Internal Labor Market Research Articles

Does graduate education abroad matter? Evidence from Burkina Faso

ABSTRACT This paper addresses international student migration, return migration and labor market entry by examining the effects of graduate educational migration on employment, type of employment, wage and wait time to obtain employment. Using primary data collected in 2021 on 1774 burkinabè graduates, including non-migrants and migrants (returnees and non-returnees), the results are mixed. Migration for studies does not provide better access to employment for returnees because they take longer to get a job despite having degrees from schools abroad and earning more. Controlling for selection bias, Ph.D. graduates take longer to find jobs than do Master's graduates. Arbitrating between unemployment and a lower-skilled job, the findings highlight that the returnees prefer unemployment. Assignment and queuing theories are supported for returnees.

Corruption, institutional quality, and offshoring: How do they affect comparative advantage, inter‐country wage inequality, and economic growth?

AbstractWe analyze whether, due to the effects on corruption, institutional quality, and offshoring affect comparative advantage, income inequality between countries and economic growth. We start by developing a theoretical model of endogenous R&D growth for an integrated area with two representative countries that differ in the economic development level. Then, we estimate an econometric model with panel data, considering combinations of 14 different countries, between 2000 and 2017. We show that an improvement in offshoring increases the comparative advantage of developing‐South countries and decreases the wage gap between developed‐North and South countries. In turn, an improvement in institutional quality increases the comparative advantage of the North and widens the wage gap between countries. Whatever the improvement, there is always an increase in the world economic growth rate. Thus, all countries can improve their position in international trade, labor market, and economic growth through the conduction of policies that reduce corruption and, respectively, increase the quality of institutions and the attractiveness for the offshoring.

International Migrations and Labour Market Regulation. Spanish Workers in France during the First World War

Abstract A profound, widespread and lasting impact has made the First World War the focus of the early attention of scholars from different fields and backgrounds. Despite the sizeable efforts and progress achieved, some territory remains unexplored. One of these is the foreign workforce’s role and, particularly, the so-called ‘white’ labour force. To fill in the gaps that still exist, this research is divided into four main sections. They include structural and wartime emigration to France, the labour market regulation during the First World War, the migrations to France and its factors, and an approach to differentiation within these migrations. The research builds mainly on exceptional documentation and significant reports found in the French Archives.

From Cinéfondation’s Résidence to film production: The experience of Brazilian filmmakers in an international labour market

Departing from the theoretical tradition of Marxist critique of Political Economy, the article depicts the objective working conditions of three Brazilian filmmakers in an international environment of film production. Also, by carrying out in-depth interviews with them, we analyse their responses to such conditions. We begin with their experience in Cinéfondation Résidence, a programme attached to the Cannes Film Festival dedicated to the development of a screenplay for a first or second long-feature film. In a second stage, we investigate how these professionals deal, after their stay in Résidence, with the contradictions of a labour market marked by precarity. Our conclusions point out the economic logic of a filmmaker’s residency like Résidence that functions as an intermediary between new talents and the film production market, but an intermediation not devoid of contradictions. Thus, we also expose how filmmakers must reconcile the contingencies of this market with their artistic and personal aims in order to make their films.

НАПРЯМКИ РЕФОРМУВАННЯ СУЧАСНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ УЧИТЕЛІВ В КИТАЇ

World globalization processes, scientific and technological progress have caused the need to reform educational systems in many countries. Quality education is considered to be one of the main prerequisites for forming an effective specialist in the international labor market. Teachers are the main participants of the educational process, so reforming the system of teachers professional training is a priority. Studying the processes of reforming teachers education in other countries allows to determine effective measures for its updating and to prevent certain mistakes in the process of reforming the domestic educational system. China is demonstrating active socio-economic development and transformations in many spheres. Education, including teachers preparation, is a priority of reforms in the country. The reform of teachers education in China is multi-vector and involves several areas. Structural reform of the system of teacher education removes restrictions on the introduction of teacher training programs and ensures the openness and expansion of the entire system of teacher education in China. The policy of higher education priority and introduction of mandatory hours for professional development contributes to raising the professional level of teachers in the country. The standardization of educational programs of teachers professional training and mandatory certification of applicants for teaching positions are introduced to ensure a relatively equal level of teachers professionalism in China. Areas such as the study and analysis of reform processes in China's modern teacher education system aimed at overcoming existing problems and shortcomings, as well as the study of innovations in teacher training in various fields of training, may be of interest for further research to identify effective measures. improving the quality of pedagogical education and the possibility of their application in the system of professional training of teachers of Ukraine.

