Internal Interactions Research Articles

Insight into behaviors of internal interactions and thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures composed of ether-functionalized ionic liquids and 1,4-butyrolactone or propylene carbonate

A deeper comprehension of the mechanism behind various internal interactions and their influence on system properties encourages the utilization of ionic liquid mixture systems. In this work, the excess molar volume, viscosity deviation, change of electrical conductivity, and ionicity of both binary mixtures for N-methyl-N-methoxyethylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([MOEMPYrr][TFSI]) ether-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) with 1,4-butyrolactone (GBL) or propylene carbonate (PC) were systematically studied. The specific interactions between ILs and solvent molecules were investigated by using the COSMO-RS model in terms of DFT calculation. The results indicate that [MOEMPYrr]+ tends to act as a hydrogen bond donor and [TFSI]- tends to act as a hydrogen bond acceptor, and GBL (or PC) has a strong hydrogen bond acceptance ability. Furthermore, based on the radial distribution functions (RDFs) from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the H1 atom in [MOEMPYrr]+, the O2 atom in [TFSI]-, the O3 atom in GBL, and the O4 atom in PC are selected as reference sites to study the interaction between cations and anions (or solvent molecules). It is found that the interaction between anions and cations in the [MOEMPYrr][TFSI] + PC system is stronger than that in the [MOEMPYrr][TFSI] + GBL system, and the interaction between cations and GBL is stronger than that between cations and PC. This result further explains why the excess molar volumes (VE) of [MOMPYrr][TFSI] + GBL binary mixtures are greater than that of [MOMPYrr][TFSI] + PC binary mixtures from a microscopic perspective.

Patterns of innovation-driven tourism competitiveness: Insights from 270 Chinese cities

This paper utilizes innovation ecosystem theory to examine how an innovation ecosystem (comprising economic, technological, labor, and institutional subsystems) promotes tourism competitiveness through internal interaction. Employing fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis and necessary condition analysis techniques, this study assesses the necessity and sufficiency of an innovation ecosystem for high tourism competitiveness. Findings demonstrate that industrial structure and human capital innovations are requisite for tourism competitiveness, with the former being more universally applicable. Further, this study identifies an earlier innovation-driven mechanism for superior tourism competitiveness: leveraging industrial structure and human capital, and four contemporary innovation-driven mechanisms: leveraging industrial structure, leveraging policy, leveraging technology, and leveraging industrial structure and wages. The rationalization of industrial structure and human capital enhancement serve distinct bottleneck roles. This article contributes to understanding the link between innovation ecosystems and tourism and similarly suggests approaches for enhancing tourism competitiveness through innovation system development.

Power positions in the farm family, marrying in, and negative peer pressure: the social relations that impact agricultural practice

AbstractIn this article, we wish to consider relationships internal and external to the farm household, and how these enable and/or mitigate the adoption of better farm practices. We find that internally, members of the farm household (successors or spouses ‘marrying in’), can influence the future direction of agricultural practice in a positive way, that is more profitable and sustainable. It is not a straightforward process though. Interpersonal household relations play a role; status and standing within the family can impact on how decisions about change are made. This relates to both people marrying in and the position of the successor in an inter-generational household. We found that the power of the farming peer group to influence change is underestimated. Our data shows that farming is an occupation subject to strong cultural norms regarding acceptable farming practice. Sometimes farm family decisions to change agricultural practice falter under the weight of sanctions and derision encountered when trying to make adjustments. This paper draws from two data sets in Germany and England. We conclude that understanding internal farm household interactions, and their external relations with farming peer groups is critical to supporting the future of agriculture.

Impact of non-thermal phase-space distributions on dark matter abundance in secluded sectors

Many new physics models include secluded sectors that interact little with the Standard Model and whose internal interactions control the dark matter abundance. If these same interactions are responsible for maintaining kinematic equilibrium within the secluded sector, it is possible that the phase-space distributions will differ considerably from their thermal values during freeze-out. This can potentially result in deviations of the dark matter abundance from that computed under the assumption of thermal distributions. In this paper, we revisit dark matter abundance computations for a benchmark secluded sector by numerically tracking the phase-space distributions. Namely, we show that the dark matter abundance can deviate considerably from standard results during the freeze-out process, but that a longer period of annihilation ultimately leaves only a slight excess.

