Internal Installation Research Articles

Experimental study of multiscale dynamic characterization of the gas-solid phase in a disturbing rotary centrifugal air classifier using pressure signal testing and analysis methods

This study investigates the complex dynamic characteristics of the flow field inside a disturbing rotary centrifugal air classifier through experimental analysis. To this end, micro-pressure sensors are employed to measure pressure signals in different spatial regions under various operating conditions. The analysis includes time-frequency characterization, complexity assessment, and multi-scale energy analysis. The time-domain fluctuation characteristics of the air classifier's pressure signal are closely tied to operating parameters, with the most intense pressure fluctuations occurring in the middle and back region of the air classifier. The loaded condition intensifies the fluctuations, with particle presence exacerbating low-frequency pressure variations and affecting the cyclone's vortex stability. Additionally, the internal installation of the screen cage structure exhibits maximum complexity and randomness in the internal flow field when Rf = 45 Hz, f = 0.4 kg/s, and β = 0°, showing higher randomness and reflecting fine-scale interactions between gas and particles. Conversely, larger scale characteristics are revealed by DET values in higher detail signal levels. Changes in operational parameters, such as perturbation frequency and feeding time, significantly affect the axial distribution of multi-scale energy in the air classifier, with a greater influence on pressure fluctuation at the macroscopic scale, indicating intensified turbulent behavior between gas and particles. This study reveals the influencing mechanisms of various operating parameters on the multiscale dynamic characteristics and complexity of the flow field inside the rotary centrifugal air classifier.

Safety of Tap Water in Terms of Changes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stability

Monitoring the quality of tap water in the distribution system and the ability to estimate the risk of losing its sanitary safety is an important aspect of managing the collective water supply system. During monitoring, the physical, chemical, and biological stability of water was assessed, which is the main determinant ensuring the appropriate quality of water for consumers. The physicochemical and microbiological quality of water was analyzed for two distribution systems (DSs), including the analysis of heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb). The tests carried out showed that in both distribution systems, the water supplied to consumers met the guidelines for water intended for human consumption. It can be considered that the risk of uncontrolled changes in water quality in DSs with an average water production of <10,000 m3/d and the length of water pipelines < 150 km is very low. The water introduced into the system differed in the place of water intake and water purification technology, which influenced the final water quality. In DS(II), higher values were recorded for hardness, conductivity, calcium, alkalinity, nitrates, and DOC. It was found that the content of heavy metals during water transport to the consumer increased in the case of DS(I) for Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb, and in the case of DS(II) for Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb. The observed differences resulted from the different quality of the intake water as well as from different materials used to build internal installations and their age and technical condition. The analyzed tap water was characterized by physical and chemical stability. However, the water did not meet the guidelines for water biostability due to the increased content of biogenic substances.

The impact of procuring reverse engineered spare parts on the supply chain : A case study

The introduction of reverse engineering (RE) to the supply chain by procuring equipment spare parts allows to enhance the procurement process and to bring additional advantages such as localisation and economic benefits to the supply chain. This paper attempts to show the impact of enabling alternative qualified and more affordable supplier sources of spare parts to be part of the procurement process along with original equipment manufacturers (OEM) to supply the plant machinery’s spare parts for maintenance. In this case study, the reverse engineering of spare parts is intended for Saudi Aramco internal installation and utilisation and not for commercial purposes. This is particularly relevant to cases of OEM parts becoming obsolete or sources are diminishing, causing increased spare parts cost. The case study sheds some light on the work done, the challenges faced to enable such process and shares the methodology used. It also shows the cost saving, materials shortening delivery time, localisation and other benefits as a result of obtaining spare parts from reverse engineering manufacturers.

Bubble size distribution in a bubble column with vertical tube internals: Experiments and CFD‐PBM simulations

AbstractKnowledge of bubble size distribution (BSD) is critical for controlling mass transfer and reaction in bubble column reactors. Installation of internals further complicates this issue. The effects of internals on BSD were systematically investigated through experiments and computational fluid dynamics‐population balance model simulations. The experiments show a bimodal distribution of the volume‐based BSD except at low superficial gas velocity of 0.01 m/s. Addition of 20% internals increases the small‐bubbles fraction, making the first BSD peak more evident. Correspondingly, the simulation reveals a prominent decrease of turbulent dissipation rate and turbulent kinetic energy. Moreover, while the unresolved turbulent kinetic energy dominates in the empty columns, the resolved portion becomes the major component in the presence of internals. This suggests that internals may redistribute turbulent kinetic energy in each scale, which provides more insights into the complex flow characteristics in the presence of internals and process intensification.

