Internal Reforming Research Articles

Factors Affecting Russia s Export Potential under Current Conditions

The current international economic situation is complex and changeable, with many uncertainties. As a country rich in resources, Russia has strong export potential, which has had an important impact on the global economy and international politics. The development of Russia s export potential is inseparable from the dual role of external factors and internal reforms. Russia needs to pay close attention to changes in the external environment and actively respond to various challenges and opportunities. At the same time, Russia also needs to continuously strengthen its own competitiveness and innovation capabilities, integrate with the international market in terms of quality, technology, services, etc., increase the added value of its commodities, and enhance its export potential and competitiveness.

Investigation of the electrochemical performance of solid oxide fuel cells with methanol internal reforming

Hydrogen is a sought-after environmentally friendly energy source for the fuel of SOFC. However, it is difficult to liquefy, has low energy density, and is flammable, making it difficult to promote its use. Methanol is easy to obtain, can be stored as a liquid, and has a high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. This makes it an ideal alternative hydrogen energy source. To assess the advantages and disadvantages of using methanol as the SOFC fuel, a comparison was made between methanol-fueled SOFC and hydrogen-fueled SOFC. The maximum power of the hydrogen SOFC is only slightly higher than that of the methanol SOFC. The study also analyzed the effects of key influencing factors on current density, component distribution temperature, and other factors. The inlet temperature of 1173 K differs by up to 0.1 V from the activation overpotential at 1073 K. The water-to-carbon ratio has a greater impact on the performance of the fuel cell. At the inlet temperature of 800℃, the power density is 4630 W/m2 higher when the carbon-to-water ratio is 1 than when that is 4. At the fuel flow rate of 0.25 m/s, the fuel utilization rate can reach 100%. These findings are important for understanding and optimizing energy conversion systems for SOFC technologies based on internal reforming.

Practicing responsible research assessment: Qualitative study of faculty hiring, promotion, and tenure assessments in the United States

Abstract Recent times have seen the growth in the number and scope of interacting professional reform movements in science, centered on themes such as open research, research integrity, responsible research assessment, and responsible metrics. The responsible metrics movement identifies the growing influence of quantitative performance indicators as a major problem and seeks to steer and improve practices around their use. It is a multi-actor, multi-disciplinary reform movement premised upon engendering a sense of responsibility among academic evaluators to approach metrics with caution and avoid certain poor practices. In this article we identify how academic evaluators engage with the responsible metrics agenda, via semi-structured interview and open-text survey responses on professorial hiring, tenure and promotion assessments among senior academics in the United States—a country that has so far been less visibly engaged with the responsible metrics reform agenda. We explore how notions of ‘responsibility’ are experienced and practiced among the very types of professionals international reform initiatives such as the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) are hoping to mobilize into their cause. In doing so, we draw on concepts from science studies, including from literatures on Responsible Research and Innovation and ‘folk theories’ of citation. We argue that literature on citation folk theories should extend its scope beyond simply asking researchers how they view the role and validity of these tools as performance measures, by asking them also what they consider are their professional obligations to handle bibliometrics appropriately.

Survival strategies for the transformation of traditional Japanese crafts based on the Double Diamond model

Traditional crafting is challenged by a weakening demand due to lifestyle changes and rampant, cheap alternative imports. With great difficulties in tapping into new markets and scarce successors carrying forward crafting traditions, external support is required to facilitate a positive transformation of traditional crafting. This study selected six cases as examples of positive transformation in traditional crafting designated by the Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Field interviews and investigations were performed, followed by a craft transformation framework based on the Double Diamond model. This study classified the survival strategies of traditional Japanese crafting industries into internal and external environmental reforms through an extensive literature review. Internal environmental reforms are related to collaborative reconstruction, design creativity, and brand recognizability. In contrast, external environmental reforms pertain to industry tours, industry-government-university-institution collaboration, and diverse marketization. This study’s findings are as follows: 1. Crafting survival strategies effectively promote public cultural recognition of its tradition; 2. Analyses of survival strategies through internal and external environmental reforms might inspire sustained operation of crafting traditions; 3. Craft transformation might contribute to cultural reflections in the past and present. Japanese crafting traditions should survive and thrive generation after generation through fueling by survival strategies.

