Internal Motivation Research Articles

The Role of Motivation in Decision-Making and Underlying Neural Mechanism

This paper presents crucial findings on how motivation, both internal and external, significantly influences decision-making processes at cognitive and neural levels. It highlights the role of reward anticipation and uncertainty in shaping decision-making behavior, particularly focusing on brain regions like the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and dopaminergic pathways, which govern strategic and risk-related decisions. Studies involving psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, and healthy individuals using fMRI reveal that increased motivation enhances decision-making strategies by activating frontal and parietal brain regions, while certain areas like the Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) show less involvement. Additionally, the essay explores the role of insight-driven internal motivation, showing that moments of sudden clarity (AHA! experiences) can elevate risk-taking behavior by stimulating the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a key region involved in reward processing. The research also delves into strategic decision-making theories, emphasizing the balance between logical reasoning and instinctive, politically influenced decision-making processes within organizations. The essay concludes by underscoring the need for further research into the neural mechanisms linking motivation and decision-making, particularly the impact of neurotransmitter systems and individual differences in neural responsiveness to rewards. This deeper understanding could lead to enhanced strategies for improving decision-making outcomes across various fields, including healthcare, management, and personal decision-making, offering insights into the complex interplay between motivation, cognition, and neural activity.

От эстетики к сомаэстетике: о формировании философской позиции Р. Шустермана

The subject of the article is neopragmatic aesthetics; its formation, methodological foundations and specificity of the object of research. To reveal the stated goal, the author turns to the works of the American philosopher Richard Shusterman, who most consistently and clearly substantiates his philosophical position. The American philosopher, despite the strong influence of the analytical school, restores the connection with pragmatism, with the aesthetics of John Dewey, points out the dead ends and problematic points of the analytical approach. The article presents the evolution of American philosophical aesthetics with an emphasis on the transitional stage from the analytic tradition to a neopragmatic one. It is shown that Shusterman’s attempt to get rid of the “Platonic stigma” in the philosophy of art is carried out at the expense of criticizing analytic aesthetics. Thus, Shusterman makes critical arguments about the established habit of identifying art in its multivariate manifestation with the notion of “high” fi ne art associated with the sublime and true art. Shusterman shifts the focus of attention from the problem of defining art to the analytics of aesthetic experience, which allows him to transform aesthetics into somaesthetics – a body-oriented, practical philosophical discipline. The author concludes that Shusterman’s concept of somaesthetics emerges in a polemic with fundamentalist foundations in aesthetics, namely, the tradition of distinguishing objects, works of art from what is not, i.e. defining art. The author notes that a key figure for the formation of the theoretical basis of somaesthetics was Shusterman’s acquaintance with the position of Noel Carroll, who moves from the search for the essence of art to the investigation of the internal standards and motives of art. Schusterman, picking up on this strategy, affirms his anti-essentialist position. In polemics with his colleagues, he shifts and rethinks the problem field of aesthetics, declaring war on “Platonism,” criticizing the Greek philosophical tradition, to which we owe the fact that practical activity has become valued much less than theoretical activity. Along with this, the author concludes about Shusterman’s sophistic strategy and logic of thinking, citing arguments from the work of postmodernist researcher Barbara Cassin.

Social Intelligence Management in the Context of Promoting Professional Self-Education: Gender Aspects

The importance of lifelong learning and professional self-education in the modern world is beyond doubt. The search for external and internal incentives to increase people's interest in self-development is an important task for management sciences. External motivation includes the efforts of managers and HR managers to encourage employees to learn. In childhood and adolescence, parents, teachers and professors perform this function. However, it is important to understand what internal factors affect the desire for new knowledge and experience. According to numerous studies, social intelligence plays this role, as it affects the formation of positive qualities of a person from a social point of view. The purpose of this research was to verify the correlation between the level of social intelligence of an individual and his/her desire for self-development and additional training. The survey was conducted on a sample of students from a private online school that provides soft skills, financial and digital literacy training. The research results have complemented the previous survey among senior university students to form a comprehensive picture. High statistical reliability (p≤0.001***) was found for a significant relationship between social intelligence and its components and the desire to study further. The research results indicate the importance of developing a person’s social intelligence in order to stimulate professional self-education. Increasing the level of employees’ competence has a positive influence on their loyalty to the corporate culture, enhancing the personnel security of enterprises.