Bank financial sustainability evaluation: Data envelopment analysis with random forest and Shapley additive explanations

Ensuring financial sustainability is imperative for a financial institution's overall stability. To mitigate the risk of bank failure amid financial crises, effective management of financial sustainability performance becomes paramount. This study introduces a comprehensive framework for the accurate and efficient quantification, indexing, and evaluation of financial sustainability within the American banking industry. Our approach begins by conceptualizing financial sustainability as a multi-stage, multifactor structure. We construct a composite index through a three-stage network data envelopment analysis (DEA) and subsequently develop a random forest classification model to predict financial sustainability outcomes. The classification model attains an average testing recall rate of 84.34 %. Additionally, we employ SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to scrutinize the impacts of contextual variables on financial sustainability performance across various substages and the overall banking process, as well as to improve the interpretability and transparency of the classification results. SHAP results reveal the significance and effects of contextual variables, and noteworthy differences in contextual impacts emerge among different banking substages. Specifically, loans and leases, interest income, total liabilities, total assets, and market capitalization positively contribute to the deposit stage; revenue to assets positively influences the loan stage; and revenue per share positively affects the profitability stage. This study serves the managerial objective of assisting banks in capturing financial sustainability and identifying potential sources of unsustainability. By unveiling the “black box” of financial sustainability and deciphering its internal dynamics and interactions, banks can enhance their ability to monitor and control financial sustainability performance more effectively.

The Structural Modification of Jackfruit Leaf Proteins (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) by High-Intensity Ultrasound Alters Their Techno-Functional Properties and Antioxidant Capacity

(1) Background: Jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) are rich in proteins but are under-utilized in the food industry due to their poor sensory properties and low solubility. High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) can enhance protein solubility by disrupting internal interactions and altering protein structures, making them more suitable for industrial applications. (2) Methods: This study aimed to modify the structure of jackfruit leaf proteins using HIU at different powers (600, 840, and 1080 W) and treatment times (10, 15, and 20 min). This research also characterized the amino acid composition and the techno-functional and antioxidant properties of the modified proteins. (3) Results: The HIU treatments significantly improved the foaming capacity and enhanced the emulsion stability within the proteins treated at 1080 W for 15 min, which showed a monomodal size distribution profile. Additionally, the modified proteins exhibited a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the native protein. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that structurally modified proteins from jackfruit leaves could be directly utilized in the formulation of emulsions or as foam stabilizers, offering added benefits to consumers due to their significant antioxidant properties.

Insight into the Internal Structure of High-Performance Multicore Magnetic Nanoparticles Used in Cancer Thermotherapy.

Multicore magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), comprising iron oxide cores embedded in a sugar or starch matrix, are a class of nanomaterials with promising magnetic heating properties. Their internal structure, and particularly the strength of the internal core-core magnetic interactions, are believed to determine the functional properties, but there have been few detailed studies on this to date. We report here on an interlaboratory and multimodality transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic study of a high-performance MNP material (supplied by Resonant Circuits Limited, RCL) that is currently being used in a clinical study for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. TEM data were collected under a variety of conditions: conventional; high-resolution; scanning; cryogenic; and, for the first time, liquid phase. All the imaging modes showed mostly irregular dextran lamellae of lateral dimensions 30-90 nm, plus ca. 15% n/n of what appeared to be 30-60 nm long "nanorods", and a multitude of well-dispersed ca. 3.7 nm diameter iron oxide cores. Cryogenic electron tomography indicated that the nanorods were edge-on lamellae, but in dried samples, tomography showed rod- or lath-shaped forms, possibly resulting from the collapse of lamellae during drying. High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) showed the dextran to be crystallized in the low-temperature hydrated dextran polymorph. Magnetic remanence Henkel-plot analysis indicated a weak core-core interaction field of ca. 4.8 kA/m. Theoretical estimates using a point-dipole model associated this field with a core-to-core separation distance of ca. 5 nm, which tallies well with the ca. 4-6 nm range of separation distances observed in liquid-cell TEM data. On this basis, we identify the structure-function link in the RCL nanoparticles to be the unusually well-dispersed multicore structure that leads to their strong heating capability. This insight provides an important design characteristic for the future development of bespoke nanomaterials for this significant clinical application.