From Voting Bloc to Fragmentation: The Chinese Opposition Votes in the 2021 Sarawak State Election

This study analyses the voting patterns among the Sarawakian Chinese and their pro-opposition inclination in the 2021 Sarawak State Election (SSE21). It begins by recounting how the national opposition alliances, former Pakatan Harapan (PH) alliances—Barisan Alternatif (BA) and Pakatan Rakyat (PR)—gained popularity among the Chinese voters in Sarawak since the 2006 state elections. The voting trends reveal changes in Chinese voting patterns, from a voting bloc to fragmented votes, and their openness to local opposition parties in the recent state elections. In order to examine the plurality voting pattern and the extent of fragmentation, this research studies two Chinese-majority urban constituencies, Batu Lintang and Bukit Assek in Sarawak. It contends that the Chinese political leanings, including their tendency to embrace regionalism, are profoundly shaped by local and national political developments. In the past two decades, ethnopatronage politics and prevalent corruption practices partly explain the Chinese’s quest for regime change. The Sarawak government’s emphasis on regional identity and multiculturalism in its official narrative nurtures a sense of belonging, which also impacts Chinese identity politics. This article argues that the decision to support minor parties advocating for separatism can be read as strategic voting of the regional minority who feel deprived of their equal rights. It also contends that political fragmentation among the Chinese might persist if PH fails to consolidate its previous support. Otherwise, it spells the decline of Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB) and Parti Bumi Kenyalang (PBK). The sustainability of local opposition parties depends on the internal reform of parties. The parties should reduce the influences of personal politics as it tends to breed party-hopping, which places parties’ future or institutional development at risk of uncertainty.

Ni and Ru bimetal nanoparticles-anchored porous Mo2C nanorods used as an internal reforming catalyst layer for hydrocarbon-fueled solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are considered the most efficient technology for the direct conversion of hydrocarbons to electrical energy. Although the commonly used Ni/YSZ cermet materials in SOFCs show excellent electrocatalytic properties in H2 fuel, they suffer from carbon deposition problem when hydrocarbon fuels are used. In this work, we study the use of Ni0·05Ru0.05-Mo2C with a porous nanorod-shaped morphology as an internal reforming catalyst layer for methane-fueled SOFCs to solve the degradation of cell performance due to carbon deposition. The electrochemical performance and coking tolerance of two types of cells with and without the catalyst layer were systematically studied using methane and hydrogen as fuels. With the catalyst layer, the single cell using methane as fuel exhibits an improvement in peak power density by 24%, increasing from 297 to 367 mW cm−2 and there was no diffusion barrier for fuel gases within the cell. Furthermore, the cell can stably run for 100 h in methane at 700 °C. The improvement of electrochemical performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of Ni and Ru sites anchored on the porous Mo2C nanorods catalyst based on strong metal-support interactions, promoting the effective catalytic conversion of CH4 to CO and H2. This study demonstrates that the integration of a catalyst layer for internal reforming is an effective strategy for the direct use of methane in SOFCs.

Experimental Investigation of Naphthalene Induced Degradation of Reversible Solid Oxide Cells Operated on Bio-Syngas

The influence of the operational conditions and the electrode material on the degradation induced by the model tar naphthalene on 10 × 10 cm2 fuel-electrode supported solid oxide cells operated on artificial bio-syngas under internal reforming conditions is experimentally investigated. Two different fuel electrodes are investigated based on yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC). A parameter study of the operational temperature and the operation mode (fuel cell or electrolysis mode) is conducted with the YSZ-based fuel electrode to quantify the effects on the cell degradation. The fuel off-gas composition and electrochemical impedance spectra are used to characterize the cell prior to the experiment and monitor its performance during the poisoning process. The influence of the tar on the Ni-YSZ electrode cell is investigated for an operation at 700 °C and 800 °C in fuel cell mode, and an operation at 700 °C in electrolysis mode. The experiment at 700 °C is repeated with the Ni-GDC electrode cell. At the increased operational temperature, the Ni-YSZ cell is more robust but carbon depositions occur. The voltage degradation during electrolysis operation increases significantly compared to fuel cell operation. The Ni-GDC electrode does not show an increased robustness compared to the Ni-YSZ electrode.

