Internal Labor Market Research Articles

HUMAN RESOURCES AS AN EVALUATION CRITERIA QUALITIES OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM

The article presents the definition and assessment of the role of human potential in ensuring the quality of the implementation of the educational program in the conditions of higher education. It has been proven that the European integration of Ukraine involves ensuring the quality of higher education in order to prepare a competitive specialist for the domestic and international labor market. Specialist training is a multidimensional process that requires special attention to human potential and human resources. Creating adequate conditions for the preparation of competitive human capital also requires a decent level of scientific and pedagogical workers involved in the implementation of the educational program.It is well-founded that the quality of implementation of educational programs depends on the activity of cooperation of internal and external stakeholders. The quality of the implementation of the educational program will be facilitated by systematic measures to improve the professionalism of teachers and the effectiveness of clear and transparent procedures for monitoring the professionalism of scientific and pedagogical workers.It was established that the management of the educational program at the academic level is carried out by the guarantor, whose task is the organization of the collegial development of the educational program, the implementation of quality control of the work of scientific and pedagogical workers, the analysis and implementation of the best experience of world and domestic higher education in the content and technology of the implementation of the educational program; interaction with employers and graduates, etc.It is proven that the development of the educational program requires an effective system of personnel development, the creation of opportunities for self-improvement and self-development of scientific and pedagogical workers who implement the educational program, a systematic study of their professional needs and requests.
 Keywords: quality of education; quality of the educational program; human resources; stakeholders; guarantor; scientific and pedagogical workers; employers; evaluation criteria.

Exploiting Growth Opportunities: The Role of Internal Labour Markets

Abstract We explore how business groups use internal labour markets (ILMs) in response to changing economic conditions. We show that following the exit of a large industry competitor, group-affiliated firms expand, and gain market share by increasing their reliance on the ILM to ensure swift hiring, especially of technical managers and skilled blue collar workers. The ability to take advantage of this shock to growth opportunities is greater in firms with closer access to their affiliates’ human capital, as geographical proximity facilitates employee relocations across units. Overall, our findings point to the ILM as a prominent mechanism making affiliation with a business group valuable at times of change. For the ILM to perform its role in the face of industry shocks, group sectoral diversification must be combined with geographical proximity between affiliates.

Professional foreign language – analysis of motivation and attitudes of healthcare students

The significance of foreign language proficiency in the global environment is characterized as a crucial component for enhancing international communication, collaboration, and labor market mobility. English is currently widely used as the language of international communication in various domains, while German is increasingly becoming the language of communication within the European Union. This paper presents the results of a study conducted on the courses of English Language and German Language in the first year of the undergraduate program in Radiological Technology and Physiotherapy at the Faculty of Health Studies, University of Mostar. The study aimed to analyze students' attitudes and motivation towards learning a foreign language in the context of their studies. The study investigated the factors contributing to students' motivation for learning a foreign language for specific purposes, such as the need for communication within the profession, expectations of employment in an international environment, and personal development aspirations. For this purpose, an anonymous questionnaire was constructed and administered among the target student population (N=95), and statistical analysis of the collected data was performed using the SPSS 20.0 statistical software. The introduction provides an overview of previous research on motivation for learning foreign languages in professional contexts, followed by the presentation of study findings. The obtained results enable a detailed analysis of motivational factors and can be utilized for the development of various teaching approaches and tailored instructional strategies to stimulate student motivation.

European standards in the field of higher education and their implementation in Ukraine: challenges and opportunities