Positive and Negative Pathways Linking Depressive Symptoms to Problematic Alcohol Use Among Argentinian College Students: An Examination of Positive and Negative Urgency Traits and Internal Drinking Motives

ABSTRACT Growing evidence suggests the tendency to act rashly under positive and negative emotions and affect-related drinking motives connect symptoms of mood disorders with alcohol-related problems. However, studies examining this sequence are scarce in Latin-American samples. The present study evaluated, in Argentinian college students (n = 403; 68.2% women; Mage = 21.03 ± 4.90), a sequential model of symptoms of depression, urgency traits, internal drinking motives, and problematic alcohol use. Path analysis was conducted to examine the direct and indirect associations between symptoms of depression and problematic alcohol use (heavy episodic drinking and alcohol-related negative consequences) via positive and negative urgency traits and internal drinking motives. Findings revealed indirect associations from depressive symptoms to problematic alcohol use via urgency traits and drinking motives (e.g. depression symptoms→positive [negative] urgency→enhancement [coping]→drinking problems). This suggests that students who experience more symptoms of depression may be more likely to react to these experiences of negative affect by engaging in heavy drinking episodes and encounter more alcohol-related problems. This seems to stem from a higher propensity to act rashly during intense emotional experiences and a greater motivation to drink as a means of regulating their mood. Future interventions aimed at preventing or reducing problematic alcohol use (especially among Argentinian young adults) might consider targeting these specific impulsivity traits as well as affect-related drinking motivations.

Pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan Motivasi terhadap Kinerja Guru dan Pegawai pada Sekolah Menengah Pertama Kemala Bhayangkari 01 Makassar

This research aims to find out how much influence leadership has on the performance of teachers and employees and how much influence motivation has on the performance of teachers and employees at Kemala Bhayangkari 01 Makassar Junior High School. The type of research used is quantitative analysis, namely the author describes the results of observations and analyzes data obtained in the field using multiple linear regression. Based on the research results, it shows that the performance of employees at Kemala Bhayankari 01 Makassar Junior High School is generally still in the medium category. The existence of employee performance in the medium category is caused by the leadership and employee motivation variables at Kemala Bhayankari 01 Makassar Junior High School which are still in the medium category and the benefits of internal and external motivation have not been optimal for the entire employee performance process, leadership makes a significant contribution in a positive direction. This means that the leadership variable influences employee performance improvement. The increase in employee performance caused by leadership variables was 62.3% while the remaining 37.7% was explained by factors other than leadership variables. Thus, this shows that leadership variables are important to pay attention to in explaining employee performance.

The Power of Social Emotional Learning: Building Self Confidence, Emotional Intelligence and Independence in Early Childhood Ages 4-5 in Preschool Abc Jakarta

The skills of selfconfidence (SC), emotional intelligence (EI), and independence (IDC) should be trained as early as possible. It is required for early childhood to have a strong foundation for their future. These skills can be learned and trained using the RULER approach with the method of Mood Meter. The purpose of this study is to observe any difference in the levels of these skills after undergoing the Mood Meter. This research is conducted in children aged 4-5 in Preschool ABC Jakarta with 9 participants in total consisting of 6 girls and 3 boys. The methods used in the research are quasi-experimental with one group pre and posttest. A t-test and N-gain were conducted for the hypothesis testing. Results show moderate effectiveness in increasing SC, particularly in areas like perseverance and participation. EI also showed a moderate increase, with students displaying more internal motivation. However, the biggest impact was on IDC, with students demonstrating significantly higher levels of responsibility and personal care. The Mood Meter likely helped students manage their emotions and understand routines, leading to better classroom behaviour and adjustment.