International academic mobility in tourism vocational education as a factor of the international labor market's development

International academic mobility in tourism vocational education as a factor of the international labor market's development

Compensation policies and comparative capitalisms

A widespread rhetoric suggests that market-like rules dominate employment relationships, and particularly compensation, but empirical evidence is inconclusive. This research examines organisations’ compensation policies in clusters of European capitalist economies to test such a hypothesis. Four fuzzy clusters emerged from data, namely, Standard, Internalised, Competitive and Incentive, which illustrates a division between organisation- and market-based models. Collective pay rules characterise organisation-based model, and this is the predominant model in all countries except for the liberal market economies. Firms from different models of capitalism rely on internal labour market pay rules, suggesting that the scope of the liberal market system is narrow. Differences within clusters of capitalist economies suggest a role for agency and hidden labour market specificities in each grouping. The similarities of pay policies open room to identifying capitalist economies differently.

Equity Carve-Outs, Dual Directors, and Internal Labor Markets

Given the prevalence of dual directors who serve simultaneously on the parent as well as the subsidiary board, it is important to examine their functions, a topic largely ignored in the existing literature. Exploring the functions of dual directors highlights equity carve-out objectives other than strategic refocusing. To examine our hypothesis, we first conducted an event study to examine stock market reaction to carve-out decisions. In addition, we compared subsidiaries’ performance after carve-outs between firms with dual directors and their matching firms based on the propensity score. We find evidence that the Japanese stock market reacts positively to the presence of dual directors who hold CEO positions in carve-out subsidiaries, especially when they are relatively young. Additionally, we find that carve-out subsidiaries led by young dual directors tend to outperform their matched counterparts in the long run. In contrast, when dual directors do not hold the CEO position, we find no evidence of the stock market reacting positively to them. The results of this study suggest that young CEOs appointed from the internal labor markets care more about long-term reputation, and can enhance shareholder wealth of both parent and subsidiary firms.

International trade and labour market integration of immigrants

AbstractWe examine whether international trade improves labour market integration of immigrants in Sweden. Immigrants participate substantially less than natives in the labour market. However, trading with a foreign country is expected to increase the demand for immigrants from that country. By hiring immigrants, a firm may access foreign knowledge and networks needed to overcome information frictions in trade. Using granular longitudinal matched employer–employee data and an instrumental variable approach, we estimate the causal effects of a firm’s bilateral trade on employment and wages of immigrants from that country. We find a positive, yet heterogeneous, effect of trade on immigrant employment but no effect on immigrant wages.

РОЗВИТОК МІЖНАРОДНОГО РИНКУ ПРАЦІ: СТРУКТУРНО-ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article examines the key problems of the development of the international labor market and changes in structural components that occur under the influence of globalization and technological processes. It has been established that structural shifts in employment, which are observed by introduction of innovations, lead to significant changes in the international labor market. The strengthening of the role of innovative factors in ensuring the rational use of the labor force of individual countries is substantiated. The segmentation of the international labor market in the conditions of globalization and innovative changes is analyzed. The objectivity of strengthening the role of the segment of highly qualified labor in ensuring the development of the international labor market has been proven. In the process of research, the main factors of innovative development of the international labor market were characterized technological and knowledge factors that affect the general level of competence and skills of the workforce. It was concluded that the introduction of innovative technologies in the conditions of globalization, such as artificial intelligence, digitalization, can contribute to raising the level of qualifications and improving the skills of the workforce. The obtained results indicate that the international labor market undergoes significant changes during periods of economic shocks caused by the pace of economic growth of the world's economies slows down. The usage of new technologies will provide an opportunity to stimulate overall productivity and could affect additional job development in current and new sectors of the economy. Moreover, the quality of these kinds of jobs will require new skills and knowledge from employees and finally will significantly increase competition both in the local and international labor market. Consecutively, the implementation of the following innovative technologies as artificial intelligence, analysis of large amounts of information, and digitalization under globalization could significantly affect the qualification level and skills of a labor force. Furthermore, changing the structure of the international labor market caused by innovations could also affect the overall level of labor force readiness to perceive and generate innovations. Eventually, it results in the opportunity to produce new knowledge and innovations and improve the quality characteristics of the workforce. Keywords: international labor market, factors of innovative development, globalization changes, innovative development of the international labor market.

