Internal Mobile Research Articles

A Deep Learning Framework for Evaluating the Over-the-Air Performance of the Antenna in Mobile Terminals.

This study introduces RTEEMF (Real-Time Evaluation Electromagnetic Field)-PhoneAnts, a novel Deep Learning (DL) framework for the efficient evaluation of mobile phone antenna performance, addressing the time-consuming nature of traditional full-wave numerical simulations. The DL model, built on convolutional neural networks, uses the Near-field Electromagnetic Field (NEMF) distribution of a mobile phone antenna in free space to predict the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), Total Radiated Power (TRP), and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) across various configurations. By converting antenna features and internal mobile phone components into near-field EMF distributions within a Huygens' box, the model simplifies its input. A dataset of 7000 mobile phone models was used for training and evaluation. The model's accuracy is validated using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSR) for SAR and TRP, and the Feature Selection Validation Method (FSV) for EIRP. The proposed model achieves remarkable computational efficiency, approximately 2000-fold faster than full-wave simulations, and demonstrates generalization capabilities for different antenna types, various frequencies, and antenna positions. This makes it a valuable tool for practical research and development (R&D), offering a promising alternative to traditional electromagnetic field simulations. The study is publicly available on GitHub for further development and customization. Engineers can customize the model using their own datasets.

Synaptic Transistors Based on PVA: Chitosan Biopolymer Blended Electric-Double-Layer with High Ionic Conductivity.

This study proposed a biocompatible polymeric organic material-based synaptic transistor gated with a biopolymer electrolyte. A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA):chitosan (CS) biopolymer blended electrolyte with high ionic conductivity was used as an electrical double layer (EDL). It served as a gate insulator with a key function as an artificial synaptic transistor. The frequency-dependent capacitance characteristics of PVA:CS-based biopolymer EDL were evaluated using an EDL capacitor (Al/PVA: CS blended electrolyte-based EDL/Pt configuration). Consequently, the PVA:CS blended electrolyte behaved as an EDL owing to high capacitance (1.53 µF/cm2) at 100 Hz and internal mobile protonic ions. Electronic synaptic transistors fabricated using the PVA:CS blended electrolyte-based EDL membrane demonstrated basic artificial synaptic behaviors such as excitatory post-synaptic current modulation, paired-pulse facilitation, and dynamic signal-filtering functions by pre-synaptic spikes. In addition, the spike-timing-dependent plasticity was evaluated using synaptic spikes. The synaptic weight modulation was stable during repetitive spike cycles for potentiation and depression. Pattern recognition was conducted through a learning simulation for artificial neural networks (ANNs) using Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology datasheets to examine the neuromorphic computing system capability (high recognition rate of 92%). Therefore, the proposed synaptic transistor is suitable for ANNs and shows potential for biological and eco-friendly neuromorphic systems.

The Persian Version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS-Fa): Translation and Validation Study.