In Search of Better Policies? The Relevance of Different Forms of Knowledge for Finnish Development Policy

Modern interpretations of Aristotelian concepts of knowing, episteme, techne and phronesis, have lately been adopted to study expertise and professions. The article argues that a combination of the three types of knowledge would be useful in development cooperation and that especially phronesis, or practical wisdom, should take the central stage as it combines practice with values. Although values are central in development work, they are currently undermined by technical understandings. The article explored the different forms of knowledge that are used and appreciated within the Finnish development cooperation. The data was drawn from a process of providing topical and rapid scientific inputs to Finnish ministry officials and it was complemented with key-informant interviews. The findings showed that although scientific knowledge was appreciated by the ministry officials, the internal incentive structures of the development administration favoured technical forms of knowledge. Especially results information as well as picking up travelling ideas from the major trendsetters within the field were important in everyday work. The main structural constraints for phronesis to flourish within the department seemed to be a lack of time for learning and reflection. Development is a messy process involving stakeholders with various interests and wicked problems that do not have simple solutions and are inflicted with power struggles. With declining funding and diminishing appreciation from the side of the power holders, the value of knowledge available to improve the quality and effectiveness of development policy and cooperation becomes important to all stakeholders.

Opportunities for nurses to address employee voice in health care providers: a scoping review

BackgroundEmployees’ decision to speak up or to stay silent can have implications for health care providers, employees and people who need care. As a result, a shift is needed from blindly following guidelines to implementing a sustainable proactive organizational culture in which employees, especially nurses, can evaluate their work environment and take advantage of growth opportunities. The aim of this review is to analyse the characteristics of employee voice opportunities in the health care context, particularly for nurses.MethodsThe search was conducted in April 2023 in the following databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, CINHAL via EBSCO, Scopus via Elsevier, Wiley/Web of Science and Cochrane Library. The search results were imported into the COVIDENCE program and screened by two researchers separately. We used the following search components: health care organization, opportunities, and employee voice. The review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We identified 951 studies in five databases and via citation tracking. After we removed 102 duplicates and screening 839 titles and abstracts, 23 full texts were assessed. According to our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included 9 studies.ResultsThree main characteristics of employee voice opportunities that need to be considered to enable nurses to have a voice in the organization were identified. These main categories are individual factors, organizational culture, and available voice channels. It is not possible to rank them in order of importance; they are interrelated.ConclusionsTo conclude, employee voice is a process. In order for utilize employee voice opportunities, individual employee factors, organizational culture and its embedded context must be considered. Individual internal and external motivation, which is influenced by socio-cultural aspects and work hierarchies, must also be considered for successful use of opportunities.

Local CEOs and environmentally-friendly enterprise behaviour

Using the Poisson regression method, this research analyses the impact of local CEOs on the environmentally friendly behaviours of enterprises and delves into the mechanisms, which have received limited attention in the literature. The findings reveal that local CEOs can significantly encourage enterprises to engage in environmentally friendly behaviours, and this influence is mediated primarily through internal motivation and external sanctions. Additionally, the research revealed that the promotion effect of local CEOs on the environmentally friendly behaviours of enterprises is more pronounced in regions with favourable natural endowments and in private enterprises. Even under the pressure of tenure, local CEOs continue to significantly stimulate the implementation of environmentally friendly practices and complement the formal institutional framework through their informal institutional role.

Influencing factors and countermeasures of training willingness of high-quality farmers in Jiangxi, China

This paper studies the factors influencing the training willingness of high-quality farmers, which is of great significance to improve the training efficiency. Through face-to-face interviews with 18 farmer trainees and online surveys of 514 farmer trainees, It was found that training content, training service and farmers' perception of training policy had significant impact on training willingness. However, demographic factors such as gender, age, education level, Agricultural post and previous farm income had insignificance on training intention. On this basis, countermeasures and suggestions were put forward from three aspects to improve the training willingness of high-quality farmers. Through pre-training demand survey, precise training content was proposed. Optimizing the training service and improving the satisfaction of training service, and improving policies and systems to protect the interests of farmers participating in training can be meaningful to enhance the internal motivation of farmers to actively participate in education and training.

