Internal Procedural Justice Research Articles

Predictors and mediators of work-related stress among Hong Kong police officers: a quantitative secondary survey data analysis

PurposeThe aim of this study is to examine predictors and mediators of work-related stress among Hong Kong police officers.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative secondary survey data were used, based on surveys collected from 335 police officers in Hong Kong between May and June in 2020.FindingsIt was found that operational stressors were directly and positively related to work-related stress among Hong Kong police officers. The more the operational stressors, the more the work-related stress. It was also found that internal procedural justice had an indirect effect on work-related stress via work engagement among Hong Kong police officers. More internal procedural justice fostered an increased work engagement, causing less work-related stress.Research limitations/implicationsGiven that the nature of secondary cross-sectional survey data, causal relationships are difficult to make.Originality/valueResults from this study contribute to the expansion of the job demands-resources model (the JD-R model). This study used structural equation modelling (SEM) for quantitative secondary survey data analysis, providing a more accurate understanding of this topic. This study provides insights into how to formulate relevant measures to reduce work-related stress in policing occupation.

Organizational Sources of Internal Procedural Justice: Exploring the Differential Effects of Perceived Treatment by Police Command Staff, Supervisors, and Peers

Organizational Sources of Internal Procedural Justice: Exploring the Differential Effects of Perceived Treatment by Police Command Staff, Supervisors, and Peers

Pre-deployment police officer perceptions of body-worn cameras in Brazil

ABSTRACT Body-worn cameras (BWCs) have gained prominence as relevant instruments in policing activities globally. Despite their increasing prevalence, limited analyses exist in Brazil concerning the use of BWCs in public safety. This study examines the pre-BWC deployment perceptions of military police officers in Brasília (Brazil) employing logistic regression models and exploratory factor analysis. Understanding variation in acceptance among different groups is crucial in guiding an organisation's implementation of BWCs. In general, Brazilian military police officers were resistant to cameras. As expected, the results revealed that police resistance to BWCs is associated with an expectation of greater control over their activities. Notably, younger officers, as well as those serving in operational units, emerged as the leading group resisting BWCs. Conversely, perceptions of usefulness, internal procedural justice, and social recognition exhibited a significant and positive impact on fostering acceptance. These aspects suggest a potential avenue for transformative change with substantive implications for adherence to internal protocols within police agencies. The perception that BWCs are useful, make police work easier, and more valuable plays a crucial role in driving their acceptance within the Brazilian context. Finally, this study underscores the policy implications stemming from individual attitudinal shifts toward BWC acceptance across diverse social groups and within police agencies.

PENGARUH EFEKTIVITAS PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL, MORALITAS INDIVIDU, DAN KEADILAN ORGANISASI TERHADAP KECENDERUNGAN KECURANGAN AKUNTANSI

This research aims to examine the influence of the effectiveness of internal control, individual morality, distributive justice, and procedural justice on the tendency of accounting fraud in the OPD of Dompu Regency. The population in this study were all civil servants who worked at the OPD in Dompu Regency. This research sample was determined using the method purposive sampling with the criteria of officials who are responsible for regional financial management in 30 OPDs in Dompu Regency. The data in this research was obtained by distributing questionnaires to 120 respondents in 30 OPDs. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS 3.0 used for data analysis. The results of this research indicate that the effectiveness of internal control and procedural justice have a negative and significant effect on the tendency for accounting fraud. Meanwhile, individual morality and distributive justice do not have a significant effect on the tendency for accounting fraud. It is hoped that this research can contribute to additional literature regarding motives for action tendenciesfraud involving ASN, in terms of conceptfraud triangle theory andmoral development theory. Apart from that, the results of this study can provide additional information as input to the Dompu Regency Government in reducing or preventing the tendency of accounting fraud

Explaining Police Procedural Justice in a Democracy: An Expanded Internal-External Model

Since procedural justice was proposed, this vein of research has gained much popularity in scholarship, empirical supports, and theoretical advancement. Yet, research on the procedural fairness within police organizations, particularly on the underlying and mediating mechanisms between internal and external procedural justice, remains understudied. Relying on survey data collected from Taiwanese police officers, this study expands the current literature by testing the direct relationships between supervisor, organizational, and social supports and external procedural justice and their indirect connections through supervisor trustworthiness and self-legitimacy. Supervisor and social supports were found to directly boost officers’ commitment to external procedural justice. Perceived organizational support promotes external procedural justice through cultivating officer self-legitimacy. This study concludes by discussing cross-border research and pragmatic implications for police training and management.