Approximately 110 million Farsi speakers worldwide have access to a growing mobile app market. Despite restrictions and international sanctions, Iran's internal mobile health app market is growing, especially for Android-based apps. However, there is a need for guidelines for developing health apps that meet international quality standards. There are also no tools in Farsi that assess health app quality. Developers and researchers who operate in Farsi could benefit from such quality assessment tools to improve their outputs. This study aims to translate and culturally adapt the Mobile Application Rating Scale in Farsi (MARS-Fa). This study also evaluates the validity and reliability of the newly developed MARS-Fa tool. We used a well-established method to translate and back translate the MARS-Fa tool with a group of Iranian and international experts in Health Information Technology and Psychology. The final translated version of the tool was tested on a sample of 92 apps addressing smartphone addiction. Two trained reviewers completed an independent assessment of each app in Farsi and English. We reported reliability and construct validity estimates for the objective scales (engagement, functionality, aesthetics, and information quality). Reliability was based on the evaluation of intraclass correlation coefficients, Cronbach α and Spearman-Brown split-half reliability indicators (for internal consistency), as well as Pearson correlations for test-retest reliability. Construct validity included convergent and discriminant validity (through item-total correlations within the objective scales) and concurrent validity using Pearson correlations between the objective and subjective scores. After completing the translation and cultural adaptation, the MARS-Fa tool was used to assess the selected apps for smartphone addiction. The MARS-Fa total scale showed good interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.83, 95% CI 0.74-0.89) and good internal consistency (Cronbach α=.84); Spearman-Brown split-half reliability for both raters was 0.79 to 0.93. The instrument showed excellent test-retest reliability (r=0.94). The correlations among the MARS-Fa subdomains and the total score were all significant and above r=0.40, suggesting good convergent and discriminant validity. The MARS-Fa was positively and significantly correlated with subjective quality (r=0.90, P<.001), and so were the objective subdomains of engagement (r=0.85, P<.001), information quality (r=0.80, P<.001), aesthetics (r=0.79, P<.001), and functionality (r=0.57, P<.001), indicating concurrent validity. The MARS-Fa is a reliable and valid instrument to assess mobile health apps. This instrument could be adopted by Farsi-speaking researchers and developers who want to evaluate the quality of mobile apps. While we tested the tool with a sample of apps addressing smartphone addiction, the MARS-Fa could assess other domains or issues since the Mobile App Rating Scale has been used to rate apps in different contexts and languages.

ECG-Based Techniques to Optimize Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters: Rationale for Tip Positioning and Practical Use.

Intracavitary electrocardiography is an accurate guidance technique for peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) tip location that is spreading widely among providers using non x-ray-based facilities. The principle behind this technology relies on the transmission of the electrocardiographic signal at the tip of the catheter and its use as an internal mobile electrode, allowing the system to identify the cavo-atrial junction (CAJ) through internal P-wave amplitude modulations. The gain in popularity of intracavitary electrography and its large diffusion have led manufacturers to offer various devices with heterogeneous properties, among which clinician who place PICCs have to choose. It is therefore important to understand differences between available techniques and devices. The potential impact might not only affect availability and costs but also the clinical impact through advantages and limitations regarding electric signal transmission PICC selection. Current perspectives on intracavitary electrocardiography will also be discussed, to give the reader a global view of the management of electrocardiographically guided PICCs, especially in an environment without x-ray support.

Hemorrhagic Retinal Macrocyst with Retinal Detachment

Purpose: To report a satisfactory clinical outcome of hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst with retinal detachment after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection. Case summary: A 33-year-old man visited our clinic with a 1-week history of visual disturbance in his left eye. His ocular and medical history were unremarkable, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the left eye was 20/40. Fundoscopic examination of the left eye showed a hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst that was well-demarcated, semi-transparent, dome-shaped, and larger than 8 disc diameters at the superonasal location, with macular-off retinal detachment. B-scan ultrasonography also confirmed the presence of an intra-retinal cystic lesion with internal mobile echogenic signals representing blood. The patient underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, barrier laser photocoagulation around the retinal tear and boundary of the cyst, and silicone oil injection, without any other additional procedures for the hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst. After the surgery, the patient stayed in the face down position for two weeks. Three months postoperatively, a completely collapsed hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst with successful retinal reattachment was observed. Six months later, the BCVA in the left eye had improved to 20/30. One year later, even after silicon oil removal, the collapsed hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst and reattached retina remained stable.Conclusions: A hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst with retinal detachment was successfully treated with pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade.

A nonequilibrium thermodynamic model for viscoplasticity coupled with damage for BCC metals

We present a physically enhanced ductile damage model applicable for body centered cubic (BCC) metals. The current proposition extends the authors’ recent work on thermo-viscoplasticity based on two-temperature thermodynamics and physics of disparate types of dislocation densities. The description of the thermodynamic system involves primarily two types of variables (or degrees of freedom, DOFs) representing several micro/meso-scopic processes occurring in two separable time-scales during ductile damage. Processes of rearrangement and movement of defects, namely dislocations, voids, micro-cracks, take place in a time scale much slower than that of the vibration of atoms about their equilibrium positions in the lattice. Consequently, they appear in the thermodynamic theory in terms of slow configurational DOFs and the fast kinetic vibrational DOFs respectively. While we consider physics based internal variables, e.g., mobile and forest dislocation densities, for modeling viscoplasticity alone, material degradation due to ductile damage is treated in a phenomenological fashion taking recourse to the framework of continuum damage mechanics. In order to assess the performance of our proposal, numerical experiments on boundary value problems of viscoplasticity with or without damage are carried out and validated against available experimental evidence.

КОРРЕЛЯЦИОННЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ОСНОВНЫХ ГРАНИЦ ОСАДОЧНОГО ЧЕХЛА СЕВЕРО-УСТЮРТСКОГО РЕГИОНА

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью наращивания ресурсной базы Республики Казахстан за счет открытия новых месторождении нефти и газа в Северо-Устюртском регионе. Цель: определение корреляционной связи структурных элементов крупных геоструктур Северо-Устюртского региона. Объекты: поверхности фундамента и палеозоя, подошвы юрских и меловых отложений Северо-Устюртского региона. Методы: переведение в цифровой формат серии структурных карт: по поверхности фунда­мента, палеозоя, доюрской поверхности, подошве мела Северо-Устюртской региона с помощью программных средств Didger, Surfer, ArcGIS, Geosoft; количественный корреляционный анализ основных геологических границ в программном комплексе COSCAD 3D. Результаты. В Устюртском регионе по характеру коррелируемости поверхности фундамента и палеозоя, подошвы юрских и меловых отложений выделены три группы геоструктур. В первую группу вошли подвижные складчатые системы и «мобильные углы», в которых коэффициенты корреляции вышеуказанных границ проявляются слабо либо не проявляются вовсе (Южно-Эмбенское поднятие, Арало-Кызылкумский вал, Центрально-Устюртская система дислокации, Горный Мангышлак). Вторую группу формируют внутренние мобильные элементы, обособляющиеся как крупные положительные структуры характеризующиеся экстремально высокими значениями коэффициентов корреляции по поверхности фундамента и палеозоя, подошвы юрских и меловых отложений, (Бузачинский выступ, Актумсукское поднятие, Куаныш-Коскалинский вал, Байчагыр-Яркимбайский свод). Третью группу геоструктур образуют тектонические элементы внутренних районов Северо-Устюртского региона (Северо-Устюртская система прогибов, Челкарская и Барсакельмесская депрессии), характеризующиеся длительным и унаследованным прогибанием в фанерозое и высокой коррелируемостью поверхности фундамента и палеозоя, подошвы юры и мела.

Application of the Darcy-Stefan model to investigate the thawing subsidence around the wellbore in the permafrost region

A key challenge in Exploring oil and gas resources in permafrost regions is to predict the thawing subsidence of frozen soil around the wellbore. At present, the traditional thermo-hydro-mechanic (THM) model calculates thawing subsidence without actually considering the spatial-temporal evolution of the thawed-frozen boundary. The Darcy-Stefan model is used to describe the internal mobile interface problems in the heat transfer of saturated porous media due to ice/water phase transitions. In this paper, we established the coupling model of the Darcy-Stefan model and the elastic theory of porous media, including boundary conditions of heat transfer and Darcy flow on the moving boundary. The new model was validated through a series of small-scale examples and a test well in the Arctic region, which demonstrated the predicted subsidence amount of ground surface around the wellhead was in good agreement with the field test data. Further research indicated that with the increase of the thawing zone, the accuracy of calculation for the thawing subsidence could be significantly improved by using the THM model and considering the internal moving boundary. The models and conclusions in this paper can help design more reliable wellbore in permafrost regions throughout the expected life.