Density modification of DNAPL using self-demulsifying colloidal biliquid aphron: Kinetics, mechanisms and influencing factors

Density-modification remediation of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) using colloidal biliquid aphron (CBLA) is an efficient means of enhancing flushing and avoiding the risk of downward migration of DNAPL. However, the use of demulsifier is currently necessary for CBLA to achieve density modification. This leads to issues such as low modification efficiency and the risk of secondary contamination. In this work, we developed a self-demulsifying CBLA (PO-CBLA-S) for density-modification remediation of DNAPL, eliminating the need for external demulsifiers. The self-demulsification process exhibited pseudo-secondary reaction kinetics, achieving densities below 1 g/cm3 for various DNAPLs. Groundwater chemistry parameters (pH, anions, cations, temperature, and humic acid (HA) content) were investigated for their impact on perchloroethylene (PCE) density modification. Cations were found to enhance PO-CBLA-S density modification more than anions. Both strong acidic and alkaline environments promote the density regulation of PCE by PO-CBLA-S, and temperature positively correlates with the efficiency of density modification. High concentrations of HA also have a favorable facilitating effect on the density modification. The mechanisms of self-demulsifying density modification were clarified at the microscale. Surfactant entanglement caused by internal surfactant-solvent interaction decreased the stability of PO-CBLA-S, leading to self-demulsification. This study addresses density modification challenges and provides a theoretical foundation for its groundwater remediation applications.

The Ising Model on the Bethe Lattice with Two Atoms Per Site

The molecular approach of a spin model is constructed on the Bethe lattice (BL), and then it is examined in terms of exact recursion relations. Rather than assuming that each BL site is inhabited by a single spin, each site is occupied by two spin-1/2 atoms A and B, forming a molecule. Each molecule is considered to contain two spin-1/2 atoms, as well as [Formula: see text] or 6 nearest-neighbor molecules. In addition to the internal interactions between the atoms of each molecule, the molecules interact via their atoms in terms of bilinear interaction parameters J. Atoms of a molecule interact with [Formula: see text], while the molecules interact via their atoms in terms of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. After obtaining the magnetizations of each atom in the central molecule of the BL, the average magnetization of the molecule is determined. It is found that the model presents first-and second-order and random phase transitions. The model also displays tricritical, bicritical and end points, in addition to reentrant behavior for appropriate J values.

Consensus-Based Model Predictive Control for Active Power and Voltage Regulation in Active Distribution Networks

In this paper, a consensus-based model predictive control (Cb-MPC) scheme is proposed to control the active power and voltage at all nodes in grid-connected active distribution networks (ADNs) with multiple distributed energy resources (DERs). The proposed design methodology is based on a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) model of an ADN which accounts for both the internal and external interactions among the control loops of the DERs. To achieve the control objective, each DER unit is equipped with a controller–observer system. In particular, the observer implements the consensus algorithm to estimate the collective system state by exchanging data only with its neighbors. The scope of the controller is to solve the MPC optimal problem based on its collective state estimate, and, due to the presence of an integral term in the control action, it is robust against any unknown scenarios of the ADN, which are represented by uncertainty in the model parameters. The results of numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the presence of unknown changes in the operating conditions of the ADN and of communication using a sample and hold function.

Transforming Commercial Polymers into Tough yet Switchable Adhesives by Trident Photoswitch Molecule Doping: Break Adhesion-Switchability Paradox.