Explore the Evolution of Computer Network Architecture

Since the invention of computer networks in the 1960s, their architecture has undergone many major innovations and evolutions. This review aims to sort out and analyze this evolution process and reveal its internal motivations and fundamental driving forces. We will analyze the development of network architecture from multiple dimensions such as network topology, protocol stack, and control mechanism, and reveal the internal logic of the architecture evolving with the times.First, the paper reviews the origins of computer network development, explains the original packet switching ideas and ARPANET architecture, and analyzes its influence on later generations. Then it focuses on the birth of the TCP/IP protocol family and its architecture, analyzing its design concepts and innovations. Subsequently, the paper will explore the rise of the Internet and the formation of its layered architecture model, commenting on the advantages and disadvantages of this model. We will also examine the ideas and attempts of the next generation Internet architecture, such as active networks and content-centric networks, and analyze their challenges and limitations.In addition, the paper will explore the new changes brought about by emerging network paradigms such as software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) to network architecture, and comment on their advantages and impacts. We will also focus on the driving role of emerging paradigms such as cloud computing and edge computing on network architecture. Finally, the paper will look forward to new trends and challenges in the development of future network architecture, such as the potential application prospects of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain in network architecture. By comprehensively analyzing and summarizing the evolution of network architecture, the paper hopes to provide readers with a macro perspective and a deep understanding of the internal driving force and development logic of network architecture innovation. This will not only help us understand the past, but also provide inspiration and ideas for future network architecture innovation.

Exploring factors influencing work productivity: A qualitative case study of employee motivation and leadership practices

Work productivity is essential for organisational success, yet the reasons for varying levels of productivity among individuals are still not fully understood. This qualitative case study explores the elements that impact employee productivity and leadership practices through an examination of a private Business College’s Headquarter office in England. The study investigates motivational factors and engagement techniques used in this office through interviews with personnel and management. By studying real-world examples like this private business college, this research develops our understanding of productivity and leadership in contemporary business environments. The research aims to investigate the complex factors influencing employee productivity by drawing on motivational theories such as Self-Determination Theory and Expectancy Theory, as well as insights from leadership literature on transformational leadership and employee engagement. Early findings indicate that internal motivators, such as autonomy, competency, and purpose, are crucial in enhancing employee productivity. Leadership styles that exhibit empathy, honesty, and a shared vision promote trust and cooperation, leading to increased employee engagement and performance. This research intends to provide important insights on employee productivity and leadership practices in the Headquarter office of a private business college setting by using a qualitative case study technique.

EXPRESS: The Minority Ownership Awareness Effect: When Promoting Minority Ownership Increases Brand Evaluations

Recent social movements, such as Black Lives Matter, have prompted brands and retailers to increase the use of minority ownership labels (e.g., Black-owned or woman-owned). The current research examines when and why minority ownership awareness influences consumer behavior, particularly for brand failures. When a brand failure occurs, minority ownership awareness can result in higher brand evaluations and greater willingness to pay, a phenomenon referred to as the minority ownership awareness effect. This effect and its boundary conditions are demonstrated through five experiments and analyses of over 27,000 Google reviews for Black-owned restaurants. The authors propose that minority ownership awareness invokes a type of underdog effect which is pronounced in situations involving product (vs. moral) failures, among people with low (vs. high) social dominance orientation, and among those people with a high (vs. low) internal motivation to respond without prejudice.

Improving Treatment in Treatment Court: A Qualitative Interpretive Meta-Synthesis (QIMS) of the Drug Court Experience

Drug courts have played a key role in criminal justice reform, particularly in supporting substance use and mental health disorder recovery. Little is known, though, related to drug court participants’ views on the strengths of the program that support their recovery and what suggestions they have to improve programming. This qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis (QIMS) provides a behind-the-scenes perspective of drug court programming from the voices of participants (n = 183). Based on data extracted from a synthesis of nine qualitative studies, three new themes emerged related to the strengths of drug court that support recovery and suggestions to improve programming. The new themes are: (1) Improving treatment in treatment court; (2) The interplay between internal motivation for change and dignity and respect for all; and (3) Being future oriented: Developing a sustainable recovery support system. Implications for drug court practice, policy advocacy, and future research are discussed. Drug courts should revisit how clinical information is exchanged between treatment providers and the justice system, and potentially reduce this collaboration. Furthermore, recommendations are offered on how drug courts can support participants in developing internal motivation for recovery and in sustaining recovery post-drug court.