ACTION OF CHINESE COURTS WITH THE ANTI-TORTURE LEGAL OBLIGATION UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE: A SOCIO-LEGAL NARRATIVE CRITIQUE ANALYSIS OF APPLICATION OF LAW AND LEGAL REASONING

Background: The most of critique is based mainly on the previous literature, namely, that Chinese dynamic institutional structures’ silence may have exacerbated the miscarriage of justice and obtain illegal evidence in criminal proceedings in China. However, the fact that torture to extract confessions and maltreatment of prisoner’s cases involve judicial decision-making by Chinese hierarchical courts has been disregarded. Objective: Taking China's outward telling and internal judicial reforms as starting positions, the article focuses on address the knowledge gap that torture to extract confessions and maltreatment of prisoner’s cases involving the application of law and legal reasoning regarding how Chinese domestic courts' actions is related to the interpretation of torture and domestic compliance with international conventions. The causes of action include torture to extract confessions, maltreatment of prisoners in criminal scenarios, and cases of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment involving detention in police custody (garde a vue) and outside custodial settings. The article also examines how Chinese hierarchical courts have implemented their judicial practice in accordance with international obligations to prohibit and prevent torture under United Nations Convention against Torture. Methods: Process tracing is a qualitative research method that examines causal processes connecting results to potential causes form socio-legal perspectives, focusing on varying time stages. It is essential for within-case analysis based on qualitative data. Implication: This article highlights the intricate relationship between the definition of torture in law in context in UNCAT and treaty compliance by China domestic court, addressing flaws in previous court decisions and responding to those points of view to gain a more in-depth understanding of the dynamics underlying cases of confessions extracted under torture, ill-treatment in prisons and outside custodial settings (garde a vue) in China's criminal judicial system.

Dokonania Józefa Andrzeja Gierowskiego w zakresie badań czasów saskich. Perspektywy na przyszłość

The main purpose of the article is to present the achievements of J.A. Gierowski in his research into the Saxon times, i.e., the period of the reigns of August II and August III Wettin in the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth (1697‑1763). For a long time, this period was assessed negatively in historiography. There was a widespread view that both for the Polish‑Lithuanian state and for Saxony, those years meant decline and catastrophe. Gierowski, who began his scientific work after World War II, carefully analysing Polish and German archival sources, created his own paradigm of research on Saxon times. After rejecting extreme assessments, Gierowski focused on the following elements of this paradigm: 1. the problem of internal reforms 2. a general assessment of the importance of the Polish‑Saxon union and its conse-quences 3. the problem of the place in Europe, i.e., diplomatic activity, and 4. the economic and social situation combined by the “one‑person rulers” of states. This model of research proce-dure has been accepted by historians.

ON THE ISSUE OF TRENDS OF THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF SOUTH KOREA: EXPERIENCE FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN UKRAINE

Background . The article is dealing with reconstruction processes of the Republic of Korea after the Second World War and the Korean War (1950–1953), which resulted into transforming the country into one of the most technologically advanced states in the world. It is considered the factors that contributed to the post-war revival of South Korea as well as outlined the experience and challenges to the socio-political and economic development of Korean society. The purpose of the study is to analyze the post-war revival of South Korea as a ratio of internal reforms and foreign (first of all American) aid as factors, that led to the complicated, contradictory, but progressive nature of the process of reconstruction of the country. The object of the research is South Korea's experience of rebuilding the country with certain analogies with possible trends upon Ukraine's development under the post-war period. The study is focused on determining the trends in the development of the Republic of Korea in accordance with the system of public administration of the country and the role of foreign aid as interrelated and mutually determining factors. The main task is to determine the specifics of the post-war revival of South Korea as a direction of real practice for public administration in Ukraine. Methods . The study is based upon following research methods: the method of system analysis – to reflect the post-war reconstruction of South Korea as a ratio of internal and external influences on the reconstruction process; the method of comparative studies – to compare approaches to the economic revival of South Korea at different stages of its development; the method of critical analysis – to identify both positive and problematic aspects of the process of revival of the Republic of Коrea with analysis of lessons and challenges that may be of significance for the process of post-war revival of Ukraine. Results . It is analyzed the periods and trends of the post-war revival of South Korea in accordance with specifics of the strategy of public administration and foreign aid as mutually determining factors of reconstruction processes of the state. Conclusions . The study states that economic breakthrough of the Republic of Korea must be accepted as a result of a foreign aid and internal reforms of the country aimed at strengthening its economic position, competitiveness in world markets, improving the investment climate, etc. The experience of South Korea's reconstruction is of special practical importance for the strategy of public administration in Ukraine, which should take into account under the process of the reconstruction period both the country's national needs to preserve independence and ensure the country's effective progress, related, in particular, to mutually beneficial cooperation with foreign partners.

Reform of Agriculture in Côte d’Ivoire: Between Diversification and Competition among Crops.