Here, a trident molecule doping strategy is introduced to overcome both cohesion-adhesion trade-off and adhesion-switchability conflict, transforming commercial polymers into tough yet photo-switchable adhesives. The strategy involves initial rational design of new trident photoswitch molecules namely TAzo-3 featuring azobenzene and hydroxy-terminated alkyl chains involved rigid-soft tri-branch structure, and subsequent doping into commercial polycaprolactone (PCL) via simple blending. Unique design enables TAzo-3 as a versatile dopant, not only regulating the internal and external supramolecular interaction to balance cohesion and interface adhesion for tough bonding, but also affording marked photothermal effect to facilitate rapid adhesive melting for great photo-switchability. Thus, the optimal TAzo-3-doped PCL (TAzo-3@P) displays markedly-improved bonding performance on diverse substrates compared to linear azobenzene-doped PCL and pure PCL. Impressively, TAzo-3@P on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) attains large room-temperature adhesion strength of 6.7MPa - surpassing most reported adhesives and many commercial adhesives on PMMA, along with easy photo-induced detachment with remarkable switch ratio of 2.09×105. Besides, TAzo-3@P can also act as "permanent" adhesives for only adhesion, demonstrating excellent multi-reusability, anti-freezing and waterproof ability. Mechanism studies unveil that the switchable adhesion is closely linked with the dopant molecule structure while rigid-soft coupled trident structures and hydroxy-terminated alkyl chains are key factors.

북한지역 비파형동검문화의 확산과 그 배경 - 기후·금속문명·교류 관점에서

It is necessary to utilize the results of research studies in neighboring regions for research on the Mandolin-shaped Bronze Daggers culture in North Korea. changes in climate and exchange relations identified in the process of forming and spreading the 'metal civilization', represented by the Mandolin-shaped Bronze Daggers culture, are noted as factors that cause cultural change. In particular, the climate cold in Northeast Asia is drawing attention as a breakthrough in the formation of the Mandolin-shaped Bronze Daggers culture and a change to the Slender Bronze Daggers culture. In the North Korean region, the regional characteristics of the South and the North are confirmed based on the Cheongcheon River, respectively, and the regional characteristics of the East and the West are highlighted based on the central mountainous region. Considering the sort and type of bronze artifacts and the ratio of alloy components, it can be seen that northwestern Korea and northeast Korea had a differentiated network or interaction due to their strong connection to Liaodong and Jilin, respectively. In the North Korean region, internal and external interactions increase, and exchange relations are further strengthened after the spread of the Zhengjiawazi Assemblage (6th~5th B.C.E). Due to the spread of the Zhengjiawazi Assemblage, the metal culture in North Korea changes from the Liaodong style to the Liaoxi (or Liaozhong) style, and accordingly, the exchange and ideological system of he Mandolin-shaped Bronze Daggers culture is also changed. The rapid increase of Liaozhong style’s bronze artifacts such as the bronze daggers and bronze mirrors is closely related to the growth of polity such as 'Gojoseon'.

Dimensional Self‐Assembled Magnetic Coupling via Embedding Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles in Multi‐Channel Fibers for Microwave Absorption

Abstract1D magnetic fibers with significant morphological diversity and magnetic anisotropy are highly desirable for optimizing magnetic properties and electromagnetic responsiveness. However, it remains challenging for the precise control over internal magnetic interactions within each fiber. Herein, a strategy for self‐assembled magnetic coupling is taken to achieve the controllable reconstruction of continuous multiple coupling networks within a single fiber. High‐density ultrafine cobalt nanoparticles are uniformly embedded inside a carbon framework with a 1D multi‐channel structure (Co@MCF). This structure establishes a complex magnetic response system characterized by inherent inter‐fiber interactions and refined intra‐fiber self‐assembling coupling. The distinctive distribution of magnetic flux lines demonstrates enhanced magnetic sensitivity. This results in a minimum reflection loss of −57.65 dB and a broadband absorption frequency range of 7.28 GHz at 1.9 mm, effectively covers the entire Ku band and a substantial portion of the X band. The multi‐channel structure enhances the understanding of the relationship between microstructure and performance in magnetic fibers. Additionally, it positions Co@MCF as a highly competitive candidate for microwave absorption applications.