Tanggung Jawab Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (Pdam) Terhadap Kerugian Konsumen Dan Melonjaknya Rekening Air Akibat Kebocoran Instalasi Dalam (Studi Pada Pdam Tirtanadi Provinsi Sumatera Utara)

The management of clean water (drinking water) is managed by the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM). PDAM Tirtanadi often gets complaints from consumers regarding its services. Most of the consumer complaints to PDAM Tirtanadi are in the form of objections to paying bills that are not in accordance with the frequency of use so that it can cause consumers to suffer losses. Therefore, it is necessary to compensate for damages and rain-check effort to provide clean water. The research method used is a normative juridical approach. Research materials consist of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. This research is descriptive-analytical and to complete the research data it is supported by conducting interviews. The results of the study are the form of implementing compensation for negligence by the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) in the form of restitution or refunds that will be included in the next month's account, the efforts of the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) in providing clean water to consumers refers to clean water standards. drinking water based on the Minister of Health Regulation (PERMENKES) Number 907 of 2002 concerning Drinking Water Quality, namely passing standard tests including bacteriological, chemical, radioactive and physical requirements, PDAM's efforts to overcome soaring accounts due to leaks in internal installations by repairing pipes before the water meter (persil pipe) ), both repair costs and water usage are the responsibility of the PDAM, but if the pipe is damaged or leaks after the water meter, all costs are borne by the drinking water customer.

Sound insulation of lightweight external frame walls and the acoustic effect of additional thermal insulation

The sound insulation of lightweight frame façades and the acoustic effect of additional thermal insulation were examined. The research aimed to investigate the contribution of different insulating layers to the acoustic performance of an external wall. In particular, the use of ETICS (external thermal insulation composite systems) was considered. This usually reduces the sound insulation of traditional massive partitions substantially whereas for lightweight frame structures the effect was not precisely identified. The study is based on laboratory measurements, and several full-scale models were tested. Wood and metal frame walls with various claddings were considered. The application of ETICS caused the reduction of sound insulation in a certain frequency range. The effect, however, seems not as harmful as for massive partitions. Another type of thermal insulation with a venting cavity demonstrated much better acoustic performance. Conversely, internal installation cladding, when rigidly fastened to the basic structure had practically no effect on the wall properties. Significant improvement was observed when resilient spacers or separate supporting structures were applied.

Relationship of pharmacotherapy and the incidence of embolic complications of carotid reconstructive surgery

Aim. To evaluate the relationship between lipid-lowering and antiplatelet therapy and the incidence of cerebral microembolism and related complications in open and endovascular revascularization of the carotid arteries (CA).Material and methods. This single-center study involved patients with internal CA stenosis. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the surgery type performed: carotid endarterectomy (CEA) — 163 patients; CA stenting (CAS) — 71 patients. All patients underwent intraoperative transcranial Doppler monitoring to register cerebral embolism during CAS and CE.Results. In CAS, microembolism episodes were observed in 66,2% vs 22,1% of patients in the CEA group (p=0,04), the largest number of which was recorded during catheterization of the internal CA and embolic filter installation (p=0,000). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the stroke incidence. In 8 patients in the CAS group and 1 patient in the CEA group, a transient ischemic attack was observed within 30 days after surgery (p=4x10-4 ). Intraoperative embolism was a predictor of a neurological event in the early postoperative period (odds ratio (OR), 33,08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3,49-56,37 (p6 months before surgery reduces the likelihood of embolism by 4 times (OR 0,25; 95% CI: 0,11-0,58 (p=0,001), while lipid-lowering and antiplatelet therapy combination — by 12,5 times (OR, 0,08; 95% CI: 0,01-0,40 (p=0,001)).Conclusion. Preoperative antiplatelet and statin therapy reduces the likelihood of embolism during the CA revascularization procedure.