Characterization of air velocities near greenhouse internal mobile screens using 3D sonic anemometry

In Dutch greenhouses, different screen types are used for different purposes (shading, energy saving, black-out, light emission, etc.). In order to quantify the energy and mass transfers through screens, characterization of air permeability through the screens is required. In the case of energy-saving screens, it is an essential parameter to estimate the energy saving of each screen. Air permeability can be measured under defined conditions in a laboratory. In order to select the appropriate equipment for air velocity measurements, the air velocity vector near screens in a practical situation in a greenhouse needs to be identified by measurements. Sonic anemometry techniques have been used extensively in different types of greenhouses: a) to study natural ventilation, with and without insect screens, and in different positions; b) to study airflow patterns in greenhouses with mechanical ventilation/pad and fan systems; c) to study airflow patterns induced by different types of heating systems, and d) for the estimation of crop evapotranspiration (i.e., eddy covariance). However, to the best of our knowledge, no research has been carried out to study the airflow near different types of screens in a greenhouse. Many Dutch growers are increasingly using various types of fans with different positions in the greenhouse for dehumidification and improved climate uniformity purposes. The effect of such fans on the air velocity near screens, and therefore the effect on energy and mass transfer, is unknown. For this purpose, air velocities near different types of screens in commercial greenhouses were measured using ultrasonic 3D anemometers. The results show that, in the absence of fans, air velocity near the screens is affected by vent opening. With vents closed, air velocities are hardly ever above 0.2 m s-1. Therefore, a simple air-suction device can be used to characterize permeability of screens at a very low Reynolds range.

Sensitivity Analysis of an Attack-Pattern Discovery Based Trusted Routing Scheme for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks in Industrial IoT

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are pervasive autonomous networks that will play a vital role in future Industrial Internet-of-Things communication, where smart devices will be connected in a completely distributed manner. However, due to lack of infrastructure and absence of centralized administration, MANETs are shrouded with various security threats. Some internal mobile nodes in these resource constrained networks may compromise the routing mechanism in order to launch denial-of-service attacks to carry out distinct kinds of packet forwarding misbehaviors. In order to address this issue, in our previous paper, we devised a trusted routing scheme with pattern discovery (TRS-PD), which identifies packet dropping adversaries in advance by monitoring and analyzing their behavior during route discovery phase. In this paper, we perform sensitivity analysis of TRS-PD which is carried out by varying values of different parameters in distinct network scenarios in the existence of three distinct packet dropping attacks. In addition, this work summarizes the attack-pattern discovery mechanism, trust model, and routing mechanism adopted by TRS-PD in order to counter the adversaries which follow certain attack patterns along with other adversaries. Experiments conducted with network simulator-2 indicate the correct choices of parameter values for distinct network scenarios.

Polycast: A new paradigm for information-centric data delivery in heterogeneous mobile fog networks

Within the emerging fog network, mobile devices along with local sensors and actuators dynamically form an ad hoc network. As mobile ad hoc networks frequently merge and split in such mobile fog network scenarios, the node addresses must be changed too. This implies that a session may be broken if one of the peers is assigned a new IP address. To overcome this problem, this article proposes a novel structured late-binding address that makes use of node contexts to determine the logical destination group carried in the packet header. The idea is to hide internal mobile ad hoc network details (e.g. addresses) from external sources. The mobile ad hoc network advertises only its own ID and the list of internal contexts. When an external sender transmits a packet to a remote mobile ad hoc network, it must choose first the combination of contexts (i.e. qualifications) that an internal node must present to get the packet. This gives rise to a new data delivery paradigm called polycast. Namely, the physical identities of the destination(s) are determined only when the packet reaches the target mobile ad hoc network. Consequently, the number of destinations can vary from zero (no match) to unicast and multicast depending on the set of contexts. Say, the destinations and routing mode (e.g. unicast, multicast, or broadcast) are determined by the contexts. Simulation models are used to evaluate the scheme and to determine sensitivity to network variables.

