by conflict or wars. From here the international interest in the issue of security and peace from the countries arose. Especially the Security Council and the United Nations worked to prevent conflicts on the one hand, stop them or minimize their effects. Many conflicts and wars have erupted in the region, some of which have lasted for years, and others return in each period to arise under what justification. Many wars affected in another way on energy sources, and on the national security of countries and the interests of countries, but some countries have ambitions, strategies and rules, and this study. It deals with examples of wars that posed a threat and caused effects on the international security system, which is the Russian war - Ukrainian, and the Israeli war on Gaza in 2023. This study seeks to show the impact of contemporary wars on international security, societal stability, the development process and building a global peace and security and identifying motives and effects and ways to address them.

EMERGENCIES IN THE PRACTICE OF MEDICAL DISPATCHING IN POLAND. CHALLENGES IN THE COOPERATION OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL TEAMS WITH MEDICAL DISPATCHERS

The article presents the organization of The State Emergency Medical System in Poland in terms of the operation of the medical dispensaries. Particular attention was paid to the cooperation of medical dispatch centers with Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) in the realities and circumstances of unexpected events. Areas requiring increased attention during an emergency involving medical dispensary systems have been highlighted. Incidents involving, in particular, various types of unavailability of ICT systems are included. These situations make it necessary to change the daily way of working. Due to the differences in professional practice that apply to those who perform their tasks within the framework of medical rescue teams and medical dispatchers, such circumstances may cause a discrepancy in the understanding of the above-mentioned issue. Given the current tense geopolitical situation and the military conflict beyond Poland's eastern border, special attention should be paid to the possibility of destabilizing the ICT domain in terms of the country's internal security systems. Active local exercises, but also those covering larger areas of the country, will allow to verify the current ways of doing things, the availability of emergency kits and alternative solutions. Above all, however, this will be the only opportunity to learn from non-harmful contingencies that will enable the smooth operation of Poland's prehospital healthcare system during the challenges ahead.

Divisibility and Indivisibility of Security

In theory and political rhetoric, the concept/principle of indivisibility of security is widely discussed and politically articulated. It is also often documented in international diplomatic relations. However, more often than not, it is taken for granted as undeniable and desirable foundation of peace, stability and security of countries and regions, perhaps due to its obvious pacifist connotation. This can, however, lead to some terminological confusion and political illusion. Moreover, such an attractive pacifist principle can be ascribed not only to certain regions or continents but also to the whole system of international security which is in fact deeply divided on various criteria. The region of Central Asia represents by itself an interesting and important laboratory for testing this principle of indivisibility of security. The study of security problematique for five states of the region – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan – became an academic and political challenge. This paper sets the purpose of critically analyzing the concept of divisibility/indivisibility of security as applied to Central Asia – the region which is located at the epicenter of geopolitical turbulence unfolding in the Eurasian continent.

Topical Issues of Counteracting the Threats to National Security

Introduction. One of the primary important objects for ensuring the national security of any state, as an independent and self-sustained subject of the system of global policy coordinates, is its sovereignty. The sovereignty is the fundamental category in formulating the principles of the national constitutional and international law. Ensuring the sovereignty is one of the most important functions and tasks of the modern Russian state. The article analyses the state policy and its legal basis for ensuring the national security, it focuses on the threats and crises in both the international and national security systems. The research is relevant due to studying the selective approach of some states to fulfilling their obligations to adhere to the commonly recognised principles of the international relations. It is emphasised, that although formally observed, the principle of national sovereignty of the states is constantly violated when referred to the weaker states according to the medieval “right of the strong”. The topical issues of counteracting the threats to national security are investigated. Attention is focused on the need to develop the measures aimed at timely and efficient prevention thereof. The aim of the study is to analyse the concept of “sovereignty”, identify the external and internal threats to the sovereignty of Russia and develop recommendations on the strategic national priorities. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted using the general and specific methods of scientific cognition, in particular, the dialectical method, content analysis of the normative legal acts, juridical comparativistics, as well as systemic, structural-functional, logical and other methods. Results. Within the research such concepts as “sovereignty”, “national interests of the Russian Federation and strategic national priorities” have been analysed. The assessment of the current state of the world order is given, as well as the directions and trends of its reform are studied. The external and internal threats to the sovereignty of Russia have been identified and strategic goals in the field of ensuring the national security have been outlined. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the results of the conducted research, it was proved that the qualitative change of the methodological and conceptual foundations of the national and international security is required. To counteract the different national security threats, it is necessary to adhere to the national priorities, goals and the developed strategy. The present paper deems to be important for the Russian juridical science, as well as for the subjects of lawmaking and law enforcement.

