Internal Organ Weights Research Articles

Effect of different dietary of grape seed oil level on the growth perfor-mance and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

This study was conducted in the Animal Production Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad for 35 days to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of grape seed oil to the broiler diets on the growth performance characteristics of the carcass. A total of 180 chicks one-day-old of commercial broilers Ross 308 were purchased. The birds were randomly distributed into four treatments and three replicates per treatment with 15 birds in each. The treatments were as follows: T1 control treatment (free of grape seed oil) and T2, T3 and T4 included the use of grape seed oil at rates of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75%, respectively. The results showed a significant superiority (P <0.05) for the treatment of grape seed oil supplementation for the treatment T3 in the body weight and cumulative weight gain at age 35, compared with the control treatment. While no significant differences were observed among the treatments of feed intake and feed conversion ratio. No significant differences were observed in the percentage of the yield and the relative weight of the birds. No significant differences were observed in the relative weights of the edible internal organs. In conclusion, the use of grape seed oil by 0.5% has improved broiler performance.

Dietary 1,3-β-Glucans Affect Growth, Breast Muscle Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Inflammatory Response, and Economic Efficiency in Broiler Chickens.

Recently, researchers have been intensively looking for novel, safe antibiotic alternatives because of the prevalence of many clinical and subclinical diseases affecting bird flocks and the risks of using antibiotics in subtherapeutic doses as feed additives. The present study intended to evaluate the potential use of 1,3-β-glucans (GLC) as antibiotic alternative growth promotors and assessed the effect of their dietary inclusion on the growth performance, carcass traits, chemical composition of breast muscles, economic efficiency, blood biochemical parameters, liver histopathology, antioxidant activity, and the proinflammatory response of broiler chickens. This study used 200 three-day-old ROSS broiler chickens (50 chicks/group, 10 chicks/replicate, with an average body weight of 98.71 ± 0.17 g/chick). They were assigned to four experimental groups with four dietary levels of GLC, namely 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg kg-1, for a 35-day feeding period. Birds fed diets containing GLC showed an identical different growth rate to the control group. However, the total feed intake (TFI) increased quadratically in the GLC50 and GLC100 groups as compared to that in the control group. GLC addition had no significant effect on the weights of internal and immune organs, except for a decrease in bursal weight in the GLC150 group (p = 0.01). Dietary GLC addition increased the feed cost and total cost at 50 and 100 mg kg-1 doses. The percentages of n-3 and n-6 PUFA in the breast muscle of broiler chickens fed GLC-supplemented diets increased linearly in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01). The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and the uric acid level were quadratically increased in the GLC150 group. The serum levels of total antioxidant capacity, catalase, superoxide dismutase, interleukin-1β, and interferon-gamma linearly increased, while the MDA level decreased in the GLC-fed groups in a dose-dependent manner. Normal histological characterization of different liver structures in the different groups with moderate round cells was noted as a natural immune response around the hepatic portal area. The different experimental groups showed an average percentage of positive immunostaining to the proinflammatory marker transforming growth factor-beta with an increase in the dose of GLC addition. The results suggest that GLC up to 100 mg kg-1 concentration can be used as a feed additive in the diets of broiler chickens and shows no adverse effects on their growth, dressing percentage, and internal organs. GLC addition in diets improves the antioxidant activity and immune response in birds. GLC help enrich the breast muscle with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Effect of dietary nano α-tocopherol acetate plus selenium on productivity, immune status, intestinal morphometry and carcass traits of broiler chicken

Background: Nano-vitamins and minerals are used in animal nutrition to improve performance and health of broiler chickens as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Objective: To evaluate the effect of several levels of a dietary nano α-tocopherol acetate plus selenium compound (NTS) on growth, intestinal histomorphometry, carcass traits, and immune status of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were randomly divided into four groups, each one with three pens (n=20 per pen). Four doses of nano α-tocopherol acetate and selenium (0, 5, 7, and 10 mg/kg) were included in the basal diet for 42 days. Results: Final body weight, cumulative body weight gain, and final conversion ratio significantly improved with increasing NTS levels (p&lt;0.05). Carcass traits and weight of internal organs increased in the groups fed 7 and 10 mg/kg NTS. High NTS doses significantly increased immune vaccine titers against Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease, and infectious bronchitis. Moreover, dietary addition of NTS improved intestinal morphometry. Conclusion: Thus, NTS (7 and 10 mg/kg) can be added to poultry rations to improve production, carcass characteristics, and immune status of broilers. Further studies are needed to evaluate NTS residues in meat.