Technological innovation and the labor market: The two-way non-reciprocal relationships with a focus on the confectionery industry in Poland

PURPOSE: The theoretical aim of this study is to explore the nature of the “technological innovation–labor market” relationships presented recently in the literature, based on publications indexed in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The empirical purpose is to examine these relationships in companies operating in the confectionery industry in Poland. METHODOLOGY: Literature studies, as well as a mixed-method empirical research approach, were used, including an online survey of engineers working in the confectionery industry and the case study method (with interviews and observation). FINDINGS: Publications from the past eleven years have covered the problems of the analyzed relationship but have not taken into consideration the market in Poland or the confectionery industry. More often than the classic literature, these publications present different relationships, not focusing mainly on the issue of unemployment resulting from technological innovation. Meanwhile, empirical studies show that the analyzed relationships are non-reciprocal. Fifty percent of the employees surveyed indicated that implementing technological innovations results in job losses. The remaining respondents were convinced that technological innovation has a neutral quantitative impact on the internal labor market. We identified that technological innovations have an impact on the labor market (both internal and external) more often than changes in the labor market affecting innovations, and that this impact is rather negative. Moreover, empirical research shows that technological innovations are positively connected with qualitative changes in the internal labor market. IMPLICATIONS: This study emphasizes the need for lifelong learning among employees and for a field for development at educational institutions. It should also draw the attention of top managers to the skills that their employees have now and should have in the future. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: The paper presents an original typology of the relationships between technological innovation and the labor market, which can serve as the basis for further development and qualitative or quantitative research. The paper also presents pioneering research because previous studies were not based on a complex framework, including different kinds of impacts (from negative through neutral to positive), treating the labor market and technological innovations relative to each other as dependent or independent variables, or highlighting two types of labor market.

Розвиток soft skills сучасного фахівця в закладі вищої освіти

The article is aimed at studying soft skills that need to be developed by a modern specialist, taking into account trends in their demand both in the domestic and international labor markets and forecasts for their changes in the future, as well as skills that will help a modern specialist to be more confident and competitive in the labor market, will contribute to successful employment, further professional development and career growth. Analyzing, systematizing and summarizing the information of reports and forecasts of the World Economic Forum on the skills in demand in the labor market for the period 2015-2025, as well as information from job search sites, the dynamics of changes taking place as part of the soft skills demanded in the international labor market and the composition of skills that are important for the employment and career of a modern specialist were defined. Based on the generalization of the skills in demand for a modern specialist, the main thematic directions for the formation of the structure of the training course for the development of soft skills are identified, the course itself is focused on mastering specific soft skills in demand both in the current conditions and for the future until 2025, upon which it is necessary to focus more attention in the process of training higher education applicants. Prospects for research in this direction are to determine the dynamics of further changes in the demand for the development of soft skills of future specialists and the development of approaches and technologies for the development of specific soft skills of students in a higher educational institution.

ПОДГОТОВКА СТУДЕНТОВ ИНЖЕНЕРНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА К АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЙ МОБИЛЬНОСТИ

The relevance of the paper is due to the importance of students’ academic mobility as an efficient tool in human capital accumulation, and ensuring the future competitiveness of specialists in the international labor market. The purpose of this paper is to identify the importance of students’ academic mobility, its main criteria, as well as to show the implementation of programs for preparing students for academic mobility at KNRTU. The paper demonstrates the programs for preparing students for academic mobility Psychology of Professional Success and Academic Mobility Training for Studying in French Universities. Every year since 2014, KNTRU has implemented the Preparation for Academic Mobility to French Universities program. The program was created in order to prepare students for academic mobility, acquaint them with training in French universities, i.e. improve and deepen their knowledge of the French language and acquaint them with the French system of higher education. Also, to prepare students for academic mobility, the Psychology of Professional Success program was implemented. This program was successfully completed by 39 KNITU students. The goal of the program Psychology of Professional Success is professional and psychological training of students, increasing the level and readiness for academic mobility, for effective professional activity, forming a general idea of the psychology of human behaviour in various life situations, the development of professional orientation and personality psychology. The result of these programs is that thanks to the new knowledge and skills gained, KNRTU students will be more successful and competitive in their professional activities both at the Russian and world levels.