The article analyzes the process of adaptation of European standards of higher education in Ukraine and considers the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation. European and national standards of higher education are compared, the role and requirements for educational institutions and scientific and pedagogical workers are determined, the importance of improving the quality of education is considered. The author of the article established that the implementation of European standards of higher education in Ukraine is an urgent task that creates opportunities for improving the quality of education and increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian graduates on the international labor market. In addition, the implementation of European standards of higher education will contribute to the integration of Ukraine into the European educational space, which will lead to the development of scientific relationship and cooperation between the universities of Ukraine and the countries of the European Union. The article also analyzes issues related to the introduction of European standards in the field of higher education in Ukraine, which were partially studied by Ukrainian and foreign scientists. Thus, there are the opinions of a group of scientists who actively support the process of integration of the higher education system of Ukraine into the European space. Another group of scientists expresses some concern about the implementation of European standards and notes their negative impact on higher education in Ukraine. Therefore, this topic requires further research. The author of the article cited the reasons that prevent the full implementation of European standards in higher education in Ukraine, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine, insufficient financial support of higher educational institutions, lack of sustainable motivation among scientific and pedagogical workers, bureaucratic obstacles and ineffectiveness of mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the quality of education. For the successful integration of Ukrainian education into the European area of higher education, the author of the article proposed ways to solve these problems, which include, among other things, developing effective mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the quality of education. The conclusion of the article states that the introduction of European standards of higher education in Ukraine is an important step in the direction of reforming the system of higher education and bringing it in line with the requirements of the modern world. Key words: European standards, higher education, culture of education quality, student-centered learning, tutor, autonomy of universities, challenges, opportunities, competitiveness.

Legal framework of professional mobility in the EU

The internal market of the European Union creates employment opportunities, but the job search process remains complex due to different rules and requirements related to the high requirements of local legislation and market characteristics. The research aims to provide a legal overview of Directive 2005/36/EC and the latest amendments to the amended Directive 2013/55/EU, which focus on extending the rights of employees and self-employed persons to practice their profession in different Member States of the European Union. The main methods used in the research are analysis and historical. The authors provided two sides of the view of the country’s internal labour market: from the perspective of the “European Union’s fully free market for professionals”, offering enhanced career opportunities and professional development, and from the perspective of migrants and the obstacles they face. The differences between regulated and unregulated professions, highlighting the ease of recognition of the latter were described. The study also discusses the applicability of the Directive to family members from outside the European Union and the introduction of the European Occupational Card in Directive 2013/55. The three systems for the recognition of qualifications were discussed in detail, highlighting their importance and recent developments in case law. Attention has also been paid to barriers to labour mobility, instruments for the protection of EU citizens, and the challenges posed by national legislation in different professions. The paper provides an assessment of the internal features of the functioning of the internal labour market in the European Union and a better understanding of the peculiarities of the functioning of the economy of the association.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН, ОСНОВНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ, НАПРЯМИ СТАБІЛІЗАЦІЇ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ ТА ЧЕРКАСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The article provides a comprehensive assessment of the state and trends of the labor market in Ukraine and the Cherkasy region. The general situation in the labor market of Ukraine and the Cherkasy region in 2015-2022 has been considered. General and special indicators of population employment, unemployment, demand and supply of labor force have been studied. The analysis has been carried out according to the articles of the section, professional groups and areas of employment. It has been established that forced migration and the need to relocate enterprises due to hostilities have changed the structure of the labor market in Ukraine, the structure of supply and demand for jobs, and the saturation of specialists in the regions. In the regions most affected by the military aggression of the russian federation, the number of jobs and competition has decreased. The imbalance between the demand and supply of labor has become significant. Demand for labor has plummeted due to the inability to work in war zones, declining demand for goods and services and logistical problems and uncertainty about the future. The results of the analysis of the number of unemployed indicate that both in the Cherkasy region and in Ukraine as a whole, the number of people who could not realize their right to work and receive wages (remuneration) as a source of livelihood is growing. In 2019-2021, it was affected by the self-isolation regime, and in 2022 by military operations. It has been determined that the level of registered unemployment in the Cherkasy region in 2015-2021 was always higher than in the whole country. The ratio between the number of registered unemployed, the number of vacancies and the number of applicants for one vacancy, by type of economic activity as of January 1, 2023 in the Cherkasy region has been established. In addition to that the authors have established a change in the approach to hiring employees. More applicants for one vacancy allow employers to increase the requirements for applicants and reduce wages. Accordingly, a certain number of employees are ready to change their profession, find additional work, and accept lower wages. As we can see, there are signs of an employer-dominated labor market. Measures to stabilize the internal labor market at the state and regional levels have been proposed. Further on, the paper identifies trends that Ukrainians should expect on the labor market in the coming years. Finally, the authors specify industries and professions that will be in the list of high demand jobs in future and whose development will help the Ukrainians to adapt to changes and find themselves in a professional realization to restore or the restore the state after the victory.