Influence of clove powder and choline on performance, digestibility and weight of internal organs of Japanese quail

Influence of clove powder and choline on performance, digestibility and weight of internal organs of Japanese quail

Potential benefits of a blend of essential oils on metabolism, digestibility, organ development and gene expression of dairy calves

The objective of this study was to evaluate blood cells and metabolites, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), digestibility, internal organs weight and histology, gene expression, and spleen cell proliferation of pre-weaned bull calves supplemented with a blend of essential oils in milk replacer (MR). Sixteen newborn Holstein × Gyr crossbred dairy bull calves, with body weight at birth of 33.3 ± 3.7 kg, were housed in individual sand bedded pens, blocked by genetic composition, and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design: Control (CON, n = 8) and blend of essential oils supplementation (BEO, n = 8, 1 g/day/calf, Apex Calf, Adisseo, China). The commercial blend was composed by plant extracts derived from anise, cinnamon, garlic, rosemary, and thyme. Animals were fed 5 L of MR/day reconstituted at 15% (dry matter basis), divided into two equal meals. Water and starter were provided ad libitum. ß-hydroxybutyrate, urea, and glucose were evaluated weekly, IGF-1 was evaluated biweekly, and total blood cell count was performed every four weeks until the end of the trial at eight weeks of age. Feed samples were collected three times a week and polled for weekly analysis. Apparent total nutrient digestibility was determined from d 56 to 60 of age. On d 60 ± 1, animals were euthanized for organ weight, histology, spleen cell proliferation, and intestinal gene expression analysis. Data were analyzed independently using linear mixed models using the REML method in the nlme package in R for continuous outcomes. A non-parametric test was used for ordered categorical outcomes using the Artools package in R. There were no differences between groups for blood evaluations, digestibility, gene expression, and a spleen cell proliferation assay. However, BEO calves presented a heavier pancreas, heavier intestines, bigger ileum villi, and higher cecum butyrate levels (P < 0.05), demonstrating that the EO supplementation helped intestinal development and symbiotic bacteria. It was also observed in CON animals’ heavier respiratory tract and a higher eosinophil count (P < 0.05). Therefore, the organs where eosinophils are more active had a better response for BEO animals. No differences were found in the intestinal gene expression in the immune context. These results demonstrate that supplementing essential oils in MR could contribute to gut development and immune function. However, more research is needed to understand its impact on body development and define the best dosage and route of administration.

Integrated Single-Trait and Multi-Trait GWASs Reveal the Genetic Architecture of Internal Organ Weight in Pigs

Internal organ weight is an essential indicator of growth status as it reflects the level of growth and development in pigs. However, the associated genetic architecture has not been well explored because phenotypes are difficult to obtain. Herein, we performed single-trait and multi-trait genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to map the genetic markers and genes associated with six internal organ weight traits (including heart weight, liver weight, spleen weight, lung weight, kidney weight, and stomach weight) in 1518 three-way crossbred commercial pigs. In summation, single-trait GWASs identified a total of 24 significant single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 5 promising candidate genes, namely, TPK1, POU6F2, PBX3, UNC5C, and BMPR1B, as being associated with the six internal organ weight traits analyzed. Multi-trait GWAS identified four SNPs with polymorphisms localized on the APK1, ANO6, and UNC5C genes and improved the statistical efficacy of single-trait GWASs. Furthermore, our study was the first to use GWASs to identify SNPs associated with stomach weight in pigs. In conclusion, our exploration of the genetic architecture of internal organ weights helps us better understand growth traits, and the key SNPs identified could play a potential role in animal breeding programs.