Learning Project Management. The case of further education in Norway

To succeed in the international labor market, the competence of the workforce is crucial. The need to continually update competence has put life-long learning to the top of the political and research agenda internationally, and higher education plays a key role in the effort to manage this challenge.As working life is changing rapidly, so must businesses and the public sector. In a wide range of organizations and industries, project work is now a common practice and a main catalyst for change. Hence, competence in project management is highly wanted, and has resulted in many courses offered by higher educational institutions.This paper examines the spreading of further education courses on project management and project work offered by public higher educational institutions in Norway. The focus is on which professional fields dominate the teaching of project management and what forms of learning they apply. The study maps the extent to which student active learning is implemented in the course design by looking at which methods of assessment are utilized.The findings show that the professional fields of business administration as well as engineering and technology dominate teaching in project management and project work. There are also indications of widespread use of student active learning in courses of project management, although it is not consistent and how it is implemented in practice needs further investigation.

Analysis of life plans and emigration intentions of pupils and students of border regions of the South of Ukraine (experience of empirical sociological research)

Educational emigration of young people is today one of the most pressing topics, taking into account the place and role of this socio-demographic group in the processes of economic and socio-cultural reproduction of society. In order to clarify the scale and nature of migration sentiments in the field of education, the life plans of young people, the authors of the article within the framework of the grant project “Common Language: public dialogue on the Law of Ukraine “On Education” in the Odessa region” conducted two empirical sociological research: 1) a formalized interview of students, students and their parents; 2) in-depth interviews with representatives of local authorities and self-government bodies, heads of schools and other educational institutions, school teachers, pupils, their parents, students, representatives of public organizations, ethnic communities, employers and representatives of local political parties. Despite the prevailing migration sentiments among some of the respondents, most of them associate their future with Ukraine. The mood for educational emigration is most pronounced among student youth, this is due to the fact that getting an education in foreign countries facilitates the possibility of their employment, including on the international labor market. The authors emphasize the importance of further scientific understanding of topical problems associated with the implementation of educational reform in Ukraine, which has hidden the development of transnational curricula.

ОСВІТНІ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ У СФЕРІ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the changes in the education system in the training of specialists in the field of health care for 2018-2021 in terms of reforming the education system, health care, public administration. The global trends in the development of higher education are generalized: increasing the mobility of students, teaching staff, educational institutions; development and intensification of international research; development of market mechanisms in the management of higher education, etc. Groups of social skills for which employers are creating a stable or growing demand are analyzed. The interconnection of public administration mechanisms has made it possible to study the strategic objectives and conditions for their implementation over the past four years in the field of training specialists in various specialties in the field of health care. The aim of the article is to analyze educational transformations in the field of health care to determine further mechanisms of public administration in solving strategic tasks. The methodological basis of the research was a new legal framework that regulates the process of reforming education and health care in Ukraine at the strategic level: Strategy for Sustainable Development of Ukraine until 2030, Strategy for Health Development of Ukraine until 2030 (draft), Strategy for Medical Development Education (2019), Strategy for the Development of Higher Education in Ukraine (2020). Educational transformations in the development of educational programs for specialties «Dentistry», «Medicine», «Nursing», «Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy», «Pediatrics» based on the competence approach, and the importance of new competencies in the international labor market. There is also a shortage of medical staff in various regions of Ukraine, despite the steady demand for admission to health specialties. The conclusions provide ways to develop public mechanisms for the transformation of educational activities in the field of health care in Ukraine.