Modern approaches to public sphere specialist training

Formulation of the problem The system of specialist training, which allows providing public authorities with highly qualified and competent personnel, plays a significant role in the development of the public administration sector. The public service personnel should ensure the effectiveness of activities based on compliance with European democratic principles and standards of social development. Analysis of recent research and publications Though many scientists highlighted theoretical approaches to defining staffing peculiarities in the public sphere, the training of public sphere specialists remains topical and requires constant thorough research due to present challenges and time-stipulated requirements. Separation of previously unsettled parts of the general problem This paper aims to substantiate current approaches to training public sphere specialists. Presenting main material Given the need to increase the efficiency of public administration and develop competencies of public authorities, modern realities set new requirements for the training of public sphere specialists. The specialist training reform in the public sphere should be based on the New Public Management (NPM) concept. This concept declares the possibility of training public servants by applying approaches used in the business environment. The training of specialists, able to effectively perform the functions assigned to them in the public sphere, should ensure not only the acquirement of certain knowledge related to the specifics of future activities but also their development of personal skills. These meta-competencies can be considered more relevant for managers in the context of ensuring their professionalism. They are also regarded by scientists as the main impetus for the career promotion of public sector workers in the future. A set of educational programs for cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union within the framework of projects of European educational initiatives, which allow to effectively implement internationalization policies through student mobility, promote the development of educational initiatives by rendering grants for student mobility and infrastructure support, being based on the principles of partnership among scientific institutions, higher establishments, the public, business and the state. To harmonize education with the requirements of the modern world, educational institutions need to take the following steps: focusing on real staffing needs and requests of public authorities at various levels; annual modernization of educational programs in the field of public administration; participation of academic staff in European programs, projects, internships aimed at enhancing the quality of the educational process; close cooperation with leading experts in the field of public administration. For Ukraine, the most acceptable is the option of the optimal combination of approaches of the American and European models, according to which specialists for the public sphere should be trained with an emphasis on the development of their managerial qualities and professional knowledge of jurisprudence. At the same time, it is necessary to reveal the personal skills of future specialists, which will help to unleash their potential. Conclusions The transformations observed today in Ukrainian society require radical changes towards the formation of new approaches to staff training as well as the unification of approaches in the provision of educational services to public sector spe- cialists. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the foreign experience of implementing new public management, which will enable future specialists not only to join the international labor market but also to effectively implement the principles of sustainable democratic development in the Ukrainian state.

Business groups’ internal labour markets and SME labour productivity

Labour market regulation constrains small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs) ability to minimize redundant labour. However, it is often neglected that many SMEs might circumvent these constraints by accessing a business group’s internal labour market (ILM). In this study, we analyse whether SMEs with ILM access—i.e., with an increasing number of sister group companies in the same subnational region-industry—enjoy a labour productivity premium and whether this potential productivity premium depends on the bargaining power of labour. Because intra-group reallocation of redundant personnel often involves substantial changes in employment conditions, we argue that the value of ILM access might be reduced when the bargaining power of workers is high as they can oppose the reallocation or demand significant compensation. Using a panel of 119,801 European SMEs during 2011–2019 (639,675 firm-year observations), we find that SMEs with ILM access show relatively higher labour productivity. Further, our findings suggest that this productivity premium is higher in those contexts associated with lower labour bargaining power.

The shortage of surgeons in Japan: Results of an online survey of qualified teaching hospitals that take part in the surgical training programs for board certification by the Japan Surgical Society.