Emotional intelligence and organizational commitment: An affective association in the context of Lebanese universities

This paper aims to assess the influence of emotional intelligence on organizational commitment. A quantitative survey was conducted among the academic staff of Lebanese universities to reach this objective. This research paper is an explanatory, descriptive, and confirmatory study. This cross-sectional study is based on a quantitative method to examine the validity of the theory or model. This research favors the deductive approach. This approach enables the deduction of a general conclusion from hypotheses. The structured questionnaire is constructed on the theoretical constructs of the mixed approach of the Goleman model, evaluating the following six components: self-awareness, self-control, internal motivation, empathy, leadership skills, and interpersonal relationship management. Empirical testing incorporates the plurality of causes and effects of interaction in this explanatory, descriptive research. Universities confront a lack of employee commitment. Emotional appreciation drives commitment to the organization. E.I. denotes the aptitude to detect, categorize, and use feelings to smooth rational decisions. The study verified that E.I. components significantly and positively influence organizational commitment, with internal motivation having the highest influence in Lebanese universities. Soft skills are essential abilities. Decision-makers and managers of Lebanese universities, conscious and attentive to the influence of employees' emotions, should integrate emotional intelligence into their managerial practices. To build and maintain organizational commitment, displaying appropriate emotions, interpersonal relationships, and communication are compulsory.

A Qualitative Study of Factors Perceived to Influence Physical Activity among Young Athletes after ACL Reconstruction.

Despite evidence of alarming declines in physical activity levels after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), very little is known about how young athletes perceive their experiences with engagement in sports and physical activity in the years following ACLR. The purpose of this study was to answer the research question, "what are the lived experiences and perceptions of factors that facilitate or hinder physical activity among young athletes following ACLR?". Qualitative Study. Ten participants were included in this qualitative study at a median of 5.9 (4.3-10.2) years after adolescent ACLR. Using an interpretive phenomenological methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant. Data collection focused on participants' lived experiences related to physical activity participation in the years after ACLR. Iterative coding with two independent coders and a peer debriefing process were used to identify themes from the data. Factors perceived to influence physical activity after ACLR spanned all levels of the socioecological framework. Three overarching themes were generated during thematic analysis: 1) navigation of barriers (common obstacles, injury-related limitations, unique adaptations), 2) movement motives (ingrained desire to move, external motivators, internal motivation), and 3) movement mindset (envisions for future physical activity, perceived impact of injury, belief in the power of sports). The themes identified in this study indicate that the adolescent ACLR experience has the potential to significantly influence one's physical activity into young adulthood, both positively and negatively. These findings serve as an important foundation for future studies to explore the psychological and environmental factors identified as important to one's physical activity participation in the years following adolescent ACLR. Level 3.

Influence of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises Taxpayer Compliance Factors in Bandung

The Indonesian State Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBN) is primarily funded by taxes. There are 65.5 million micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia, making them a sector with a significant potential to assist with tax payments. In order for MSMEs to actively participate in taxation, the government continues to provide various facilities. The Indonesian tax self-assessment system, on the other hand, grants the taxpayer authority to determine the amount of tax owed, which necessitates the taxpayer's awareness and complete compliance. As a result, research was conducted on the factors that influence MSME taxpayer compliance, using tax knowledge, taxpayer awareness, and taxpayer motivation as the variables. Using a purposive sampling strategy, this study selected 100 MSMEs from Bandung with diverse industrial backgrounds and characteristics as the sample population. This study employs quantitative and explanatory analysis methods, as well as a questionnaire as the research medium. PLS-SEM was also used for analysis, and two assessments, the measurement model (validity) and the structural model assessment, were performed. This study found that taxpayer awareness has no significant impact on tax compliance, while tax literacy and taxpayer motivation have a significant impact. Accurate tax reporting and payment are supported by solid literacy. Because taxpayers are unaware of government losses, their awareness has less of an impact. Compliance is largely driven by internal and external motivation