Лінгвометодична компетентність викладача іноземної мови (професійна характеристика)

The article presents a model characteristic of teachers with established linguistic and methodological competence, who are able to work effectively and efficiently in the higher establishment and carry out educational activities with students in various specialties. The concepts of «linguistic and methodological competence» and «model characteristic» are considered; it was determined that the specifics of the professional portfolio of a foreign language teachers with the established linguistic and methodological competence. It has been determined that the mandatory characteristics of a foreign language teacher working with applicants of various profiles should be characterized by: general and special education, knowledge of the discipline taught; demonstrate professional excellence; be professionally passionate; the ability for pedagogical openness, creativity, initiative and activity. The study found that teachers of foreign languages will be determined to create innovative technologies or contribute to their optimization for educational purposes, gravitate towards innovation and scientific and pedagogical creativity, will be motivated to self-improvement and reflection. It has been established that the setting of foreign language teachers for cooperation with future teachers of foreign languages is due to the individual and personal characteristics of the teacher, his professional attitudes and self-esteem. It has been determined that it is expedient in the process of carrying out productive pedagogical activity that the teacher himself transforms the value-motivational sphere of the future teacher of a foreign language, activates the processes of self-development and reflection, stimulates both his own interest and the interest of future teachers of foreign languages in professional activity in general and for his self-realization in it. It has been established that a harmonious combination of external and internal installations; the individual and professional qualities of the teacher, demonstrating his desire, readiness and ability for subjective communication with participants in the educational process, determines the author's style of work of the teacher, involved in the process of forming professional competence of future teachers of foreign languages. Orientation to self-development determines a powerful cognitive interest in educational activities, its creative orientation, the ability to help and cooperate with undergraduates. It is concluded that the professional self-realization of the subjects and objects of the educational process is carried out with the help of their subject-subject nature of interaction, which provides for the coordinated activity of the participants in the educational process, aimed at achieving professional goals and contributing to professional growth in general, and the formation of their professional competence.

Optimization of Quantitative Analysis of Biofilm Cell from Pipe Materials

The quantitative analysis of biofilm can be used not only to assess the microbiological stability of tap water but also on its basis can assess: the degree of colonization of materials by bacterial cells, the rate of biofilm formation on the surfaces of pipes and determine their composition and number. The article presents the results of research on the development of an effective method of biofilm detachment from the surface of the galvanized steel. The number of biofilm cells was determined by methods: (1) luminometric ATP determination, (2) flow cytometry and (3) heterotrophic plate counts (HPC). The presence of the biofilm was confirmed by SEM and fractal analysis. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the most effective method of detaching the biofilm cells from the galvanized steel surface was the mechanical separation with a sterile cotton swab. The variant with the use of a sterile swab enables rapid collection of the biofilm from the surface of the ducts forming internal installations or water supply networks. Due to the simplicity and speed of obtaining results, the luminometric ATP measurement has been established as the best method for the quantification of biofilm cells. The results of this study were intended to provide reliable and useful data on the quantification of biofilm cells.