Effects of mineral supplementation on qualitative beef parameters

Correct nutrition with sufficient amount of optimal doses of microelements efficiently supports high levels of beef production and health of the animals throughout the feeding period. In the sphere of beef production, microelements are needed as additional supplements to play an important role in the productivity of cattle and the quality of the products made from them. Providing cattle with a more bioavailable source of deficient microelements could increase the metabolic process of the main nutrients, which would affect the intensity of bull growth and slaughter meat parameters. It has been revealed that organic complexes of deficient microelements have greater bioavailability. Throughout the experiment, Ukrainian Black Spotted bulls of 175–200 kg live weight were fed with diets enriched by chelate compounds of microelements with lysine and methionine. Animals of the second group were fed a diet with methionates of microelements in the following doses, mg/kg of live weight: iron – 0.05, cobalt – 0.04, iodine – 0.05 and selenium – 0.02; the third group received lysinates in the same doses of microelements; and the fourth group was given lysinates and methionates in a complex with half-doses of microelements. The studies were carried out using the following methods: zootechnical (productivity), biochemical (chemical blood composition), morphological (weight and sizes of certain tissues and internal organs), physical-chemical and sanitary meat parameters and statistical (mean arithmetic value and its error, significance level of difference between parameters). We found evidence and confirmed the benefits of using microelement supplemention with essential aminoacids in the bulls’ diet. Feeding chelate supplement to animals during the second feeding period improved hematological parameters, the productivity and nutrition value of beef. We determined that the best outcomes resulted from feeding bulls with lysinates and methionates in complex with microelements (Fe, Co, Se and I) during the second feeding period. The animals had 26.0% higher mean daily increments and 11.1% greater growth rates, and they grew 25.8% more intensively than the others that consumed only the main diet. The animals of this group had 5.2% higher slaughter yield and 4.8% higher carcass yield. The experimental groups were observed to have lower number of microorganisms in the longissimus layer in one field of view when analyzing impression smears. After 14 days of beef storage, qualitative reactions in the control group were positive with formaldehyde, sulphuric-acid copper, Nessler’s reagent and negative with benzidine. The reactions in the samples from experimental groups were doubtful. Less deterioration of beef stored at low positive temperatures (0…+2 ºС) was observed for the samples of experimental groups.

Short- and long-term cognitive and metabolic effects of medium-chain triglyceride supplementation in rats

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) possess neuroprotective properties. However, the long-term metabolic consequences of supplementing a regular diet with cognition-enhancing doses of MCT are largely unknown. We studied the effects of chronic (28 days) supplementation of regular diet with different doses of MCT oil (1, 3, or 6 g/kg/day) or water (control) on working memory (Y-maze), behavior in the Open Field, spatial learning (Morris water maze), and weight of internal organs in male Wistar 2.5-m.o. Rats. In a separate experiment, we evaluated acute (single gavage) and chronic (28 days) effects of MCT or lard supplementation (3 g/kg) on blood biochemical parameters. MCT-1 and MCT-3 doses improved working memory in YM. In MWM, MCT-6 treatment improved spatial memory. Chronic MCT-1 or MCT-3 treatment did not affect internal organ weight, while MCT-6 dose increased liver weight and the brown/white adipose tissue ratio. Acutely, MCT administration elevated blood β-hydroxybutyrate and malondialdehyde levels. Chronic MCT administration (3 g/kg) did not affect the blood levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, total and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities. Therefore, daily supplementation of standard feed with MCT resulted in mild intermittent ketosis. It improved working memory at lower concentrations without significant adverse side effects. At higher concentrations, it improved long-term spatial memory but also resulted in organ weight changes and is likely unsafe. These results highlight the importance of monitoring the metabolic effects of MCT supplementation alongside cognitive assessment in future studies of MCT's neuroprotective properties.

Effect of unripe banana flour as a functional feed ingredient on growth performance, internal organ relative weight and carcass traits of broilers.