The subjective side of real estate fraud

The article deals with the subjective side of the criminal offense under Article 190 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in particular, real estate fraud. The author establishes that the subjective side of a criminal offense is of great importance for characterizing fraud. As is known, the subjective side of a criminal offense is its internal side, namely, the mental activity of a person which reflects his/her attitude to the socially dangerous act which he/she commits and its consequences. It is noted that the content of the subjective side of the criminal offense of real estate fraud includes such features as guilt, motive and mercenary purpose. The author concludes that when committing real estate fraud, a person realizes the socially dangerous nature of the offense which he/she commits. Guilt in committing real estate fraud is characterized by direct intent, the content of which is formed by two aspects – intellectual and volitional. The mercenary purpose in committing real estate fraud is expressed in obtaining personal property benefits and is a necessary subjective feature of this type of fraud; it arises in the mind of the guilty person in the form of the final result of the criminal offense – the achievement of material benefit. The motives for committing real estate fraud are of a mercenary nature. They are manifested as internal motivations that guide the perpetrator in committing real estate fraud and form the structure of criminal mercenary motivation. Real estate fraud is committed by persons who are psychologically prepared to commit a criminal offense, clearly realize the illegal actions aimed at seizing ownership of residential property, clearly realize the illegal actions aimed at seizing ownership of someone else’s real estate (to obtain money in a particularly large amount), and the consequences in the form of harm to the victim. Persons who develop such fraudulent schemes mislead victims about their true criminal intentions or abuse the victim’s trust for material gain. The criminals are certainly guided by a selfish purpose and mercenary motives that are fundamental to their behavior.

Stress resistance as an indicator of psychological readiness for professional activities of modern youth

Introduction. The problem of stress tolerance does not lose its relevance today, the concept of stress tolerance is increasingly being discussed in the discourses of the European Union and international organizations. In modern conditions, a person performs responsible tasks in a difficult environment of constant exposure to psychogenic factors: physical overloads, intense work of attention, the need for continuous analysis of rapidly changing situations and their uncertainty, etc. In this regard, the problem of the importance of stress tolerance as an indicator and a possible component of psychological readiness for professional activity of modern youth is of particular relevance. The expediency of considering a single socio-psychological aspect of readiness for professional activity, which includes an inseparable set of personal formations and a state of focus on certain actions, is emphasized. Materials and methods. The respondents were 230 students of both sexes, the average age was 21 ± 2.3 years. The following diagnostic methods were used: S. Muddy's resilience test (adapted by D. A. Leontyev, E. I. Rasskazova), a stress resistance test that reveals the current level of stress (Boston stress resistance test), a method for diagnosing coping behavior in stressful situations (S. Norman, D. Endler, D. James, M. Parker), K. Zamfir’s technique modified by A.A. Reana “Motivation for professional activity”; questionnaire of volitional self-control A.G. Zverkov, E.V. Eidman (VSK), “Self-Confidence Scale” S. Reizas. The statistical reliability of the results is ensured by using the following procedures: descriptive statistics (analysis of intragroup means and standard deviations), Student's t-test. Results. The study found that 50% of students in group 1 (with a low level of resilience) have a reduced level of stress resistance, 50% of students in group 2 (with an average level of resilience) and 57.2% of group 3 (with a high level of resilience) have an average level of stress resistance. It was also established that the proper level of internal motivation, volitional self-control and assertiveness was revealed in the subjects with the highest stress resistance indicators. That is, the higher the stress tolerance indicators, the more effectively a person will be able to cope with difficulties and problems that arise on his way to the goal, the more likely he will make every effort to achieve a successful result and enjoy it. Conclusion. The results obtained suggest that the ability to withstand stress will allow a young specialist not only to cope with difficulties and problems that arise on his way to the goal but also to attach less importance to external circumstances which can have a positive impact on future professional activities.

The role of a team psychological safety feeling in teamwork in the classroom

Active cooperation is expected from the student in the education center, which is associated with fears of expressing their opinions, because a possible mistake may result in a negative reaction from the environment. In our research, we investigated the impact of team psychological safety feelings on students' willingness to engage in active learning. 244 students aged 18 and 19 participated in the research. A mixed methods approach was used to obtain the necessary data. By data analysis, we revealed three separate dimensions in respondents' answers to questionnaire items. According to our findings, students' involvement in active learning is strongly supported by their internal motivation to acquire new knowledge and trust in the class collective. A sense of psychological team safety has an important place in encouraging the student to engage in common activities. At the same time, we found that the teacher has a decisive influence on building the student's trust in the class team.