The Analysis of Factors Affecting Fraud in the Government Sector

Fraud is an action carried out by individuals or groups in a planned manner, resulting in annual financial reports that can harm the company or other parties. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of internal control, organizational culture, compensation suitability, law enforcement, distributive justice, procedural justice, and organizational commitment to fraud with unethical behavior as a mediation variable in the community health center in Mempawah Regency. The samples of this study was the employees of the community health center in Mempawah Regency included in certain criteria with 98 respondents. The data used in this research was the primary data obtained using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed with the approach of Structural Equation Model (SEM) using Partial Least Square (PLS). The results showed that the effectiveness of internal control, procedural justice, and organizational commitment affected the fraud. Organizational culture, compensation suitability, law enforcement, and distributive justice did not affect the fraud. Organizational culture and compensation suitability affected the unethical behavior. The effectiveness of internal control, law enforcement, distributive justice, procedural justice and organizational commitment did not affected the unethical behavior. Moreover, unethical behavior effected the fraud. This shows that the more influential the effectiveness of internal control in an agency, the lower the level of fraud occurs. Organizational culture has no effect on the occurrence of fraud at the Mempawah District Health Center.

The Analysis of Factors Affecting Fraud in the Government Sector

Fraud is an action carried out by individuals or groups in a planned manner, resulting in annual financial reports that can harm the company or other parties. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of internal control, organizational culture, compensation suitability, law enforcement, distributive justice, procedural justice, and organizational commitment to fraud with unethical behavior as a mediation variable in the community health center in Mempawah Regency. The samples of this study was the employees of the community health center in Mempawah Regency included in certain criteria with 98 respondents. The data used in this research was the primary data obtained using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed with the approach of Structural Equation Model (SEM) using Partial Least Square (PLS). The results showed that the effectiveness of internal control, procedural justice, and organizational commitment affected the fraud. Organizational culture, compensation suitability, law enforcement, and distributive justice did not affect the fraud. Organizational culture and compensation suitability affected the unethical behavior. The effectiveness of internal control, law enforcement, distributive justice, procedural justice and organizational commitment did not affected the unethical behavior. Moreover, unethical behavior effected the fraud. This shows that the more influential the effectiveness of internal control in an agency, the lower the level of fraud occurs. Organizational culture has no effect on the occurrence of fraud at the Mempawah District Health Center.

Does officer self-legitimacy mediate the linkage between internal and external procedural justice? Evidence from Taiwanese police officers

PurposeThis paper aims to assess whether internal procedural justice is directly and indirectly through self-legitimacy connected to external procedural justice among Taiwanese police officers.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data used in this study were collected from 316 Taiwanese police officers in 2019. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine the direct and indirect relationships between internal and external procedural justice.FindingsSupervisors' internal procedural justice is directly related to the external procedural justice rendered to the public by police officers. Internal procedural justice also directly enhances officers' perceptions of internal legitimacy and external legitimacy. Greater senses of internal legitimacy are then accompanied by higher external procedural justice.Research limitations/implicationsSurvey data collected from a non-random sample of officers limit the study findings' generalizability. Organizational justice in the form of supervisory justice is instrumental in promoting officers' perception of self-legitimacy and their delivery of fair treatment to the public.Originality/valueThe present study represents a first attempt to link two important veins of studies in recent policing literature, organizational justice and officer self-legitimacy. This study provides needed evidence to support the value of supervisory justice in policing in a non-Western democracy.

External Procedural Justice: Do Just Supervisors Shape Officer Trust and Willingness to Take the Initiative With the Public?

Decades of empirical research have shaped our understanding of organizational justice in the workplace and public assessments of police procedures on the street, but only recently has a nascent wave of research sought to better understand the role that officer perceptions of supervisory procedural justice play in shaping their (un)fair interactions with the public. The nascent research testing this relationship has focused on the evidence that officer perceptions of trust in the public is a pathway between internal procedural justice and external procedural justice. This article tests the role of trust and a parallel pathway that incorporates the concepts of work engagement and personal initiative in the procedural justice literature. Relying on a survey of 638 Croatian police officers, this study finds that the effect of supervisory procedural justice on officers’ external procedural justice is positive but indirect through a measure of trust in the public and the proposed engagement/initiative mechanism. The implications of these findings for research and police practice are discussed.