A collapse in regional healthcare through the maldistribution of physicians has been a long-debated issue in Japan and amidst this situation, a new system of board certification was initiated. The Japan Surgical Society (JSS) conducted a nation-wide survey to grasp the current distribution of surgeons in Japan, and their roles. All 1976 JSS-certified teaching hospitals were invited to respond to a web-based questionnaire. The responses were analyzed to seek a solution to the current issues. Responses to the questionnaire were received from 1335 hospitals. The surgical departments of medical universities serve as an internal labor market and were the source of surgeons for most hospitals. More than 50% of teaching hospitals throughout the country claimed a shortage of surgeons even in well-populated prefectures such as Tokyo and Osaka. Hospitals rely on surgeons to cover the deficits in medical oncology, anesthesiology, and emergency medicine. These additional responsibilities were identified as significant predictors of a shortage of surgeons. Surgeon shortage is a serious issue throughout Japan. Given the limited number of surgeons and surgical trainees, hospitals should make every effort to recruit specialists in the additional fields where surgeons are filling the gaps and allow surgeons to engage more in surgery.

Analysis of the Impact of International Migration on the Financial and Economic Cooperation of Countries

Purpose: The aim is to study the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of the analysis of international migration and identify its impact on the financial and economic cooperation of countries. Theoretical framework: The development of cryptocurrencies by banking institutions operating in the online environment provides for the purchase and sale of cryptocurrencies on stock exchanges, not on crypto exchanges, allowing the use of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment and investment. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological basis of the study is built on general and special methods of economic analysis and scientific cognition, namely: system analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction, comparison, analogy, statistical analysis, functional-systemic approach, graphical and tabular methods, generalization, systematization, grouping, k-means clustering method. Findings: The obtained results of the study allowed us to establish that in today's conditions the processes of international migration have significantly aggravated and have a significant impact on the formation of the basic principles of financial and economic cooperation of countries. The largest migration flows from Ukraine to European countries have been identified, which is due to the intensification of the financial, economic, humanitarian, and socio-political crisis caused by Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. It has been proven that the greatest destructive impact of international migration is experienced by such countries as Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Hungary, where the largest number of refugees and socially vulnerable populations is concentrated. Research, Practical & Social implications: A significant level of financial support to Ukraine from highly developed countries has been established. This is manifested in the provision of significant amounts of credit and grant assistance. It has been suggested to strengthen interstate cooperation between countries in the field of migration to overcome the crisis. Originality/value: proposals have been made to form a set of measures to regulate migration flows and balance the international labor market.

CIRCULAR LABOR MIGRATION AND GEORGIA: EXPERIENCES AND CHALLENGES

The given article will discuss the theoretical and practical issues related to the experience that has been accumulated and implemented in Georgia in the direction of circular labor migration. We will try to understand and evaluate the history of migration process passed by Georgia and its results, which we have received since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the restoration of Georgia’s independence to the present day. We will show you how the heavy memory related to migration processes affects modernity and the formation of psychotypes of labor migrants; We will talk about the differences between perceptions, expectations, working environment and conditions; What positive and negative results are expected and characteristic of similar, overseas employment systems; What changes and opportunities did visa liberalization create for the Georgian labor market; What preventive measures exist for the proper functioning of circular labor schemes; What are the examples of labor migration experience gained by different countries of the world. What risks and challenges are expected in the future in terms of labor migration in Georgia and what legal nuances need to be refined for even more flexible and measurable regulation. Based on all this, we will try to make some predictions and set the right visions for the development of labor migration policy. Keywords: circular labor migration, employment, competence, qualification/de-qualification, international labor market, visa liberalization.

Professional Adaptation Experiences of Chinese Migrant Nurses in Australia: A Qualitative Study.

Chinese-educated nurses are increasingly important to the international labor market. This study aimed to examine how Chinese migrant nurses adapt and evolve professionally while pursuing nursing careers in Australia, using a qualitative descriptive approach. A total of 17 Chinese-educated nurses were recruited by purposive and snowball sampling in Australia during 2017. Data were collected by individual semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. Three central themes and eight subthemes were generated. Perceived differences in nursing involved: work options and flexibility, professional autonomy and independence, and freedom of expressing professional opinions. Elements comprising challenges to adaptation included communication barriers, nursing workload and responsibilities, and collegial relationships. Participants' professional transition journeys were accompanied by two key areas of self-evolution: Embracing the authentic self and embracing individual differences. Our findings have important implications for migrant-host nursing workforce integration in Australia and internationally.