Analyses Of Demographic Changes, Labor Market Trends, And Challenges In Albania

Albania has seen significant political and socioeconomic changes in the last 30 years, owing mostly to its participation in democratization and the transition to an open market economy. The purpose of this study is to investigate demographic dynamics in Albania to better understand the country’s current population situation and the near future projection for the period 2025-2031. The relevance of analyzing this topic is to better understand actual demographic changes in Albania and to have a detailed projection of the situation in the near future. The article begins by analyzing important demographic changes and their effects on a country’s economy, specifically the labor market. Furthermore, we demonstrated the trajectory of demographic changes in Albania for various main demographic parameters such as births, deaths, natural increase, marriage, divorces, and numbers of foreigners in Albania, using data from the Institute of Statistics in Albania (INSTAT). The following are presented population projections for ten coming years. The changes that have happened in the labor market are presented here to better comprehend the effects and repercussions of these demographic changes. The descriptive analysis of the main demographic indicators shows that the population is rapidly declining, posing a serious problem with numerous consequences, particularly in the labor market, necessitating the implementation of immediate policies to mitigate this phenomenon and its consequences. It makes a technical contribution by employing an approach that allows for fresh estimations of the amount of internal migration, demographic changes, and labor market issues in Albania. The results of the research can be useful for policymakers to initiate social, fiscal, and incentive policies to mitigate the decline and aging of the population.

Job Tasks, Skill Formation, and Wages: An Internal Labor Market Approach

Job Tasks, Skill Formation, and Wages: An Internal Labor Market Approach

INNOVATIVE MODELS OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Assessing and forecasting employment in international business are important tools for state regulation of the international labor market, and rethinking their role is a necessary condition for overcoming the effects of the global economic crisis. Employment forecasting should be a priority in finding new ways to form an effective international labor market.The purpose of the article is to develop a methodology for studying the factors that determine the capacity, structure and segments of the international labor market.The article considers the issues of identifying and substantiating the factors that determine the capacity, structure and main segments of the labor market in international business. The proposed models of personnel management in international business include a number of successive stages, the algorithm of which allows to obtain sufficiently reasonable results.Analysis of the dynamics of factors over a number of years or several models over a period of time [1-3] allows to establish the basic patterns inherent in the analyzed international market to justify trends in its development and develop a forecast for the future. It is important to identify those factors whose influence will be dominant for this labor market. The effectiveness of international labor market management depends crucially on measures to influence the latter. Based on the results of the analysis, it is advisable to establish the goals of employment promotion policy for the near future, to rank priorities in the implementation of measures to promote employment and social protection in the international labor market.

Problems and opportunities for effective regulation of labor migration in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Demographic trends in Uzbekistan have a specific character associated with the active natural growth of the country's population (in the past 50 years, the country's population has increased by 2.86 times and amounted to 35 million people). In the early 1990s, there was an outflow of people to their historical homeland, the migration balance is still having a negative character. The article analyzes the gender and age composition of the population, changes in the dynamics of indicators of the natural movement of the population, in which the fertility rate decreases, life expectancy increases (73.4 years). The high proportion of young people (up to 60% in the population structure) and the annual high growth of labor resources (about 500 thousand people) creates a burden on the internal labor market. There is a significant flow of labor migration to foreign countries, in which the Russian Federation occupies a leading place. The article analyses of the current reforms in the field of regulation of labor migration, which have been significantly developed under the new government of the country (since 2016), including the establishment of organized forms of labor migration. There are highlighted the present main targets of the Government of Uzbekistan, to create conditions and mechanisms that contribute to ensuring managed and regulated migration flows, legitimate rights and interests of citizens of the country. The author analyzes the trends in the normative and legal regulation of the sphere of labor migration, the relevance of the development of a new draft "Law on External Labor Migration" aimed at improving the efficiency of state bodies in solving complex migration issues. There is shown the institutional reform of the Agency for External Labor Migration in the field of migration management. It is proposed to develop a Concept and Strategy of state policy in the field of labor migration, as basic documents relating migration for the future. There are proposed directions of reforms in the migration sphere, establishment of organized forms of labor migration, expansion of international cooperation, powers of various departments of the country, improvement of the system for collecting statistics and data analysis, and conducting scientific research in the migration sphere.