Agriculture is the foundation of the social, economic and political development of Côte d’Ivoire. This agriculture was dominated by speculative crops depending on political orientation and with the aim of bridging national regional disparities until the year 2000. Initially, Ivorian export agriculture was at the center of political attention. It represents one third of GDP, two thirds of export earnings and employs more than two thirds of the active population (World Bank, 1994). However, this growth dynamic was confronted with external shocks from the 1980s. The country’s agricultural economy entered a deep recession. Internal agricultural restructuring reforms were implemented in 1980, slowed by the political-military crisis that hit the country in December 1999. Since then, new rorms have been introduced. However, in their feasibility, they are similar to a kind of diversification of agriculture, highlighting a notion of “duality” according to Chaléard (2003). This paper examines and compares the reforms and explains why and how their implementation was difficult. It then recommends ways to make the reforms more sustainable and effective. The methodology is based on a theoretical framework and data collection (documentary research and Focus Group Discussion with the Directors of services of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development as well as the Chambers of Agriculture of Côte d’Ivoire) and a questionnaire. According to the results obtained. For 64% of farmers, the reforms only concern export crops. Subsistence agriculture remains an unorganized sector in which state reforms remain very weak. We note a disengagement of the State or an absence of communication in favor of subsistence agriculture. Reforms are also underway for the food sector. This requires stakeholder involvement, participatory management and global strategic orientations based on agricultural potential for sustainable agriculture in Côte d’Ivoire.

Organizational Learning and Primary Care Nurses’ Work Performance and Well‐Being: A Multilevel Linear Analysis in a Developing Country

Aim. This study aims to investigate the level of organizational learning within urban Chinese Community Health Centres and reveal its potential association with primary care nurses’ work performance and well‐being. Background. Globally, there is a push to establish learning healthcare systems for complex health reform challenges. Existing studies on organizational learning mainly focus on North American and European hospital settings, offering limited insights into primary care environments, particularly in developing countries. Design. Cross‐sectional study. Methods. We recruited 175 nurses from 38 community health centres in four Chinese cities (Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin, and Jinan) using convenience sampling. Trained research assistants conducted face‐to‐face surveys, measuring organizational learning with the Learning Orientation Scale. Nurse‐level outcomes included self‐directed learning, quality of care, organizational commitment, and work stress. Data analysis employed multilevel linear modelling. Results. The 38 community health centres displayed a relatively high level of organizational learning, and there was a positive and significant association between organizational learning within community health centres and nurses’ self‐directed learning as well as the quality of care. However, there was no significant association between organizational learning and nurses’ organizational commitment or work stress. Conclusion. This study demonstrates a high‐level organizational learning capacity in urban community health centres in China. It provides a new perspective on the potential relationship between CHCs’ organizational learning and primary care nurses’ well‐being and work performance. Further research is needed to clarify unexpected findings and identify factors promoting organizational learning in primary care settings. Implications for Nursing Management. In China’s evolving primary care system, nurses play a vital role amidst physician shortages. Policy should prioritize internal management reform alongside structural changes. This study highlights the importance of fostering organizational learning in primary care settings. Strategic interventions should promote a learning culture in CHCs, which may enhance nurses’ self‐directed learning and improve the quality of care.

Stress behaviour among police officers under human resources management

Stress damages human beings and their agencies, potentially becoming all-encompassing. It can affect individuals in all occupations and of every age, regardless of gender, nationality, educational background, or position. Stress is an inevitable part of police work. Constant and unmanaged stress may reduce the effectiveness and efficiency of the staff. Police officers pose a threat to themselves, their colleagues, offenders, and public safety. The purpose of this study is to explore the causes of stress and empirically investigate the socio-demographic factors affecting stress levels among police personnel. A convenience sampling method was employed to select a sample of 118 police personnel in the Tamil Nadu police force. Findings revealed that political pressure, lack of time for family, negative public image, and low income were the primary causes of stress among police personnel. It emerged that stress is significantly more pronounced among younger, more educated individuals, those posted in urban areas, and those with less work experience. Overall, the findings of this study strongly suggest a need for internal policy reform and managerial changes in the system.