Иран на пути к региональной интеграции: политические и экономические аспекты взаимоотношений с государствами-членами ШОС

The article examines Iran’s relationship with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), analyses the process of establishing cooperation with the member states of this organization, primarily Russia and China, in the field of regional security, as well as the political and economic spheres. The history of Iran’s inclusion in the SCO, the dynamics of cooperation, as well as the impact of this interaction on regional and world politics are explored. The focus is on joint projects, diplomatic, trade and economic relations, as well as potential challenges and prospects for cooperation between Iran and the SCO. The work notes that Iran’s desire for full membership in this organization was reinforced by the confrontation with the leading Western powers led by the United States and fit into the framework of Eastern policy with the prospect of an alliance with Russia and China. It is emphasized that due to opposition to Iran’s desire to strengthen its independence and sovereignty, Western powers prevented its inclusion in the regional or international security architecture. Under these conditions, Iran has intensified its efforts in search of its place in the international security system, relying on the idea of national identity and drawing closer to Russia and China. It is noted that the negative consequences of sanctions, threats of military intervention, cyber warfare and attempts to destabilize the Islamic regime were the main methods of Western policy towards Iran. Based on this, accession to the SCO was considered by the Iranian leadership as the most important task to neutralize Western sanctions and become one of the leaders in the regional security system.

International Law Regulation of Environmental Security in Disarmament Treaties

INTRODUCTION. Currently, one of the urgent issues on the agenda is environmental protection. In the 80s 20th Century, due to the sharp degradation of the environment, the world community raised the issue of developing a concept of environmental safety. It has been integrated into the comprehensive system of international security as one of the constituent elements that is becoming increasingly important.The absence of lasting peace, the spread of armed conflicts, and the accumulation of weapons, including nuclear weapons, are of concern to the international community. Therefore, an important task in improving the system of international legal regulation of environmental protection is to improve its contractual basis.MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study uses the works of both domestic and foreign experts in international law and analyzes international legal documents on disarmament. In the course of the study, general scientific methods of cognition were used, which made it possible to systematically and logically study the subject of research in interrelation, interdependence and interdependence (comparative legal, formal legal methods, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction).THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY. Within the framework of this article, the author analyzed the problem of international legal environmental protection in relation to disarmament and made proposals for their solution and further development of international legal regulation.JUDGMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS. According to the results of the study, it was found that treaties adopted in international law to ensure international security contribute not only to the maintenance of peace, but also to environmental safety, which over the past 30 years has become included in most international legal documents.

Characteristics of Russian Propaganda in Latin America with Regard to Russian Aggression Against Ukraine: Case of Brazil

Russian aggression against Ukraine has become one of the most serious challenges for the international security system. One of the regions where Russian propaganda has been spread widely is Latin America. And one of the countries especially influenced by the Russian disinformation in the region is Brazil. The goal of this article is to define characteristics of the Russian propaganda in Latin America regarding Russian aggression against Ukraine, particularly, look at the case of Brazil, trace features of the Kremlin propaganda in this country at the current stage and outline possible ways of countering this propaganda.It can be concluded that Russian propaganda in Latin American and in Brazil, particularly, has several specific characteristics-it is widespread, long-standing and generally supported. Key current narratives concerning the ongoing Russian aggression against Ukraine include the nuclear threat, calls for peace negotiations between Ukraine and Russia and accusing the West of russofobia. Other false narratives include accusing Ukraine of war crimes and provocations, as well as dangers of further “escalation” of the war. Among reasons for common misconceptions about the Russia-Ukraine war in Brazil one can name a simple lack of information and familiarity with the local politics. This gap is partially the result of Ukraine’s insufficient communication with the Latin American and Brazilian audiences and the countries’ lack of interest in each other for many years.In order to counter Russian propaganda in Latin American and Brazil, in particular, Ukraine should enhance its communication and diplomatic efforts, cooperate with the Ukrainian diaspora in the region and consistently deconstruct Russian disinformation narratives. In the long-term perspective, it is worthwhile increasing opportunities to study the Spanish and Portuguese languages and have respective Regional Studies courses at Ukrainian educational institutions.

The role of the UN in ensuring the rule of law

The methods of effective support of international peace and security directly depend on the features of the global and regional security environment. The nature of current challenges and threats determines the format and directions of international security cooperation. Faced with the modern challenges and threats of the globalized world, no state is able to ensure its own security solely by its own efforts, without relying on the help of the international community and collective security structures. Each country independently determines the degree of its participation in certain international events in the field of international security. In this vein, various forms of international cooperation and cooperation in the field of security are formed in accordance with countries’ perceptions of common threats and their own national interests. In the conditions of the current level of globalization, international cooperation covers almost all spheres of social activity and requires the establishment of generally accepted and understandable “rules of the game” and certain regulation at the supranational level. These functions are assigned to international institutions and the system of international treaties. The transition to the information society, the processes of globalization, the development of the latest technologies and the new challenges of modernity have led to the emergence of new ways of waging war and have radically changed the international security system. The principles, resources and means of warfare have changed significantly. Modern challenges and threats to the global security system have led to a rethinking of the conceptual and practical foundations of international security cooperation. In order to maintain security and stability in the modern world, uniform rules, principles and standards of responsibility must be adopted. The UN acts as a universal and unique platform for consolidating positive trends in the development of the international security system.