Study on the Effect of Starved Lubrication on the Dynamic Characteristics of Locally Failed Roller Bearings

When the lubricant is not enough to maintain the ideal lubrication state of the bearing, the deep groove ball bearing will enter the starved lubrication state, which leads to the change of the vibration response of the deep groove ball bearing with localized defects. Previous bearing dynamics models mainly consider the lubrication state as an ideal lubrication condition, which may not reveal the effect of starved lubrication on the vibration characteristics of defective bearings. In this paper, the internal interaction of the system under starved condition is taken into account, and a dynamic model of defective deep groove ball bearings with insufficient lubricant is established to investigate the effects of different starved lubrication degrees on the contact force, friction force, cage speed, and system vibration characteristics. The results show that the lubricant insufficiency significantly changes the contact force inside the bearing, and the increase in friction caused by the increase in the degree of starved lubrication leads to the suppression of the degree of bearing slipping. The root mean square (RMS) value of the time-domain signal and the outer ring fault frequency both increase with the increase of the starved degree. The results of the study are helpful for fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of related equipment.

Radical n-p Conduction Switching and Significant Photoconductivity Enhancement in NbOI2 via Pressure-Modulated Peierls Distortion.

The absence of intrinsic p-type 2D layered semiconductors has hampered the development of 2D devices, particularly in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices and integrated circuits. Developing practical p-type semiconductors and advanced modulation techniques for precise carrier control is paramount to advancing electronic devices and systems. Here, by applying pressure to continuously tune the Peierls distortion in NbOI2, we effectively control the polarity and concentration of carriers and significantly enhance its photoelectric properties. The results demonstrate that by suppressing the off-center displacement of Nb atoms along the in-plane b direction under pressure, NbOI2 undergoes a semiconductor-to-semiconductor phase transition from C2 to C2/m, leading to a significant transition from n-type to p-type carrier behavior. Additionally, the gradual inhibition of internal interactions within Nb-Nb dimers along the in-plane c direction under high pressure facilitates electron delocalization, substantially enhancing the photoelectric properties. The photocurrent is increased by more than 3 orders of magnitude under xenon irradiation, and the spectral response range is continuously red-shifted and extended to 1450 nm. These findings highlight the potential of pressure engineering to adjust photoelectric properties effectively and flexibly, offering valuable insights for designing high-performance p-type two-dimensional semiconductors.

Unraveling the three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture in Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs).

The human genome, comprising millions of pairs of bases, serves as the blueprint of life, encoding instructions for cellular processes. However, genomes are not merely linear sequences; rather, the complex of DNA and histones, known as chromatin, exhibits complex organization across various levels, which profoundly influence gene expression and cellular function. Central to understanding genome organization is the emerging field of three-dimensional (3D) genome studies. Utilizing advanced techniques such as Hi-C, researchers have unveiled non-random dispositions of genomic elements, highlighting their importance in transcriptional regulation and disease mechanisms. Topologically Associating Domains (TADs), that demarcate regions of chromatin with preferential internal interactions, play crucial roles in gene regulation and are increasingly implicated in various diseases such as cancer and schizophrenia. However, their role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs) remains poorly understood. Here, we focus on TADs and 3D conservation across the evolution and between cell types in NDDs. The investigation into genome organization and its impact on disease has led to significant breakthroughs in understanding NDDs etiology such ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder). By elucidating the wide spectrum of ASD manifestations, researchers aim to uncover the underlying genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to its heterogeneity. Moreover, studies linking TAD disruption to NDDs underscore the importance of spatial genome organization in maintaining proper brain development and function. In summary, this review highlights the intricate interplay between genome organization, transcriptional control, and disease pathology, shedding light on fundamental biological processes and offering insights into the mechanisms underlying NDDs like ASD.