Context Management for Supporting Context-aware Android Applications Development

&lt;p class="0abstract"&gt;Building context-aware mobile applications is one of the most ambitious areas of research. Such applications can change their behavior according to context or perform specific tasks in specific contexts. Regardless of the application, all context-aware mobile applications share the need to retrieve and process context information. This paper presents a Context Management tool for the Android platform (ACM). ACM allows easy access to internal on-board mobile sensors and hardware features extracting corresponding raw data. Raw context is processed into higher-level more human-readable context that is provided seamlessly to the mobile applications. Different methods are used for this purpose including fuzzy classifiers. Since different mobiles have different sensors and hardware features, ACM can adapt to the mobile device by deactivating access to unavailable ones. Information regarding the available sensors and hardware features and their specifications can also be queried. Additionally, applications can request notifications regarding context change or specific context values. In addition to providing developers with supporting classes and methods, ACM is accompanied by an application that allows developers to examine its functionality and capabilities before using it. The application can be also used to examine the readings of the different sensors in different situations and thus calibrate them as needed. Additionally, it can be used to modify and personalize default interpretations of raw context values to high-level ones. ACM has been tested empirically and the results show extreme interest of context-aware mobile application developers in its promising capabilities and that it is conducive to facilitating, speeding up and triggering development of many more of such applications.&lt;/p&gt;

Investigation of Dosimetry in Four Human Head Models for Planar Monopole Antenna with a Coupling Feed for LTE/WWAN/WLAN Internal Mobile Phone

— The objective of the present study is to evaluate the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) within the human head model exposed to the radiation of planar monopole antenna with T-shaped coupling feed and an inductive shorting strip. The presented design has a compact structure, a planar configuration and occupying a small size of 36×20mm 2 . Two wide bands can be generated by the proposed antenna 546 MHz (734-1280 MHz) and 1066 MHz (1934-3000 MHz) for the LTE/WWAN/WLAN internal mobile phone. The antenna performance parameters comprising return loss, radiation patterns, and gain are discussed. In this research work four different human head models have been implemented: homogenous spherical head, spherical seven layer model, Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin (SAM) phantom and HUGO human head model. On the other hand the effects of operating frequency and gap distance between the mobile phone antenna and the human head model on distributions of the SAR inside the human head are investigated. All the simulations are done for three different distances between the antenna and the head model (5 mm, 10 mm and 20 mm). Moreover, the SAR levels for the head tissues are calculated in accordance to the two currently accepted standards: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).

A 3D Localization Approach for Subsea Pipelines Using a Spherical Detector

A 3D localization approach for subsea pipelines is proposed using an internal mobile spherical detector without any external auxiliary location measurements. The process of solving for the pipeline orientation using the magnetic field and acceleration measured simultaneously by the spherical detector is formulated in the rotating sensor frame. Specifically, when the frames of the accelerometer and magnetometer are identical, the measured acceleration can be used to construct the rotation matrix to map the rotating sensor frame to the stationary pipe frame. This transformation by the rotation matrix can be applied to the measured rotating magnetic field to solve the orientation equations. The rolling frequency of the detector is used to calculate the spherical detector’s velocity and mileage within the pipeline. The approach and the system have been successfully applied in a 30-km long oil pipeline. After calibration by aligning the calculated and actual pipeline ends through 3D rotation, an absolute localization error of 1.2 km is achieved. This result is promising as an initial model for future use with external measurements.

Cogging Force Analysis of Linear Permanent Magnet Machines Using a Hybrid Analytical Model

The aim of this paper is, first, to extend the application of the hybrid analytical modeling (HAM) approach for the analysis of tubular linear machines (TLPM), something that has never been reported yet in the scientific literature. The HAM consists of a strong coupling between the reluctance network and the Fourier series solution of magnetic scalar potential. In order to assess the merits and capabilities of the HAM, it is applied to the study of the cogging force in linear machines and compared with finite element analyses (FEA). The cogging force is a global quantity, which is very sensitive to magnetic field computation accuracy and constitutes, therefore, a good measure of the accuracy of the HAM as compared with FEA. The HAM should require less computation time as compared with FEA, and is then more suitable for predesign stage. Three different structures are analyzed: a flat linear machine, a TLPM with internal mobile armature, and, finally, a TLPM with external mobile armature. The analyses are conducted, considering the effect of magnetic saturation.

Self-Powered Piezoionic Strain Sensor toward the Monitoring of Human Activities.