ПЛАТІЖНИЙ БАЛАНС: МЕТОДИ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ

The article develops a model for forecasting the main items of the balance of payments, makes a forecast of the balance of payments of Ukraine, and develops recommendations on ways to improve the accuracy of the forecast of the balance of payments. An analysis of current trends in the development of Ukraine’s foreign trade, as well as the impact of global economic processes on the country’s balance of payments, has been carried out. Various methods of econometric modeling have been used to estimate future changes in the balance of payments. The main factors influencing the dynamics of exports and imports, in particular, fluctuations in world prices for raw materials, changes in international trade and political risks, are studied. The results of the study allow us to identify the most vulnerable items of the balance of payments and develop recommendations for the government and business to increase the sustainability of the country’s foreign economic activity. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the impact of internal economic reforms on the balance of payments. It is determined how these reforms can affect international transactions and the overall balance of payments. The issues of regulation of financial flows and their impact on the balance of payments, in particular, the role of international investments in the formation of the balance of payments, are considered separately. The measures that can be implemented to stabilize financial flows and reduce the negative impact of external factors on the country’s economy have been studied. Analyzing the relationship between sustainable development strategies and the balance of payments, the article examines how different initiatives affect international trade and investment. The recommendations presented in the article are aimed at increasing the stability and competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy, as well as strengthening its position in the international market. The developed methodology for forecasting the balance of payments allowed to build a model for forecasting the balance of payments, which provides for the study of each of the items of the economy, taking into account the factors that influence them both from the domestic economic side and from abroad.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ПОДАТКОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ: ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ПІСЛЯ ВІЙНИ

The article is devoted to the study of trends in the development of domestic tax policy. The author analyzes the importance of the tax system for the recovery of Ukraine's economy after the war, since the military conflict and the unstable political situation in the country put serious pressure on the economic system and require strategic decisions on tax policy. Based on a report by the European Business Association and other sources, the current state of the tax system and its impact on the Ukrainian economy are analyzed. After reviewing the current economic situation in Ukraine, the article highlights the negative consequences of the military conflict, including significant damage to infrastructure, disruption of production, and labor migration. The increase in defense spending during the conflict also creates additional financial pressure on the state budget. It is noted that these changes require a positive review from international partners to ensure the financial stability of the country. The article discusses proposals for combating the shadow economy and optimizing tax revenues by creating favorable conditions for the return of emigrants to Ukraine and attracting funds from Ukrainians working abroad. The article also presents the main provisions of the National Revenue Strategy of Ukraine until 2030 regarding the internal reform of tax and customs authorities, restoration of taxpayers' confidence in tax authorities, and implementation of tax and customs policy measures. Particular attention is paid to the principles of reasonable management of tax audits in times of crisis. The article analyzes the methods and strategies aimed at ensuring compliance with the law and maintaining trust in the tax system in an unstable environment. The author also emphasizes the importance of reasonable management of audits in the context of military conflict. It is noted that effective regulation and supervision of tax audits can help reduce risks to business and maintain confidence in the tax system. The article identifies the key areas for tax reform in Ukraine, including measures to increase tax revenues, improve the tax system and ensure sustainable economic development of the country in the context of military conflict. Overall, the article provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of Ukraine's tax system and suggests constructive strategies for tax reform in the context of the crisis, with the aim of supporting the country's economic recovery and stability.

Modeling and analysis of direct internal reforming in ethanol- fueled SOFC

Modeling and analysis of direct internal reforming in ethanol- fueled SOFC

Ternary Fe- or Mo-Au-Ni/GDC as Candidate Fuel Electrodes for the Internal Dry Reforming of CH4: Physicochemical and Kinetic Investigation

The present study deals with the physicochemical and catalytic/kinetic investigation of Fe, Au, Fe-Au, and Mo-Au modified Ni/GDC electrocatalysts towards their performance for the DRM, RWGS, and CH4 decomposition reactions. For this purpose, Au-NiO/GDC (where Au = 1 or 3 wt.%), Fe-NiO/GDC (where Fe = 0.5 or 2 wt.%), 0.5Fe-3Au-NiO/GDC, and 0.4Mo-3Au-NiO/GDC were synthesized via deposition (co-) precipitation. There is discussion on the structural properties of the electrocatalysts on the oxidized and reduced state, as well as their use as electrolyte-supported (half) cells. A key remark after H2-reduction is the formation of binary or ternary solid solutions. Ni/GDC was the most active for the catalytic CO2 reforming of CH4 and the CH4 decomposition reactions and as a result the most prone to carbon deposition. On the other hand, the modified 3Au-Ni/GDC, 0.5Fe-3Au-Ni/GDC, and 0.4Mo-3Au-Ni/GDC exhibited the following properties: (i) the highest Ea,app for the non-desired RWGS reaction, (ii) high tolerance to carbon formation due to lower activity for the CH4 decomposition, and (iii) were also less active for H2 and CO production. Finally, 0.4Mo-3Au-Ni/GDC seems to perform the DRM reaction through a different mechanism when compared to Ni/GDC. Overall, the above three samples are proposed as potential fuel electrodes for further electrocatalytic measurements for the SOFC internal DRM process.