The Black Sea Regional Security and Geostrategy Balance: A “New Cold War” Scenario

The Black Sea region is increasingly becoming a priority on the international agenda. In fact, a regional approach is emerging as actors understand that common problems need to be addressed jointly. Nevertheless, cooperation efforts are hampered by a number of factors, such as uneven economic and political development within and among countries, nationalist forces, and longstanding animosities between regional players. In this context, it is imperative to foster sound policies aimed at strengthening dialogue and cooperation so as to contain and ultimately resolve conflicts with peaceful means. However, there is little policy-oriented research on the challenges and opportunities for cooperation in the Black Sea region. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of terrorism and its dangers towards the Black Sea region. The work also describes the significance of international terrorism and its general definitions. Besides, the result and findings are based on theoretical studies and assumptions and the result of the analysis of the “Case Study” of the Black Sea region. Case study examines how the Black Sea region influences the spread of terrorism and what threats it poses for this region. Furthermore, the aspects of what makes the region important on international arena are analyzed and the existent and potential security issues are examined, as well as strategic importance of the region for the EU and NATO is analyzed even from academic framework – “Securitization” theory (Buzan, Wæver, De Wilde, 1998). The theory is based on security studies conceptual background and the background spectrum includes: the Copenhagen School and Critical security studies as the type (Ondrejcsak, 2014). Moreover, the Black Sea regional security and geopolitics are to be reviewed and scrutinized in several modalities in aegis of the Securitization theory, like military and economic sectors. The hypothesis provides provision that the Black Sea regional security has already became indispensable part of the contemporary international security system and determines tendency in geostrategic balance at global level. In addition to that the Black Sea Region has to contend with numerous threats of a conventional and non-conventional kind. These hard and soft security problems make the region volatile, insecure and unstable. That is why the region is very vital for inter-governmental organizations, dealing with military security (NATO case) and local actors in case of Georgia’s national security.

МЕХАНІЗМ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ПОЛІТИЧНОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА В ІСТОРІЇ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ І БЕЗПЕКОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СПІВТОВАРИСТВА (60 – 80-ТІ РОКИ ХХ СТ.)

The article reflects the results of the study of the history of the formation of foreign and security policy of the European Community at the stage of functioning of the European Political Cooperation (EPC) mechanism. The prerequisites for the formation of the foreign policy mechanism of interaction between the EEC member states are shown. The formation of political conditions and institutional and functional dimensions of the EPC is analyzed. The main international problems that had to be solved by the participants of European integration through the EPC mechanism are highlighted. The author takes into account the specifics of this segment of cooperation of the European Community States, which for a long time did not have an official status and was in fact experimental. The author points out the defining contradictions and controversial issues of the development of the foreign policy segment of the European Community in the context of the maturation of transformations in the system of international relations and world security in the second half of the 1980s. The study concludes that the establishment of the EPC format meant only the beginning of a complex process of formation of a full-fledged subjectivity of the European Community in the international arena. The period from 1970 (formal creation of the EPC mechanism) to 1986 (adoption of the Single European Act) can be interpreted as the initial period in the history of the formation of the European Community’s foreign and security policies. In general, the usual weakness of the mechanism for coordinating the foreign policy of the EEC states was manifested due to the diversity of their international interests and, most importantly, the lack of effective means of implementing common positions. However, this does not diminish the historical significance of this period. After all, at that time the Community formed the principles and basic approaches to its political organization and activities in the international arena. Also, its leadership learned to respond as quickly as possible to the challenges of world politics and form its policy in different regions of the world, diplomatic representation, and international image. The result of these changes provided invaluable experience for the establishment of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union. The inclusion of foreign and security policy in the regulatory framework of the EEC in the Single European Act of 1986 meant only the beginning of a complex process of forming a full-fledged subjectivity of the European Community in the international arena.

The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the global system of international security: challenges and prospects

The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the global system of international security: challenges and prospects

INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FACE OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM

This paper examines the activities of international security organisations such as NATO and the OSCE, as well as the cooperation within the EU and NATO to ensure security in Europe. Also, the authors analyse the Strategic Concepts of NATO's 2010 and 2022, and reviews changes in the main objectives of security institutions that have been reflected since Russia's large-scale invasion in Ukraine. The review of the activities of international security organizations demonstrates that the issue of their adaptation to current challenges and threats is crucial for the further preserving of the democratic order in the world. Simultaneously, the article emphasizes that due to the increasing number of military threats, there is a need to develop effective mechanisms for reforming security organizations to further preserve the international security system in general.