Монтажные провода как источник зажигания в электрических шкафах

Приведены результаты исследований монтажных проводов электрических шкафов на воспламеняемость под воздействием тока. Выделены три зоны сверхтока, имеющие отличительные особенности появления источника зажигания. Показано влияние изоляции провода на частоту появления воспламенения в местах присоединения его к элементу электрооборудования. Представлены данные о воспламеняемости поливинилхлоридной изоляции в диапазоне пожароопасных значений сверхтока. Предложено характеризовать электрический провод как потенциальный источник зажигания площадью, образованной зависимостью времени воспламенения изоляции в интервале возможных сверхтоков. Wires are widely used for internal installation of electrical cabinets. Number of fire cases caused by wires takes one of the first places in fire statistics. Application of wires in the cabinets has its own fire-prone aspects peculiarities as concerns initiation of electrical nature ignition source. It appears both at single wire laying and at laying in cords where wires touch each other also in connection points of electrical apparatuses and devices located in the cabinet. The article considers issues of ignition source appearance in wires taking into account specifics of their installation in electrical cabinets. Ignition source appearance in a single wire and in wires contacting each other has a difference. There are given experimental data on inflammation frequency of wire insulation material at single wire laying and also at higher resistance in electrical elements connection points. Zones that differ in characteristic features of wire as an ignition source are given in the range of possible overcurrents. Zone A is characterized by insulation ignition with low probability due to low current density that is not enough to heat the wire up to the critical temperature Т, at which thermal decomposition products of wire insulating polymeric cover ignite. Zone B is designated in the range of overcurrent ratio from 2,5 to 18 compared with the long term permissible current value, in which insulation inflammation is observed due to fast conductor heating taking into account the influence of connection points with devices and apparatuses where increased transient resistance is present. It is experimentally confirmed that with the increase in transient resistance at the point of conductor connection with electrical equipment elements, the inflammation frequency of wire insulation increases. At the same time, the overcurrent range where ignition source appears reduces. It is proposed to use the area limited by the dependence of the time before insulation inflammation from the minimum to the maximum current value at which ignition occurs as a characteristic of the wire as an ignition source.

The influence of internal installation solutions in single-family housing on the "EP" factor in the light of the new requirements of WT 2021

The first part of the article presents the upcoming changes in the regulations regarding energy consumption by single-family housing. Current and forthcoming requirements in 2021 for building insulation and maximum EP primary energy demand factor were indicated. The second part of the paper presents the results of research aimed at determining what type of heat source for heating purposes and the type of ventilation will be able to meet the latest requirements. The analysis was based on the determination and comparison of the EP factor in the considered single-family building for selected heating variants assuming two different types of ventilation: gravitational and mechanical supply-exhaust with heat recovery system. Based on the results obtained, an attempt was made to determine the tendency of changes in the design of single-family buildings in terms of choosing the type of heating and ventilation.

Health risk assessment resulting from the presence of Legionella bacteria in domestic hot water in public buildings – the results of a pilot study

The aim of the study was to assess the risk posed by Legionella bacteria in a public building in Krakow. An old building with internal installation risers of different ages, as well as draw-off points of different types, was selected for testing. Samples were collected during two campaigns. In one sample of the first series of tests, no bacteria were found. During the second series of tests, no Legionella bacilli were found in just one sample and in one sample only 4 colony-forming units were detected. At the remaining draw-off points (water taps), the bacteria count detected were greater than the maximum threshold allowed by legal regulations (admissible threshold for public utility buildings – 100 cfu/100 mL). No morphological differences were observed with respect to the occurrence of specific serogroups. In 14 samples, Legionella pneumophila serogroups 2–14 were found, while the Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was only found in one sample. The risk assessment was also carried out based on a semi-quantitative risk matrix approach and as a quantitative microbial risk assessment. The risk matrix approach was successfully implemented for the recognition of the potential risk associated with the Legionella occurrence in a water system. The calculated annual cumulative risk is high. The research shows that even if the weekly inhalation exposure dose (and therefore the calculated risk) is high, the number of Legionella pneumophila illness cases found can be equal to zero. This is probably due to the large uncertainty associated with QMRA determination. The size of the room in which the contaminated water is used also affects the possibility of infection.

In-Service Thermal and Luminous Performance Monitoring of a Refurbished Building with Solar Control Films on the Glazing System

The global increase in energy needs and environmental awareness for a more efficient energy use have boosted building rehabilitation to decrease energy consumption. The installation of solar control films (SCFs) in buildings with large glazing façades makes it possible to reduce excessive solar gains through the glazing. The main purpose of the work is to assess, with field experimental data, the thermal and luminous performances of double-glazing units with SCFs installed in office rooms, in Lisbon. An experimental campaign was carried out simultaneously in three adjacent offices: one with a highly reflective SCF (external installation), one with a reflective SCF (internal installation) and one without an SCF. The exterior SCF showed the best thermal performance with reductions in the peak indoor air temperature of up to 6.9 and 2.3 °C during the representative days of the heating and cooling periods, respectively, increasing thermal comfort mainly during the cooling period. The interior SCF had a poorer thermal performance since it contributed to solar radiation absorption that is then emitted as heat into the indoor environment, increasing the greenhouse effect of the office. The presence of SCFs reduced the indoor illuminance levels, having a positive impact on thermal comfort and glare reduction in the cooling period.