Following the prohibition of in-feed antibiotics, poultry nutritionists are increasingly interested in the use of functional feed. Unripe banana flour (UBF) contains significant amounts of oligosaccharides (which may act as prebiotics) and antioxidants, making it a potential functional feed for broilers. However, research on the use of UBF as a functional feed ingredient for broilers is limited. The study investigated the effect of UBF with or without probiotic and multienzyme on growth, internal organ weight and carcass characteristics of broilers. A total of 392 broiler chicks were distributed into 4 groups included CONT (chicks receiving control feed), UBF (chicks receiving 5% UBF in feed), UBFPRO (5% UBF plus 0.05% probiotics) and UBFZYM (5% UBF plus 0.05% multienzyme). Data on growth performance were weekly recorded, whereas data on internal organs and carcass were collected on day 38. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (p<0.05) in UBF, UBFPRO and UBFZYM than that in CONT chicks, with no significant difference in body weight, body weight gain and feed intake. There was a tendency that gizzard was higher (p=0.08) in CONT than in UBF chicks. Also, pancreas tended (p=0.09) to be lower in UBFZYM than in CONT birds. There was a notable effect (p<0.05) of dietary treatments on the yellowness (b*) values of thigh meats, in which UBFPRO had lower b* values than that of CONT but did not differ from that of UBF and UBFZYM. There was no difference (p<0.05) in carcass and commercial proportion of broilers. Feeding of 5% UBF with or without probiotic and multienzyme improved FCR, without negatively affecting the carcass characteristics of broilers.

Corncob biochar supplementation improves nutrient digestibility, fattening performance and carcass characteristics of fattening sheep.

Corncob is a cheap source for biochar in developing countries. No studies reported on use of biochar as sheep fattening supplement. The goal of this study is to determine the effect of corncob biochar supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of sheep. Twenty-four Horro yearling rams (18.6±0.938kg live weight) were randomly distributed to four groups, control (300g/day concentrate+local hay ad libitum), BC1.5 (control +1.5g/day biochar), BC3 (control +3g/day biochar) and BC4.5 (control +4.5/day biochar). The experimental concentrate consisted of 200g/day wheat bran and 100g/day Noug cake. The study consisted of a growth trial of 111 days followed by a digestibility trial of 10 days. Carcass characteristics for all rams were recorded at the end of the trial. Dry matter intake, crude protein intake, dry matter digestibility and acid detergent fibre digestibility of BC1.5 were significantly higher than the control. Corncob biochar supplementation significantly improved daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of the rams. Supplementation sheep with corncob biochar improved significantly dressing percentage, hindquarters weight, forequarters weight, ribs weight, brisket weigh and rib eye muscle area. There was a significant effect of the dietary treatment on weight of internal organs; however, they were all within the normal range of sheep. Corncob biochar supplementation would be recommended at a level of 1.5g/day to improve growth performance and carcass characteristics of sheep.

Survivability of Lactobacillus plantarum in nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) flesh extract and its effect on the performance of broiler chicken.

This study aimed to see if increasing the concentration of nutmeg flesh extract in vitro could increase the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria and if it had any effect on broiler chicken performance. Different concentrations of nutmeg flesh extract (5, 10, 15, and 20/100 ml distilled water) were combined with 10 ml L. plantarum (bacterial concentration 1 × 109 cfu/ml) to produce synbiotics. A total of 250 unsexed Lohmann broiler chickens were reared together from 0 to 7 days of age in the in vivo study. Beginning on day 8, synbiotics nutmeg flesh extract and L. plantarum were added to the ration in amounts of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 ml/kg for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, while no synbiotics were added to the control diet (T0). The levels of nutmeg flesh extract had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on L. plantarum growth. In the survival test against gastric acid, bile salts, and temperature, the addition of nutmeg flesh extract (20/100 ml distilled water) significantly (p < 0.05) maintained the population of L. plantarum. In vivo studies showed that the T1,T2,T3, and T4 groups gained more body weight (p < 0.05) than the T0 group during the rearing period but had no effect (p > 0.05) on the internal organ weight and carcass of broiler chickens. Nutmeg flesh extract could stimulate the growth of L. plantarum bacteria, and using it as a synbiotic could improve broiler chicken performance.