Wearable sensors for the detection of human activities including subtle physiological signals and large-scale body motion as well as distinguishing the motion direction are highly desirable, but still a challenge. A flexible wearable piezoionic strain sensor based on the ionic polymer membrane sandwiched between two conductive electrodes is developed. This ionic polymer sensor can generate electrical signal output (≈mV) with rapid response (≈50 ms) under the applied bending deformation due to the internal mobile ion redistribution. Compared with the currently studied resistive and capacitive sensors, this sensor can generate sensing signals without the requirement of additional power supply, and is able to distinguish the direction of the bending strain by observing the direction of generated electrical signals. For the sensor with metallic electrode, an output voltage of 1.3 mV is generated under a bending-induced strain of 1.8%, and this voltage can be largely increased when replacing the metallic electrodes by graphene composites. After simple encapsulation of the piezoionic sensor, a wearable sensor is constructed and succeeded in monitoring the diverse human activities ranging from complex large scale multidimensional motions to subtle signals, including wrist bending with different directions, sitting posture sensing, pulse wave, and finger touch.

СТЕНД ДЛЯ ОБКАТКИ И ИСПЫТАНИЙ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ МОБИЛЬНОЙ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ МАЛОЙ МОЩНОСТИ

The purpose of research is to improve the quality of production and repair internal low-power mobile farm combustion engines. To achieve this goal it was suggested to carry out running and testing the engines of small tools and equipment in specialized economical braking stands. The design of such stand, consisting of internal combustion engine, connected crank shaft with asynchronous electric machine with wound rotor, connected to the three-phase network, and matrix converter frequency included in the three-phase electrical network and consisting of nine bidirectional transistor switches, which receive signals space-vector control with automatic control system connected with the test equipment on the basis of a personal computer on which the signals from the sensors mounted on the internal combustion engine is also coming. This stand design for running and testing of internal combustion engines of mobile low power farm machinery is technically easy to manufacture and cost-effective to use. In addition, the design feature of the proposed technical solution is characterized by high energy efficiency and reliability, small dimensions and weight parameters, and wide range of speed control asynchronous machine with wound rotor.

ВНУТРИТРУБНАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА ГАЗОПРОВОДОВ МОБИЛЬНЫМ РОБОТОМ. ЧАСТЬ 1. ГИБРИДНАЯ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ПЕРЕМЕЩЕНИЯ РОБОТА ВНУТРИ ТРУБЫ

ВНУТРИТРУБНАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА ГАЗОПРОВОДОВ МОБИЛЬНЫМ РОБОТОМ. ЧАСТЬ 1. ГИБРИДНАЯ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ПЕРЕМЕЩЕНИЯ РОБОТА ВНУТРИ ТРУБЫ

Rotation of a body with two movable internal masses on a rough plane

The two-dimensional motion of a system consisting of a hollow rigid body, resting on a rough plane, and two internal mobile point masses, capable of moving parallel to the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the body is considered. Friction in the contact area is modelled by a local Amonton–Coulomb law. A dynamically matched linear model is used to describe the normal stress distribution. The possibility of achieving rotation of the system by a certain relative motion of internal masses is investigated. Two control laws for the movable masses are considered: piecewise-linear and harmonic, for which the equations of motion are integrated numerically for different values of the parameters of the control laws. The features of the motion of the system for the chosen laws are analysed. It is established that, for a two-phase piecewise-linear control law, rotation of the system reaches a steady state. The parameters of the piecewise-linear control law, which deliver a maximum of the mean angular velocity of the body in the steady mode of motion are obtained.

Design of a novel dual: band planar inverted F - antenna for mobile radio applications

The design of a novel compact dual band PIFA (Planar Inverted F-Antenna) as an embedded antenna is reported in this paper for mobile radio applications. The new shorted planar antenna is realized using copper sheet of thickness 1mm and air as the dielectric substrate. The radiating patch consists of a branch line slit to reduce the size of the antenna having a ground size of 36 x 80 mm2. It can be used in internal mobile antennas for applications in GSM band, GCV (1.85 - 1.99GHz), PCS - 1900, IMT-2000 and UMTS 2100 networks. The simulations are done using the Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software tool. The two operating frequency ranges obtained have good matching and radiation characteristics. The simulated results are well supported by measured results of the prototype of the antenna fabricated.