Exploring Biliverdin's Molecular Interactions with Cu- and Fe-Based MOFs: A Unified In Vitro Study with Photoacoustic Analysis.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown promise in enhancing the stability of biomolecules. Herein, biliverdin (BVD), a photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescent agent, was immobilized within the pores of NH2-MIL-101 (Fe) (FeMOFs) and on the surface of CuBTC crystallites (CuMOFs). MOFs were found to enhance the fluorescence emission and quench the PA intensity of biliverdin. Fluorescence and PA studies, in tandem with DFT simulations, demonstrated that the spectral interactions between MOFs and BVD resulted from interactions between biliverdin and the MOF pores and surfaces in addition to alterations in the HOMO-LUMO energy gap. The MOF internal structure of the MOF played a role in BVD loading, with the FeMOFs enabling greater BVD encapsulation, while CuMOF interactions with BVD primarily took place on the MOF surface. The role of these surface vs pore interactions in the release of biliverdin was explored. This study demonstrates that the effects of the MOF internal structure, surface interactions, and energy interactions should be taken into consideration for biomolecule loading in MOFs.

On the issue of typologizing the individual characteristics of school children's learning

Based on an analysis of the diversity of individual psychological characteristics of students, a concept of “individual characteristics of learning” (ICL) has been characterized. A review of various publications revealed a discrepancy between the large amount of empirical data on student ICLs and the lack of a systematic, stable, and theoretically justified typology. The high variability of identified types under different conditions and circumstances makes it difficult to differentiate one type from another and ensures its reproducibility. This raises questions about the feasibility of creating a scientifically sound practice of individualizing and differentiating learning. The aim of this study is to determine the main reasons for the failure of existing typologies and to create a stable typology of ICL. The hypothesis is put forward that the typologization of students’ ICL based on generalization and categorization of the external manifestations of mental activity cannot be consistent without taking into account internal psychological patterns and dynamic interaction of factors that cause these manifestations in certain conditions of learning activity. To test this hypothesis, several well-known typologies were analyzed, their main shortcomings identified, and conclusions drawn. It was concluded that the true typology of ICL should be based not on similarity in their external manifestations but on similarity of internal psychological patterns determining their manifestation and development.

Magnetic Properties of Reactive Oxygen Species and their Possible Role in Cancer Therapy

Spin-depending internal magnetic interactions in oxygen are crucial for the chemistry and photobiology of this molecule. Photosynthesis, respiration, and many other life-supporting oxygen reactions are governed by enzymes that use fine magnetic forces to overcome the spin-forbidden character of all aerobic metabolism. Life on Earth occurs on the border between combustion and oxidative phosphorylation, and this balance is largely dependent on reactive oxygen species. ROS can cause apoptosis or cell necrosis, and ROS also controls homeostasis through numerous signaling functions. Until recently, biochemists had not paid attention to internal magnetic interactions that influence the chemical activity of such ROS as superoxide ion, singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, and many others. The role of superoxide dismutase, the oldest enzyme on the Earth, which provides superoxide concentration control, stresses the importance of the O2-• species as the precursor of many other ROS. Spin-orbit coupling in O2-• and O2 species are the main internal magnetic interactions that could influence cancer growth and be connected with cancer therapy.

Federated learning for network attack detection using attention-based graph neural networks

Federated Learning is an effective solution to address the issues of data isolation and privacy leakage in machine learning. However, ensuring the security of network devices and architectures deploying federated learning remains a challenge due to network attacks. This paper proposes an attention-based Graph Neural Network for detecting cross-level and cross-department network attacks. This method enables collaborative model training while protecting data privacy on distributed devices. By organizing network traffic information in chronological order and constructing a graph structure based on log density, enhances the accuracy of network attack detection. The introduction of an attention mechanism and the construction of a Federated Graph Attention Network (FedGAT) model are used to evaluate the interactivity between nodes in the graph, thereby improving the precision of internal network interactions. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves comparable accuracy and robustness to traditional detection methods while prioritizing privacy protection and data security.