Training of qualified specialists in the conditions of digitalization of education

Modern professions offered high demands on the intellectual skills of employees to students’ place. Information technologies, especially multimedia, provide an opportunity to develop the intellectual skills of students. High requirements for the intellectual development of students occupy one of the leading positions in the international labor market. A delay in the development of intellectual skills means a delay in life. Therefore, in professional preparation of students for the modern digital society, it is necessary, first of all, to develop their intellectual skills and teach them how to apply them in practice

PROSPECTS OF THE INTEGRATION OF THE UKRAINIAN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM INTO THE EUROPEAN EDUCATIONAL SPACE

Introduction: In today's society, the challenges brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine in 2022 have heightened the need for global changes in higher education. The integration of national education systems into a single global educational space, with corresponding unification and renewal, has become necessary to meet the demands of the times. As a result, a significant transformation of learning approaches and the transition to various distance platforms have become essential. Even in the challenging conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, higher education has demonstrated its viability and readiness to adapt to contribute to progressive societal transformations, based on information, knowledge, and scientific achievements. Goal: The purpose of this study is to identify the prospects for integrating Ukraine's higher education system into the European educational space and the challenges associated with the integration process. Material: The Bologna process harmonizes higher education systems of participating countries, forming a single European market of higher education and highly qualified labour. The integration of Ukraine into the European educational space strengthens our position on the world market of educational services and solves the problem of recognition of Ukrainian diplomas. It will enable domestic universities and specialists to achieve an equal position in the European and world community. The development of education and science must meet the needs of society because high-quality education and science can solve problems related to medicine and digitalization, high-tech industries, energy-saving technologies, ensuring the rule of law, etc. Conclusions: The development of education and science must meet the needs of society because without high-quality education and science, it is impossible to solve problems related to the development of medicine and digitalization, high-tech industries, energy-saving technologies, ensuring the rule of law, etc. The activation of European integration processes in the sphere of higher education in Ukraine is possible by increasing the role of the state and university management in creating optimal conditions and incentives for international cooperation. The state should improve the financial support of higher educational institutions and promote their international cooperation. It is also important to update the list of specialities based on modern needs of the domestic and international labour market. Higher educational institutions should implement the latest models of educational process organization and learning technology, provide training for teachers and students on European integration and participation in European educational programs, and promote the practice of teaching subjects in a foreign language.

International Trade, Labour Market and Economic Growth in Long Term

General global trend in advanced economies indicates decreasing working hours and increasing labour productivity. The aim of the research is to examine the existing relationships between hours worked, labour productivity and international trade in the long-term. In the study, OECD and more in detail, some EU countries (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany) are selected. The research period is 1995–2021. The results indicate that employees are working fewer hours, receiving more and generating larger economic output per person employed. This relation is detected in many EU countries. In the long term, advanced and stable economies (such as Germany) differ from emerging and previously so-called transition economies (Poland, Latvia etc.) in the EU. More efficient use of labour resources is linked with both application of modern technologies and the growing importance of high-tech industries that lead to higher economic output. High energy costs impact the selection of technologies, replacement to more efficient ones and innovations in the production process, transportation and storage. The results argue that high-tech exports are strongly linked with high-tech imports due to high import dependency. Faster well-balanced recovery and stable performance are expected in the majority of countries and market segments domestically in the post-COVID era.