Definition of the concept of “patriotism” in the historical, cultural and educational space of the city

There are five natural beginnings of life created by the hand of God: personality; family; nation (homeland), the kingdom of heaven and the church. In this article, we will try to consider only one aspect of responsibility of a man associated with the formation of national identity. Today, patriotism becomes the idea that can turn from an intangible force into a material one if it is mastered by the people and for many it will become an internal conviction and installation. Today, patriotism has become one of the most controversial topics in Russia. The range of opinions is quite large: from discrediting patriotism as an analogue of destruction and conflict, to calls of the first persons of the state to the unity of the Russian people on the basis of the integration of patriotism with internationalism. Patriotism helps to unite society, reveals to many people the meaning of their own life, raises their understanding and responsibility for the framework of corporatism and social class differences. Patriotism is increasingly recognized by the population as the protection of national interests, the implementation of social justice, as a positive and constructive realization of human rights. It becomes the main task in the programs of patriotic education of the young people. It acts both as an element of worldview and attitude to one’s country, and other peoples and as an educational component of pedagogic system especially in the historical, cultural and educational space of the city.

Effects of internals and distributors on the distribution and growth of bubbles in the conventional gas–solid fluidized bed

The effects of internals and gas distributors on the local dynamics of the bubbles in the conventional gas–solid fluidized bed were studied. Mesh-type internals with different opening areas (50%, 70% and 90%) and different arrangements (two-layer and four-layer); and a sintered plate with a smaller pore size (1μm) and a perforated plate with a larger pore size as distributors were investigated. Differential pressure drops and local solids holdups were measured under various superficial gas velocities to compare the performances of the different types of internals and distributors. The instantaneous solids holdup signals from the optical fibre probe were used to further examine the local bubble dynamics in detail. Smaller bubbles were found, with the installation of internals or using the sintered plate, resulting in lower pressure drops and a higher bed expansion. Internals with reduced opening area or distributor with smaller pore size further leads to a higher changeover rate between the bubbles and dense phase, both axially and radially, and hence a better gas–solid contacting and an earlier transition to the turbulent flow regime of the bed.

Deformation Reconstruction for a Heavy-Duty Machine Column Through the Inverse Finite Element Method

The processing errors for columns of heavy-duty machine tools are affected by deformation induced by a variety of force loads and thermal loads. In general, error reduction usually uses method of error compensation. However, the precondition of error compensation is to accurately obtain the machine full-field displacement. The inverse finite element method (iFEM) is an efficient tool for the real-time reconstruction of deformation. It obtains nodal degree of freedoms (DOFs) by solving the minimum value of the error least-squares function, which constitutes the relationship between the DOFs and analytical strain. Although double-sided strain rosettes are widely used in the iFEM to obtain strain information, the strain rosettes have some shortcomings, including the internal installation being difficult and measurement size being large. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have the advantages of being lightweight, small geometric profile and being easy to installation. Therefore, this study utilizes distributed single-sided and unidirectional strain data obtained from FBG sensors. To further improve the possibility of this practical application, cubic spline interpolation is used to reduce the number of sensors and further extend the practical usefulness. Considering coordinate transformation and boundary conditions, the total deformation of the column is determined. The superior accuracy and practical applicability of the improved formulation is demonstrated after comparing the results of analytic solutions and that of the FEM. Therefore, new direction method for supporting the machining precision of heavy-duty machine tools is proposed.