Does Trust in Citizens Mediate the Relationship Between Internal and External Procedural Justice: A Comparison Between China and Taiwan Police.

This study investigates the roles of trust in citizens and compliance with agency policies in mediating the direct and indirect relationships between internal procedural justice and external procedural justice among Chinese and Taiwanese police officers. Based on survey data collected from 1,253 police officers, this study comparatively analyzes whether supervisory treatment of officers is predictive of trust in citizens and willingness to follow agency policies, which in turn is linked to their willingness to act fairly and justly toward citizens on the street. The results indicate that officer trust in citizens mediates the relationship between internal and external procedural justice in both China and Taiwan, but compliance with agency policies does not. Internal procedural justice directly predicts external procedural justice among Taiwanese officers, but such a connection is not found among Chinese officers. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.

Does trust in supervisors translate to compliance and cooperation? A test of internal procedural justice among Taiwanese police officers

The procedural justice model of policing has gained much popularity in scholarship and empirical support in democracies, yet research on the procedural justice within police organizations, particularly the mediating mechanisms connecting internal procedural justice and officer behavioral tendencies, is rather limited. With an aid of survey data collected from Taiwanese police officers, this study tests the connections between internal procedural justice and officers’ compliance with agency rules and cooperation with supervisors via an essential element—trust in supervisors. Internal procedural justice was found to be directly related to trust in supervisors and officer cooperation with supervisor, whereas the association between internal procedural justice and compliance with agency rules is mainly indirect through trust in supervisors. This study concludes with discussing research and pragmatic implications of findings.

Fair treatment in policing: testing the relationship between internal and external procedural justice

ABSTRACT Recently, several highly publicized and troubling police-citizen encounters around the United States have led many to question not only police tactics, but also, more broadly, police legitimacy. These events, among others, led President Obama to create a Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Part of its focus was on fostering legitimacy through procedurally just policing practices. In fact, one of its recommendations to police departments to strengthen their policing practices through the principles of procedural justice – and thereby increasing their external legitimacy – is to promote legitimacy internally by applying those same procedural justice principles within the organization. Part of the reasoning behind this thinking is that officers will be more likely to treat citizens in procedurally just ways if they themselves are treated in procedurally just ways within their organization’s decision-making processes. To test this assertion, survey data are analyzed from 113 officers from the Rockford (IL) Police Department. Multivariate regression results suggest that officers, who perceive fair treatment in their own organization, are more likely to indicate that they employ the same fairness when interacting with citizens. Specific findings, study limitations, and policy implications are discussed.

The role of organisational justice and community policing values in the model of external procedural justice in Croatia

ABSTRACTThis study tests the link between internal procedural justice (fair treatment of police officers by supervisors) and external procedural justice (fair treatment of citizens by police officers), proposed by Van Craen and previously tested only in a few Western democracies and Asian countries. This paper relies on a survey of police officers from Croatia, an East-European country in transition, and expands the model by incorporating the potential effect of the police officers’ support for community policing on the fair treatment of citizens. Our model, based on the data from a 2017 survey of 638 Croatian police officers, demonstrated that the latent variable internal procedural justice had a modest, positive association with trust in the public, while the latent variable of community policing values did not have a significant association with trust in the public. The antecedent variable community policing values serves as the model’s strongest predictor of external procedural justice.

In their own eyes: an empirical examination of police self-legitimacy

ABSTRACTIn their paper Beyond Procedural Justice, Bottoms and Tankebe specified two interrelated dimensions of legitimacy: audience legitimacy and self-legitimacy. Criminologists have given considerable attention to audience legitimacy, but police officers’ belief in their own legitimacy remains understudied. This paper extends Bottoms and Tankebe’s theory and reports findings on some of its key propositions, using survey data from a UK police force. Three key findings emerge. First, contrary to previous studies, feelings of recognition by supervisors and clientele did not predict self-legitimacy; self-legitimacy was found to depend on feelings of peer recognition and acceptance. Second, self-legitimacy predicted officers’ commitment to external procedural justice but not their moral orientations towards crime victims. Finally, perceived police effectiveness but not supervisor recognition – that is, internal procedural justice – was the key predictor both of external procedural justice and of normative orientations towards crime victims. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Institutional procedural justice and street procedural justice in Chinese policing: The mediating role of moral alignment

Although the process-based model of policing has been widely tested, research on how procedural justice works within police agencies, particularly its impact on officer willingness to engage in procedurally fair behavior on the street, is relatively scant. Based on survey data collected from Chinese police officers, this study assessed the linkages between internal procedural justice and external procedural justice through the mechanisms of moral alignment with both supervisors and citizens and perceived citizen trustworthiness. Greater internal procedural justice was directly related to higher external procedural justice. Fair supervision helped build up moral alignment between officers and supervisors and between officers and citizens, which in turn led to stronger commitment to fair treatment of the public. Internal procedural justice and moral alignment with citizens also cultivated officers’ perceptions of public trustworthiness, which further strengthened officers’ fair treatment toward the public.