Physiological Parameters, Intestinal Microbial Population and Internal Organ Weight of Broilers Supplemented with the Fungus Monascus Purpureus

Physiological Parameters, Intestinal Microbial Population and Internal Organ Weight of Broilers Supplemented with the Fungus Monascus Purpureus

DIETARY EFFECT OF MIXED SAWDUST AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR WHEAT OFFAL ON INTERNAL ORGANS WEIGHT AND CARCASS YIELD OF BROILER STARTER

Effect of dietary substitution of sawdust for wheat offal on internal organs weight and carcass yield of broiler starter was conducted using 99 broilers. Broiler chicks were allocated to three dietary treatments and replicate thrice with eleven (11) broilers per replicate. Three dietary treatments were formulated with sawdust substituting for wheat offal at 0, 40 and 80%. Experiment lasted for three weeks in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA. There were significant (p&lt;0.05) differences in all internal organs weight and carcass yield across dietary treatments. Broiler fed on 80% had highest liver weight (3.59%) while least (2.44%) was recorded from 0%. Heart showed lowest p&lt;0.05 (0.37%) from 80% while highest (0.55%) was obtained from 40%. Lowest (p&lt;0.05) kidney (0.38%) was recorded from 0% while highest (0.48%) was observed from 80%. Lung gave least weight (0.42%) in the broiler fed 0% while highest weight (0.66%) was observed from 80%. Higher (1364.50g) live weight was obtained from 80% while least (1066.50g) was obtained from 0%). Dressed weight followed the same trend with highest (1282.00g) noticed from 80% while least (978.50g) was noticed from 0%. 80% gave highest wings (8.94%), back (15.02%), drumstick (10.88%) and breast (17.88%) respectively while wings had least p&lt;0.05 of 8.01% from 40% back had 13.30% from 0%, drumstick (10.06%), breast (17.18%) from 40% respectively. It could be concluded that sawdust can be successfully replaced wheat offal in the broiler starter up to 80% without adverse effect on internal organs weight and carcass yield

Effect of replacing full-fat soybean meal with undefatted cashew reject kernel meal on the growth response, blood parameters, organ weight and abdominal fat weight of broiler chicks

This preliminary feeding trial examined the effects of replacing full-fat soybean meal with undefatted cashew reject kernel meal on the growth response, blood parameters, organ weight and abdominal fat of broiler chicks. Three hundred 1-day-old unsexed Arbor-acre strain broiler chicks stochastically assigned in a completely randomized design to five dietary class of sixty birds each replicated six times in a 21-day feeding trial. The control diet (T1) was a maize- full-fat soybean meal (SBM) based diet. Undefatted cashew reject kernel meal (UCRKM) was used to replace 12.50 %, 25.00 %, 37.50 % and 50.00 % full-fat SBM in the control diet, and were referred to as diets T2, T3, T4 and T5 correspondingly. The chemical composition revealed that UCRKM contained 26.56 % crude protein, 3.30 % crude fibre, 2.99 % ash, 35.05 % ether extract, 23.07 % nitrogen-free extract and 4285.76 kcal kg-1 metabolizable energy. Significant disparities (P ≤ 0.05) were noticed in growth parameters with feed conversion ratio similar to those on T1 up to 50 % substitution. The red blood cell count, mean corpusculars, platelet count, alanine amino transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, internal organ weights were influenced (P ≤ 0.05) except the liver and abdominal fat. UCRKM is therefore recommended as a replacement for up to 50.00 % full-fat SBM in broiler starter diets.