Globalization, Global Political Economy and Technical and Vocational Education and Training: A Nexus

The paper explores the understanding of globalization, global political economy, and their relation with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) by utilizing the critical discourse analysis method as suggested by Fairclough. Several themes, such as globalization, global political economy, political ideology, national and international labor market, TVET policy, and curriculum for skill development are identified and tried to make connections among them. The findings indicate that globalization and global political economy influence the national economic policy and demand for and supply of labor-related policy. Nepal is a major labor-sending country for foreign employment. Supply of labor is directly related to TVET. TVET has been contributing to the preparation of basic- and mid-level human capital. It indicates the production of semi-skilled human resources for the low-paid international labor market. There are many other issues, including occupation risk, exploitation, working condition, and social and cultural relations in the context of the international labor market. Current TVET policy and curriculum are not sufficient to address these problems.

The impact of the Chinese import shock on Finnish regional labor markets

The rapid rise of Chinese exports over the past few decades has raised concerns about manufacturing jobs and internal labor market outcomes in high-income countries. I analyze the effect of rising Chinese import competition on Finnish regional manufacturing employment between 1995 and 2007. The analysis exploits the cross-regional variation in initial industry structures and uses Chinese imports to other high-income countries as an instrument for Chinese imports to Finland. I find that rising Chinese import competition has a negative effect on the share of manufacturing employment in Finnish sub-regions.

Business Workforce Planning in PT X to Support the Company Target Achievement

Global business conditions and rupiah exchange rate fluctuations have also contributed to the oil and gas market decline since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic in Indonesia in the first quarter of 2020. In addition, the existing state of oil and gas, which generally experiences periodic declines, is a challenge for the company to maintain the company’s business. Oil and gas companies, like other businesses, need people to carry out their activities and meet their production targets. The oil and gas business, by its very nature, requires sufficient human resources in terms of numbers and skills. If this is not regulated, it can lead to understaffing affecting goal achievement or over-employment, which can reduce company productivity. This study therefore aims to ensure adequate worker availability through workforce planning. Based on current personnel analysis and personnel planning strategy, PT. X has many flaws in its workforce planning/strategy, including its productivity, unstable headcount, lack of talent development and leadership skills The strategic manpower framework for the internal labor market will be implemented by filling out the main activities excluded from internal resources and open core activities over the next five years from external recruitment to enhance the core functionality. It is proposed to set up a skills development program to improve technical and managerial skills to ensure the use of temporary workers and their readiness for current and future positions.

Internal labor markets and corporate innovation: Evidence from Korean chaebols

This study investigates the effect of internal labor markets (ILMs) on corporate innovation, focusing on Korean chaebols. Prior to examining the effect of ILMs, we confirm their efficiency, finding that chaebol firms with lower (higher) growth opportunity exhibit higher (lower) subsequent labor outflows. Further, ILM efficiency is more pronounced for firms within a more diversified chaebol, those whose controlling shareholder has lower equity stakes, and during a financial crisis period. We then investigate the effect of ILMs on innovation. We find that ILM efficiency leads affiliated firms to show greater innovative performance. Moreover, this positive influence is more pronounced for firms that receive internal capital. Overall, our study suggests the importance of ILMs in promoting corporate innovation among group firms. (JEL G30, J40, L22, O33).

The bright side of the internal labor market: Evidence from the labor cost stickiness of firms affiliated with privately owned business groups in China

We examine whether having an internal labor market can help a firm affiliated with a privately owned business group (POBG) reduce labor cost stickiness. Our findings suggest that, when a POBG-affiliated firm experiences a decrease in sales, it has lower labor cost stickiness than an otherwise equivalent firm that is not affiliated with a POBG. Specifically, we find that, on average, a POBG-affiliated firm entirely mitigates labor cost stickiness when it has a decrease in sales. In addition, we document that, to adjust its labor cost downward, a POBG-affiliated firm hires fewer employees, rather than paying lower wages. We show that the lower labor cost stickiness is due to movement of employees from the focal firm to other firms within the same POBG. When sales fall, the POBG reallocates excess employees at the focal firm to other firms within the business group via an internal labor market, and the focal firm thereby increases its per capita profit. Moreover, we find that agency cost mediates the impact of a POBG on labor cost stickiness. When the external market is less effective or the POBG headquarters have strong incentives, the effect of POBG affiliation on the reduction in an affiliated firm's labor cost stickiness is more salient.