Installation of the graphite internals in HTR-PM

Internals are one of key equipment in the nuclear islands of High Temperature gas-cooled Reactor Pebble-bed Module (HTR-PM). Their structural integration is very important to the nuclear safety. Different from the internals in pressurized water reactors, a large number of graphite and carbon components are used in the internals of HTR-PM. These components are connected by dowels and keys with gaps between them to compensate the deformation caused by thermal and irradiation stresses. High installation accuracy of each component is required for the important safety and function related devices installed inside the internals, such as control rod and fuel handling system. Due to the cumulative assembly error of the components and the deformation of the supporting structures, the installation of the graphite and carbon internals is very challenging. Detailed requirements for the examination and installation of the graphite component have been developed and continually optimized for both trial assembly and assembly in the reactor. Research was also carried out for measurement techniques, lifting tools, examination and rapid assessments. The installation of graphite and carbon internals has been successfully completed for both modules. Some major installation results, including the position of the channels and levelness of the graphite components as well as the considerations of their acceptance are introduced in the present paper. The lessons-learned and experience can be applied to the installation of internals in HTRs and other reactors using graphite components, such as molten salt reactor.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ СОЦІОКУЛЬТУРНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА ІНКЛЮЗІЇ У ЗАКЛАДІ ОСВІТИ ДЛЯ ЛЮДИНИ З ІНВАЛІДНІСТЮ

The article presents the peculiarities of organization of socio-cultural environment of inclusion in educational institution for a person with disability. Analyzing the definitions of the sociocultural environment has allowed us to form our own definition of the phenomenon for a person with a disability: the sociocultural environment is the environment of people in an educational institution, which includes social groups, information flows, the influence of various public organizations, cultural and educational activities, values and moral qualities of the sub objects, jointly affect the change and formation of internal installations and external characteristics of the object and its socialization. We have developed a model of the sociocultural environment of a disability education institution that includes external and internal factors that affect its components, inputs, and output. The model of sociocultural environment of educational institution for people with disabilities includes external and internal factors that affect its components, input flows and output product. Externally, the sociocultural environment of the educational institution is influenced by a number of factors that can be divided into the following groups: macrofactors, mesofactors, microfactors. The study was attended by 46 students of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, specialty "Social Pedagogy" aged 17 to 23 years (including 3 students with disabilities) and 8 teachers and employees. Further, all the studies were conducted on the same contingent of students, only the volume of samples from the general population was changed. More than half of students were positive about the development of inclusive education and adoption into their group of students with disabilities, which is a favorable factor in the development of social environment.

Integration of Decentralized Generations into the Distribution Network- Smart Grid Downstream of the Meter

For several years now, public electric utilities have been turning to smart grid technology, on the one hand, to deal with power grid management and operation and to meet new consumer demands on the other. However, overcoming the integration constraints of intermittent and predictable renewable energy production remains one of the primary objectives of this action. It is within this framework, that we have developed a solution that involves implementing a smart grid system downstream of the meter that will scratch onto the smart grid of the network manager upstream of the meter to complete it and give it a lot of flexibility. This system called 'TAKATI' allows one to calculate the production forecasts of the renewable energy plants, to take charge of the load shedding priorities decided by the customer, to establish the optimal power supply scheme, to order the cut-off devices of the customer's internal installation for the execution of the optimal scheme, to communicate with the Distribution Network Manager (DNM), to ensure compliance with the DNM's directives with regard to active and reactive powers to be injected on the power grid by acting on the receivers and capacitors and responding to requests for deletion and making the necessary arrangements in such cases.

Revitalization of Twentieth-Century Prefabricated Housing Estates as Interdisciplinary Issue

The prefabricated construction of housing estates in Poland was very common in times of centrally planned investments. It is estimated that 60% of housing developments created in Polish cities between 1966 and 95 are large-panel buildings. Currently, about 10 million Poles live in these types of blocks (over ¼ of the country’s population). Hence, large-panel housing estates are an important part of Polish housing resources, and the problems associated with them affect the everyday life of a large part of society. The number of problems is significant and diverse, it’s related to many areas - including urban planning, architecture, social and technical issues. This paper attempts to describe those multi-dimensional issues, indicate the directions of changes and evaluate the revitalization potential of prefabricated housing estates. The article concentrates on interdisciplinary and comprehensive nature of the revitalization that can improve the quality of the residents’ life. Authors attempt to enter the issue of large-scale housing estates into the functioning and possibilities offered by the new revitalization act (2015). The article based on research and analyzes of over 18 housing estates. 110 buildings have been analyzed in terms of technical condition, construction, and internal installations. Inspections of buildings were carried out in 2005-06 and 2016-17 with employees of the cooperative, and residents (interviews). Documentation of buildings was found and analyzed.