EFFECT OF FEEDING DIFFERENT DOSES OF TRITICAL GRAIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RABBITS INTERNAL ORGANS

The results of the study of the influence of Poliske 7 triticale grain for its addition into the standard granulated compound feed to replace cereal ingredients (barley and oats) at the rate of 100; 50; 25 and 12.5%, respectively are highlighted, in the I, II, III and IV research groups on the massometric indicators of the internal organs of young rabbits of the termon breed with the intensive technology of growing them for meat. It was established that feeding triticale grain as a part of a complete ration granulated compound feed in the period from 50 to 100 days of age to experimental groups of rabbits led to an improvement in the relative indicators of internal organs, compared to the control group.&#x0D; It was noted that the addition of triticale grain into the compound feed in the amount of 50 and 12.5% led to changes in the weight of internal organs, the weight of the stomach and the length of the small and large intestine sections compared to the control group, which may indicate a positive effect of triticale grain on young rabbits.&#x0D; The mass of the entire alimentary canal was 3.6% greater in the animals of the II experimental group compared to the control. The use of experimental compound feed in rations contributed to an increase in the weight of the empty stomach by 14.7% in rabbits of III and 11.2% of IV experimental groups, the weight of the small intestine with chyme in animals of II, III and IV experimental groups - by 19.6; 10.7 and 3.9% compared to the control, fat mass – by 7.4, respectively; 3.6 and 1.9%.&#x0D; Тriticale grain in the amount of 50 and 12.5% of the weight of the grain group contributed to the tendency to increase the edible body parts of young rabbits compared to the control. The weight of the cooled carcass of rabbits of all experimental groups increased by 9.6; 10.2; 3.4 and 14.7%. It should be noted that the mass of pulp in the carcasses of animals of the II and IV groups was higher by 11.1 and 1.5%, and the mass of internal fat was lower by 6.3 and 1.6% compared to the analogues, which indicates a positive the effect of feeding triticale grain as part of granulated compound feed.&#x0D; There was a tendency towards an increase in the weight ratio of the liver, lungs and heart of rabbits of all experimental groups compared to the control.

Effect of Dietary Microalgae (Spirulina platensis) on Growth Performance, Ingestive Behavior, Hemato-Biochemical Parameters, and Economic Efficiency of Fayoumi Broilers.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with Spirulina platensis (SP) on the productive performance, carcass characteristics, behavior, blood serum metabolites, hematological indices, and economic efficiency of Fayoumi broiler chickens for a 56-day. In total, 120 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed among four dietary treatments with three replicates (n = 10/group) for 8 weeks. The dietary treatments were a control basal diet without SP and the same basal diets supplemented with 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0% SP. Birds fed 1% Spirulina-supplemented diets recorded significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio and less overall feed intake and feeding behavior than those in the control group. No significant changes (p &gt; 0.05) were recorded in the dressing percentage or the relative weights of internal organs among the different experimental groups, except for the thymus. Diets containing 0.5 or 1.0% SP saw an increase (p &lt; 0.05) in serum total protein and globulin and a reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in serum cholesterol concentration. The lymphocyte percentage in birds fed SP diets was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than in birds fed the control diet. These results suggest that adding SP up to 1% to the broiler diets could positively affect some important blood biochemical parameters, enhance their immunity response, and improve their growth performance. However, from an economic point of view, supplementation with 0.25% of SP is recommended for Fayoumi broiler chickens.

Productivity and slaughter rates of rabbits fed by probiotic supplement probi-ol

The productivity, slaughter parameters and weight of internal organs of fattening young rabbits of the White Giant breed additionally fed by probiotic supplement Probiol containing three types of lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salius) have been researched. It was found out that additional feeding by probiotic supplement Probiol in the amount of 0.025 % to weight of feed has a positive effect on productivity, survival and slaughter indicators of young rabbits. The second experimental group rabbits have increased live weight by 14.4%, survival by 13%; feed consumption per 1 kg of growth decreased by 12 %. Slaughter rates in experimental group exceeded their counterparts in the control group, which confirms the feasibility of introducing a probiotic supplement to rabbits for fattening.