Internal Procedural Justice, Moral Alignment, and External Procedural Justice in Democratic Policing

Notwithstanding the popularity of the process-based model of policing among social scientists, research on factors that encourage police officers to engage in procedurally fair behavior is relatively scarce. Based on the fair policing from the inside out framework and survey data collected from Taiwan police officers, this study explored the connection between internal procedural justice and external procedural justice through the mechanisms of moral alignment with both supervisors and citizens and perceived citizen trustworthiness. Fair supervision was found to build up moral alignment between officers and supervisors and between officers and citizens, which in turn led to stronger commitment to responsiveness and fair treatment of the public. Internal procedural justice and moral alignment also cultivated officers’ perceptions of public trustworthiness, which similarly strengthened officers’ response and fair treatment toward the public.

Predicting Support for Procedurally Just Treatment: The Case of the Israel National Police

The importance of police treating citizens with procedural justice is well recognized. Recently, scholars have begun exploring officers’ views and beliefs that are associated with support for procedurally fair policing, but have not relied on a consistent conceptual framework. In the present study, we propose such a framework, focusing on three core realms of the policing environment: officers’ affiliation with their supervisors, officers’ perceptions of their authority and powers, and officers’ relationship with the public. We then use this framework to predict Israeli police officers’ endorsement of procedurally just policing. We find positive, direct effects for perceived public support, self-legitimacy, years of experience, and being a minority officer. In contrast to previous findings, internal procedural and distributive justice did not show significant effects. We discuss these findings and their implications, and stress that the relationship between attitudes toward procedural justice and actual behavior continues to be explored.

Procedural Justice Received and Given: Supervisory Treatment, Emotional States, and Behavioral Compliance Among Taiwanese Police Officers

Drawing upon the work of procedural justice and general strain theory, as well as officer survey data from Taiwan, this study proposes and tests a conceptual model that links the internal procedural justice officers receive from supervisors to the external procedural justice officers provide to the public. Results indicated that internal procedural justice affected external procedural justice both directly and indirectly through the mediating factors of job-related satisfaction and anger. Supervisory procedural justice also exerted an indirect influence on officer compliance with organizational rules through the mediating factor of anger and frustration. Implications for research and policy are discussed.

Officer Support for Use of Force Policy: The Role of Fair Supervision

Police use of force is an issue of great concern, even in democratic societies. Recent events in the United States and Europe reinforce older lessons that legitimate policing is both important and hard to achieve. This article adds to our understanding of how a fundamental aspect of police organizations—supervision—might contribute to a better justified use of force by the police. We examine the relationship between fair supervision (internal procedural justice) and officers’ support for restrictions on their use of force. Our findings suggest that supervisor modeling can provide an important linkage between the two. The results also suggest that fair supervision fosters support for restraint in the use of force through greater moral alignment with citizens and increased trust in the general public. The implications of this for research and police practice are discussed.

The collateral consequences of GPS-LED supervision in hot spots policing

Hot spots policing is popular, yet little is known about officer receptivity to the tactic and its impact on internal procedural justice, organizational commitment, and self-legitimacy. The nature of the tactic means that officers must relinquish their discretionary powers so that they can be directed to crime and disorder locations at specific times and for regimented durations. This loss of ‘spatiotemporal autonomy’ is exacerbated by technological tracking devices. We examined the receptivity of British officers to hot spots patrols, where the deployment was tracked with individual GPS trackers, compared to parallel patrols without hot spots policing or tracking. In contrast to the comparison group, officers in hot spots disliked the routinization of their shifts; regimented patrols were detrimental for internal procedural justice and organizational commitment. The ramifications of the introduction of GPS-enabled systems include certain tracking of officers and their compliance, such as a Taylorist time and motion study. While hot spots policing remains an effective tactic, questions about sustainability may be raised if officers’ expectations, attitudes and receptivity are not managed.