A simple dip-coating-co-firing fabricated anode supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells for bio-ethanol carbon dioxide internal dry reforming and power generation

Direct internal dry reforming of hydrocarbon is a promising way for the growth of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to the convenient storage and transportation of hydrocarbon fuels. Herein, NiO-YSZ (Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2) anode supported tubular SOFCs (T-SOFCs) are successfully fabricated by a simple dip-coating-co-firing method with NiFe2O4–Gd0.1Ce0.9O2-δ(NFO-GDC) internal reforming layer, and the electrochemical and carbon resistance are characterized under three different bio-ethanol carbon dioxide components (40 %, 50 %, 60 % ethanol partial pressure). The maximum power density of the T-SOFC in H2 atmosphere is 434.08 mW cm−2. With CO2–C2H5OH mixture as the fuel, the maximum power density is obtained at 50 % C2H5OH -CO2 atmosphere. This difference in performance is attributed to the varying levels of carbon dioxide affecting the dry reforming of ethanol. Distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis of T-SOFCs are carried out to explore the contribution of different electrode reactions. Long-term stability studies, gas chromatography measurements of exhaust gases and Raman scanning results are collected under three ethanol partial pressures to obtain the stability of single cell, catalytic reactions and carbon tolerance of fuel electrode. All experiments are designed to investigate the optimal performance of bio-ethanol carbon dioxide fueled single cells in terms of electrochemical performance and stability.

STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF STATE GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS IN THE ECONOMIC COOPERATION SPHERE OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES

This scientific research explores the key aspects and challenges associated with Ukraine's European integration process, as well as the country's role and place in global globalization processes. The main focus is on analyzing the impact of these processes on the Ukrainian state governance system, its adaptation to the standards and practices of developed countries, particularly in the context of rapprochement with the European Union. The study examines the legal and regulatory aspects of European integration, identifying the obstacles and opportunities arising in the integration process, including the lack of clear long-term planning, coordination problems among government bodies, and insufficient staffing and financial provision. The research also includes an overview of the current state of relations between Ukraine and the European Union, revealing stagnation trends and regression in these relations, as well as analyzing issues related to the limitation of democracy and human rights violations in Ukraine. The study concludes with recommendations for improving the mechanisms for implementing Ukraine's European integration policy. A comprehensive approach is proposed, which includes adherence to the state strategy, resolution of conflicts in the European integration process, ensuring citizen participation and establishing public control, and ensuring transparency and accountability of government bodies. This approach involves the active engagement of all stakeholders in the integration process, aligning internal reforms with European standards, and ensuring Ukraine's sustainable development on the path to European integration. Keywords: globalization, integration, Eurointegration, integration policy, public control, state governance.

Coating Effects of Sm0.2Ce0.78M0.02O2- δ (M=Ni, Co, Pd, NiCo) Layer on Ni/YSZ Anode for Internal Dry Reforming in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Internal dry reforming of methane (DRM) in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has environmental advantages because CH4 and CO2 are considered as two major greenhouse gases causing global warming. Carbon coking, however, can be major drawback in the DRM via pyrolysis of methane and Boudouard reaction. In this study, Sm0.2Ce0.78M0.02O3- δ (SCM, M=Ni, Co, Pd, NiCo) was investigated to minimize carbon coking and to improve the catalytic activity for internal DRM in SOFCs. Samarium doped ceria (Ce0.8Sm0.2O2- δ) has been widely used in SOFCs due to the excellent ionic conductivity and the mixed ionic and electronic conductivity (MIEC). To improve the catalytic activity of Ce0.8Sm0.2O2- δ, Ni, Co, Pd, and NiCo alloy were substituted into the Ce. The SCM phase was stable in internal DRM condition. The morphology and compositions are analyzed with XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, etc. Sm0.2Ce0.78Ni0.01Co0.01O2- δ(SCNC) showed excellent DRM results with over 90% in CH4 and CO2 conversion and close to 1 in H2/CO selectivity at 800oC. The carbon deposition of SCNC catalysts was minimized. In addition, power density of SCNC-coated Ni/YSZ anode was improved with 2.3 times higher in CH4/CO2 fuel conditions comparing to that of Ni/YSZ anode.