KOMBINASI MINYAK IKAN LEMURU DAN MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMA DAN ORGAN DALAM AYAM BROILER

The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of lemuru fish oil as palm oil substitution in ration on broiler performance. This research used 200 Ross broilers day old chick (DOC) is divided into 4 treatments and 5 replications. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD), where the treatments level of palm oil and lemuru fish oil were respectively P0 = rations containing 3% palm oil and 0% lemuru fish oil, P1 = rations containing 2% palm oil and 1% lemuru fish oil, P2 = rations containing 1% palm oil and 2% lemuru fish oil, P3 = rations containing 0% palm oil and 3% lemuru fish oil. The variables observed were feed intake, final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, and income over feed and chick cost (IOFCC). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significant result (P&lt;0,05) were followed by Duncan test. The results showed a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) in decreasing FCR in the starter period with a higher level of use of lemuru fish oil, increasing body weight gain and decreasing FCR in the finisher period with a lower level of use of lemuru fish oil, but the treatments did not significantly effect on performance broiler during the age of 35 days. Weight and percentage of internal organs and digestive tract under normal conditions, except liver weight.&#x0D; The conclusion of this study was the use of 3% lemuru fish oil can improve FCR in the starter phase, but the different level of palm oil and lemuru fish oil until 3 % in broiler rations does not affect on broiler performance during the age of 35 days.&#x0D;

Follaje de leucaena (Leucaena esculenta) como reemplazo parcial de trigo en dietas para conejos de engorda: comportamiento productivo y rendimiento en canal

Thirty-nine weanling rabbits (New Zealand x English spot;30 days of age) were used in a four-week trial to evaluate the partial replacement of wheat grain for Leucaena leaf meal (Leucaena esculenta; LEU) on performance, carcass dressing percentage, and organ weights in fattening rabbits. Treatments consisted of partial replacement of wheat for 0%, 7.5%, or 15.0% of LEU in growing-finishing diet for fattening rabbits. Partial replacement of wheat grain with increasing levels of LEU did not influence (P>0.10) performance, carcass dressing percentage, and internal organs weights. It is concluded that this feeding strategy might contribute to reduce the food for feed competition while improving locally available forage resources for rabbit production in warm environments with multidimensional poverty.

Effect of Vegetable Waste on Growth Performance and Hematology of Broiler Chicks.

Vegetable waste (spinach, potato, and cauliflower) is a rich and natural source of nutrients, potentially good for supplying minerals, essential amino acids, and antioxidants to the birds. Relatively, its cost very low, easily to accessible, easily process & pose little risk of illness. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of vegetable waste (VW) as feed supplement on growth performance and hematology of broiler chicks. For this purpose, a total of 200 (4 days old) vaccinated chicks were acquired from a commercial hatchery Multan which was acclimated for three weeks (21 days) on basal starter feed after that 25-day-old chicks with uniform body weight were allocated according to a CRD (completely randomized design) into four dietary treatments with three replicates of each contained 15 chicks in 12 pens. In dietary treatments, chicks were feed with basal feed (BF) and supplemented feed with vegetable waste (VW) of spinach, potato, and cauliflower. For this purpose, the dietary treatments included control treatment (T1) (100% BF+0% VW) and other dietary treatments (T2) (75% BF+25% VW), (T3) (50% BF+50% VW), and (T4) (25% BF+75% VW). The body weight, feed intake, food conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality were checked on weekly and daily basis. For hematology analysis, after the 1st experimental week (25-day-old chicks) and the last 5th experimental week (56-day-old chicks), the samples of blood were gathered from the wing's veins of two birds from each treatment in random way. At the end of five weeks (35 days), birds with uniform average body weight were selected per treatment with three replicates (2 bird/replicate) and then were manually slaughtered according to the Halal method to analyze the weight of internal body organs of broilers by physical and statistical analysis (ANOVA). There was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on feed intake and FCR among all the dietary treatments. But in average, body weight and BWG were higher in treatment (T2) (P < 0.01) than all other dietary treatments (T3) and (T4) and control treatment (T1). The blood constituents in this study showed that broilers in control treatment (T1) and other dietary treatments (T2), (T3), and (T4) fed on different doses were significantly (P < 0.01) different from each other. The week 5 (W5) shows higher values of blood constituents (P < 0.01) than week 1 (W1). The carcass yield of the chicks fed on different doses showed that they were significantly different (P < 0.01) among the dietary treatments. The VW inclusion 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% had positive effect on blood constituents and carcass yield of the broiler chicks; they were significantly (P < 0.01) different among the treatments.